Alkali Aggregate Reaction in Alkali Slag Cement Mortars

By means of 'Mortar Bar Method',the ratio of cement to aggregate was kept as a constant 1∶2.25,the water cement ratio of the mixture was 0.40,and six prism specimens were prepared for each batch of mixing proportions with dimensions of 10×10×60mm 3 at 38±2℃ and RH≥95%, the influences of content and particle size of active aggregate, sort and content of alkali component and type of slag on the expansion ratios of alkali activated slag cement(ASC) mortars due to alkali aggregate reaction(AAR) were studied. According to atomic absorption spectrometry,the amount of free alkali was measured in ASC mortars at 90d.The results show above factors affect AAR remarkably,but no dangerous AAR will occur in ASC system when the amount of active aggregate is below 15% and the mass fraction of alkali is not more than 5% (Na 2O).Alkali participated in reaction as an independent component, and some hydrates containing alkali cations were produced, free alkalis in ASC system can be reduced enormously.Moreover,slag is an effective inhibitor, the possibility of generating dangerous AAR in ASC system is much lower at same conditions than that in ordinary Portland cement system.

The Influence of Free Water Content on Dielectric Properties of Alkali Active Slag Cement Paste

The dielectric performance of alkali activated slag （AAS） cement paste was investigated in the frequency range of 1 to 1000 MHz. The experimental results showed the unstable dielectric properties of harden paste were mostly influenced by the fraction of free water in paste or absorbed water from ambient, but not including hydration water and microstructure. The free water was completely eliminated by heat treatment at 105 ℃ about 4 hours, and then its dielectric loss was depressed; but with the exposure time in air increasing, the free water adsorption in ambient air made the dielectric property of harden cement paste to be bad. The temperature and relative humidity of environment was the key factors of free water adsorption; hence, if the influence of free water on dielectric constant was measured or eliminated, the cement-based materials may be applied in humidity sensitive materials or dielectric materials domains.

Solidification/Stabilization of Zinc-lead Tailings by Alkali Activated Slag Cement

An appropriate proportion of alkali activated slag cement, abbreviated as AASC later, was determined based on strength test of paste specimens. Results showed that AASC prepared from 14% low modulus water glass and blast furnace slag presented its compressive strength of hardened cement paste of 69.6, 84.0 and 91.8 MPa at 3, 7, and 28 d curing ages respectively. Flowability of the fresh railings-cement pastes and the strength development of hardened tailings-cement paste were also tested both in the cases with addition of AASC and Portland cement. The fresh tailings-cemant paste added with AASC presented much better flowability and the corresponding hardened paste presented higher compressive strength, especially the long term strength, than those added with Portland cement. Therefore, tallings paste added with AASC allowed lager solid content than that of Portland cement in order to keep the similar flowability. SEM observation on the microstructure of the hardened tailings-AASC mixture pastes showed obvious cementation effect. MIP measurements also showed that the total porosity of the hardened tailings-cement pastes decreased, and the portion of larger pore also decreased when the dosage of AASC increased. It is believed that AASC is more suitable to be used as a binder for the stabilization of zinc-lead railings and for its backfilling operation than Portland cement.

Lowering ash slagging and fouling tendency of high-alkali coal by hydrothermal pretreatment

High-alkali species in coal are notorious for causing ash slagging and fouling incidents.In this paper,four high-alkali coals were individually subject to hydrothermal pretreatment(HTP),within a batch-type autoclave at 300 -C for 1 h,and the treated coals were analyzed,along with the oxygen-containing functional groups determined by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer(FT-IR).Then the alkali species and other components in the coal ash were quantified by X-ray fluorescence(XRF)for evaluating the ash slagging and fouling tendency.Apart from this,FactSage was adopted to simulate the occurrence and transformation of alkali species during coal thermal conversion ending at various temperatures.The findings indicate that the treated coals are superior to the parent ones in terms of certain remarkable changes via HTP.The moisture,oxygen and sulfur of the hydrothermally treated coals decline obviously,while the calorific value rises sharply.HTP could reduce the alkali species to less than 2%(%,by weight,equivalent to Na2O in dry ash),with a maximum removal ratio of 88.9%,lowering the ash slagging and fouling tendency.The proposed mechanism of HTP was that the alkali species in coal matrix became released due to the breakage of the coal functional groups and micropores during HTP.

Pitting corrosion resistance of a novel duplex alloy steel in alkali-activated slag extract in the presence of chloride ions

In this study, two types of reinforcing steels(conventional low-carbon steel and a novel duplex alloy steel with Cr and Mo) were exposed to chloride-contaminated extract solutions(ordinary Portland cement(OPC) extract and alkali-activated slag(AAS) extract) to investigate their pitting corrosion resistance. The results confirm that the pitting corrosion resistance of the alloy steel is much higher than that of the low-carbon steel in both extract solutions with various Na Cl concentrations. Moreover, for each type of steel, the AAS extract contributes to a higher pitting corrosion resistance compared with the OPC extract in the presence of chloride ions, likely because of the formation of flocculent precipitates on the steel surface.

Effect of magnesia on properties and microstructure of alkali-activated slag cement

The effect of magnesia bumt at 800-950℃ on the properties, especially the shrinkage, of alkali-activated slag cement （AASC.） was experimentally studied. Experimental results show that, although adding 4%-8% lightly-burnt magnesia may shorten the setting time and slightly reduce the compressive strength of AASC, it c, an remarkably reduce the shrinkage of AASC. The results also show that the setting time of AASC with a certain amount of magnesia increases with the buming temperature, and that the flexural and compressive strengths of AASC decrease with the increase of the additive amount of magnesia. Generally, the adverse effect of magnesia decreases with the increase of the burning temperature：, and the shrinkage-reducing effect of magnesia increases with the additive amount of magnesia. X-ray diffraction （XRD） and scanning electron microscopy （SEM） analyses show that some magnesia particles in the hardened AASC paste at a 28-d age remained unhydrated, and that the compactness decreased a little as magnesia was added. We can also conclude that magnesia bumt at 850-950℃ can be used to reduce the shrinkage of AASC only when its additive amount does not exceed 8%; otherwise, the setting time may be too short, and the flexural and compressive strengths may severely decrease.

The Mechanism of Ground Granulated Blastfurnace Slag Preventing Alkali Aggregate Reaction

Three different methods were applied to study the alkali content of gelpores in cement. In the closed system, the concentration of K＋, Na＋ and OH - have not reduced with the increase of age. In the open system, the diffusion and transferring of K＋ and Na＋ towards free space leads to the de-crease of total alkali content. In the micro-analysis system, the contents of K＋ and Na＋ in the first hy- drated layer of ground granulated blastfurnace slag （GBFS） are very low, while the contents of calcium and magnesium are relatively high. This phenomenon shows that the mechanism of GBFS preventing alkali aggregate reaction （AAR） is： when GBFS is dissolved by alkali medium, SiO2 and Al2O3 are dissolved into the cement matrix, then around GBFS particles form reaction rings rich in Ca2＋ and Mg^2＋, and the C-S-H gel of positive charges formed in the area repulses K＋ and Na＋, which are forced to transfer to the mortar＇s matrix, pore or mortar sample surface. The transferred K ^＋ and Na^＋ form alkali gel products with other dissolved ions, then become evenly distributed in the mortar sample and react with Ca（OH）2 in pore solutions to form （Na,K）x-2z·zCa·（SiO2）y·（OH）x gel products; and thus changes the AAR gel products＇ structure. The gel products will not expand, and so they can delay expansion destruction.

Tests on Alkali-Activated Slag Foamed Concrete with Various Water-Binder Ratios and Substitution Levels of Fly Ash

To provide basic data for the reasonable mixing design of the alkali-activated (AA) foamed concrete as a thermal insulation material for a floor heating system, 9 concrete mixes with a targeted dry density less than 400 kg/m3 were tested. Ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) as a source material was activated by the following two types of alkali activators: 10% Ca(OH)2 and 4% Mg(NO3)2, and 2.5% Ca(OH)2 and 6.5% Na2SiO3. The main test parameters were water-to-binder (W/B) ratio and the substitution level (RFA) of fly ash (FA) for GGBS. Test results revealed that the dry density of AA GGBS foamed concrete was independent of the W/B ratio an RFA, whereas the compressive strength increased with the decrease in W/B ratio and with the increase in RFA up to 15%, beyond which it decreased. With the increase in the W/B ratio, the amount of macro capillaries and artificial air pores increased, which resulted in the decrease of compressive strength. The magnitude of the environmental loads of the AA GGBS foamed concrete is independent of the W/B ratio and RFA. The largest reduction percentage was found in the photochemical oxidation potential, being more than 99%. The reduction percentage was 87% - 93% for the global warming potential, 81% - 84% for abiotic depletion, 79% - 84% for acidification potential, 77% - 85% for eutrophication potential, and 73% - 83% for human toxicity potential. Ultimately, this study proved that the developed AA GGBS foamed concrete has a considerable promise as a sustainable construction material for nonstructural element.

生物质热转化过程中积灰沾污结渣特性及趋势预测研究进展

为阐明生物质灰的沾污结渣特性及其趋势预测研究现状,使生物质能热转化利用过程更加安全,在综合分析生物质灰沾污结渣的危害及机制的基础上,从沾污结渣特性与沾污结渣预测两方面归纳国内外研究进展,梳理出影响结渣的主要因素——灰分组成、反应温度、气氛和添加剂等;并对沾污结渣趋势的预测方法和研究趋势进行分析。针对实际工程中锅炉受热面结渣和腐蚀问题,可以采用混烧、混入添加剂、水洗、酸洗、改变受热面材料、优化锅炉和烟道结构设计、优化反应条件等措施解决。在生物质灰沾污结渣趋势预测方面,目前并没有完整的统一标准,简单沿用煤灰的结渣指标存在严重的不适应性,且现有的预测方法通常只考虑固态或熔融成分对结渣的影响,而忽略了碱金属、氯、硫等元素挥发与温度变化的关系。因此,以热转化过程中碱金属的气-固分配趋势为基础,结合不同温度下生物质灰的特点及成灰特性,建立适用于不同温度下生物质灰的沾污结渣预测模型,是下一步研究应重点关注的问题。

Setting and Strength Characteristics of Alkali-activated Carbonatite Cementitious Materials with Ground Slag Replacement

The effect of the ground granulated blast-furnace slag （ GGBFS ） addition, the modulus n （ mole rutio of SiO2 to Na2O ） and the concentrution of sodium silicate solution on the compressive strength of the material, i e alkuli-activated carbonatite cemeutitious material （ AACCM for short ） was investiguted. In addition, it is found that barium chloride has a sutisfiwtory retarding effect on the setting of AACCM in which more than 20% （ by mass ） ground carbonatite was replaced by GGBFS. As a result, a cementitious material, in which ground carbonatite rock served as dominative starting material, with 3-day and 28-day compressive strength greuter them 30 MPa and 60 MPa and with continuous strength gain beyond 90 days was obtained.

大型燃煤锅炉中含Na/Cl/S组分的演变与受热面结渣倾向的数值模拟

提出了一种考虑煤中含Na/S/Cl组分多步释放、气相组分相互作用、气-固反应以及盐蒸气冷凝耦合灰颗粒黏附的结焦模型,以预测炉内受热面气态碱金属组分冷凝行为、受热面结焦风险以及炉膛出口Na/S/Cl组分分布特性。结果表明:炉膛出口气态含Na组分主要以NaO_(2)、NaCl、Na_(2)SO_(4)和NaOH形式存在;最上层燃烧器至分离燃尽风(SOFA)喷口区域、最下层燃烧器至冷灰斗转角区域的水冷壁结焦风险高;炉膛出口区域后屏过热器底部颗粒黏附位置相对集中,炉内辐射式过热器结焦速率远高于气态钠盐冷凝速率,对流受热面颗粒沉积速率约是钠盐蒸气冷凝速率的3~4倍。

普通硅酸盐水泥对负温碱激发矿渣砂浆力学性能的影响

碱激发矿渣(AAS)在0℃下能持续水化,具有应用于冬季施工的潜力。为了进一步提升AAS砂浆作为寒冷修补材料的力学性能,掺入了5%、10%、15%和20%的普通硅酸盐水泥(OPC)作为AAS中粒化高炉矿渣(GGBS)的部分替代物。结果表明:在-10℃条件下,OPC含量为15%时,1 d龄期的抗压强度和抗折强度分别提高了31.3%和25.18%,28 d龄期的抗压强度和抗折强度分别提高了4.5%和7.2%。此外,对样品的水化热、生成产物和微观结构进行了对比分析。结果显示,在AAS中加入OPC可以提高水化热,增加C(-A)-S-H的生成率,优化微观结构。

用RCPT研究功能梯度混凝土抗氯离子渗透性能

用非稳态迁移法(NSSM)和自然浸泡法评定功能梯度混凝土(FGC)的抗氯离子渗透性能都存在局限性,但快速氯离子渗透试验法(RCPT)没有局限性。该研究用RCPT法对基于各种胶凝材料的FGC的电通量进行了大量测试并得到如下结论:提出了FGC的电通量计算公式;FGC的电通量反映了FGC的抗氯离子渗透性能,FGC的电通量越低则其抗氯离子渗透性能越高;碱激发矿渣(AAS)砂浆具有极好的抗氯离子渗透性能,其氯离子渗透系数可低至2.1×10^(–13)m^(2)/s。

加速碳化条件下不同养护制度对碱矿渣混凝土钢筋锈蚀的影响

研究了加速碳化环境(CO_(2)浓度为20%)下,标准养护、饱和Ca(OH)_(2)溶液养护和蒸压养护对CaO+Na_(2)CO_(3)为激发剂的碱矿渣混凝土(CNC)中钢筋锈蚀的影响。结果表明,与标准养护相比,饱和Ca(OH)_(2)溶液养护不改变CNC的水化产物,但使其早期水化更加充分,因此平均孔径减小;蒸压养护使CNC水化产物由C-S-H凝胶转化为水榴石与11-?型的托勃莫来石,平均孔径和总孔隙率显著减小。在相同的加速碳化龄期下,与标准养护相比,饱和Ca(OH)_(2)溶液养护和蒸压养护的CNC碳化深度降低、CNC中钢筋发生高概率锈蚀时间延缓、钢筋失重率下降。与相同养护条件下的普通硅酸盐混凝土相比,标准养护和饱和Ca(OH)_(2)溶液养护的CNC中钢筋抗锈蚀能力远小于普通硅酸盐混凝土,而蒸压养护的CNC中钢筋抗锈蚀能力大于普通硅酸盐混凝土。

含生活垃圾焚烧炉渣的碱矿渣水泥耐高温机理

为探究生活垃圾焚烧炉渣(MSWI-BA)对碱矿渣净浆耐高温性能的影响机理,将6%的矿渣等质量替换为MSWI-BA,制备碱矿渣水泥净浆(AASBp),研究不同温度对AASBp的质量损失率、干燥收缩率和强度的影响.以普通硅酸盐水泥净浆作为对照组,结合多种微观手段,揭示AASBp的耐高温机理,并与未掺MSWI-BA的碱矿渣水泥(AASp)进行对比.结果表明:随着温度的升高,AASBp中水化硅铝酸钙的钙硅比(C/S)先降低后升高;在400℃时,水化硅铝酸钙的聚合度最高,C/S最低;Al—O键在600℃断裂,而Si—O键在1000℃断裂;MSWI-BA可提高基体孔隙的连通性,高温处理后孔隙压力得到释放,因此AASBp比AASp具有更高的归一化抗压强度和耐高温性能.

硅酸钠改善碱激发材料力学性能与凝结机理分析

为了进一步增强碱激发材料的力学性能,掌握碱激发材料的凝结规律,通过掺入不同种类与掺量硅酸钠进行增硅改性,增强矿渣碱激发材料反应活性,定期观测试件的力学性能并分析凝结规律,同时结合微观分析手段深入剖析硅酸钠的增硅增强机理。结果表明,固态与液态硅酸钠均能够显著提高试件的抗压强度,明显缩短初凝与终凝时间。随固态硅酸钠掺量的提升,试件抗压强度呈先上升后下降趋势,固态硅酸钠在试件内大量结晶是导致抗压强度下降的主要原因。随液态硅酸钠掺量的提升,试件抗压强度呈先显著上升后趋于平稳的趋势,这说明其增强作用具有最大限值,液态硅酸钠的激发效果明显优于固态。

碱金属迁移转化对生物质灰沾污结渣的影响研究进展

生物质热化学转化利用过程会产生大量的生物质灰,其钾、钠等碱金属元素的含量高,导致其熔融温度低,在高温下极易熔融或挥发,进而对锅炉、管道或设备受热面造成沾污结渣、腐蚀等危害。为系统了解碱金属迁移转化对生物质灰沾污结渣影响的研究并预测其发展趋势,首先,归纳生物质热化学转化过程中由碱金属迁移转化引发的安全问题及危害;其次,回顾和总结近年来国内外生物质灰沾污结渣机理方面的研究进展,主要包括不同热化学转化来源生物质灰沾污结渣演变规律和碱金属迁移转化特性研究等;最后,预测生物质灰沾污结渣防治研究的发展趋势。研究结果显示:生物质热化学转化过程中碱金属的赋存形式和演化特征是影响灰熔融和沾污结渣特性的重要因素,不同热化学转化来源生物质灰的熔融和烧结规律是灰沾污结渣防治研究的关键。以往针对碱金属迁移转化特性的研究,大多只考虑生物质自身的燃料性质、矿物组成等,对不同热化学转化过程中碱金属迁移转化对生物质灰沾污结渣和熔融烧结的影响以及不同形式碱金属成分的影响研究仍不够深入和系统,尚未形成完善的理论体系,这将成为以后的重点研究方向。

碱激发矿渣基泡沫混凝土的制备及其封存CO_(2)可行性研究

随着工业化进程的不断推进,工业固体废弃物的排放量逐年增加,以工业固废为主要原料制备泡沫混凝土并将其用于CO_(2)封存,对实现工业固废的资源化利用和CO_(2)的经济、高效封存具有重要意义。本文以高炉矿渣为原料,选用NaOH为碱激发剂,硬脂酸钠为稳泡剂,十二烷基硫酸钠(C12H25NAO4S,SDS)为发泡剂,制备了高孔隙的泡沫混凝土。探究了不同NaOH用量对矿渣基泡沫混凝土综合性能及封存CO_(2)性能的影响。实验结果表明,随着NaOH用量的增加,泡沫混凝土的干密度逐渐增加,抗压强度先增大后减小。泡沫混凝土的内部孔隙分布不均匀,孔隙率大。SEM结果表明,当NaOH用量过高时泡沫发生破裂连通。XRD结果表明,矿渣基泡沫混凝土水化产物主要是C—S—H凝胶和Ht物相,Ht物相的层状结构使得材料的孔壁不够致密,从而影响材料的力学性能。TGA结果表明,碳化过程中水化产物有效吸收CO_(2)转化成以CaCO3为主的碳酸盐,NaOH用量12%时,CO_(2)的封存量最高为89.74 kg/m^(3)。

锂渣物化特性及其碱激发制备人造集料实验

这是一篇陶瓷及复合材料领域的论文。伴随着我国锂矿冶炼规模增长,锂渣产量逐年增加,其资源化利用的必要性日趋凸显。为探明锂渣的物化性能及其作为胶凝材料制备人造集料的潜力,首先通过实验表征了宜春市锂云母锂渣和澳大利亚锂辉石锂渣的组成和性能,并分析其对碱激发性能的影响。其次,以氢氧化钠为碱激发剂,采用圆盘冷造粒法制备了两种锂渣人造集料,并测试了其抗压强度。最后,通过玻璃电极法、电感耦合等离子体质谱法、离子色谱法和分光光度法等实验论证了人造集料的环境风险。结果表明:锂云母锂渣的物化性质较锂辉石锂渣更适合用于碱激发制备人造集料,所制得的人造集料强度更高,液体浸出物也不具有环境危害性。

碳酸钙晶须对碱矿渣胶凝材料的减缩增强作用

针对碱矿渣胶凝材料易收缩开裂等问题,采用一种新型微米级纤维——碳酸钙晶须对碱矿渣胶凝材料进行减缩增强,研究了碳酸钙晶须掺量对碱矿渣胶凝材料流变性能、抗压强度和干燥收缩的影响,并探究其显微增强机理.结果表明:微米级碳酸钙晶须的掺入对碱矿渣胶凝材料流动性影响较小,当碳酸钙晶须掺量为3%时,其新拌浆体塑性黏度为12.33 Pa·s,较未掺碳酸钙晶须的对照组仅增长14.48%,其硬化浆体28 d抗压强度可达105.8 MPa;碱矿渣胶凝材料的干燥收缩率随着碳酸钙晶须掺量的增加而降低,当碳酸钙晶须掺量为5%时,其28 d干燥收缩率仅有0.87%,较未掺碳酸钙晶须的对照组降低32.56%;碳酸钙晶须与基体紧密结合,在基体受力破坏时分散其所受应力,提升了碱矿渣胶凝材料的力学性能;碳酸钙晶须在体系内部的桥接作用能够有效延缓碱矿渣胶凝材料微裂纹的形成与扩展,在一定程度上遏制了宏观裂纹的发展.