Present situation and tendency of saline-alkali soil in west Jilin Province

Taking west Jilin Province as an example, this paper put forward the assessment index of salinization, and based on it, the authors present the distribution characteristics of saline-alkali soil in the 1980s and the 1990s in west Jilin and analyze its physical and chemical properties in detail. The developing tendency of salinization was also inferred by comparing the saline-alkali soil of the 1980s with that of the 1990s. Finally, the natural and human factors leading to salinization are analyzed.

Bio-amelioration of alkali soils through agroforestry systems in central Indo-Gangetic plains of India

A long-term field study was initiated during 1995 at Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Regional Research Station, Lucknow （26047＇58＂ N and 80°46＇24＂ E） to analyze the effect of agroforestry systems on amelioration of alkali soils. Three agroforestry systems （pas- toral, silvipastoral and silvicultural） were compared with the control where no agroforestry system was introduced. Tree-based silvicultural and silvipastoral systems were characterized by tree species Prosopis juliflora and Acacia nilotica along with grass species Leptochloafusca, Panicum maximum, Trifolium alexandrium and Chloris gayana. Growth of ten-year-old Prosopis juliflora and Acacia nilotica planted in combi- nation with grasses was significantly higher over the silviculture system with the same species. Tree biomass yields of P. juliflora （77.20 t·ha-1） and A. nilotica （63.20 t·ha-1） planted under silvipastoral system were significantly higher than the sole plantation of （64.50 t·ha-1 and 52.75 t·ha-1）. Fodder yield under the pastoral system was significantly higher than the silvipastoral system during initial years but it was at par with that of silvipastoral systems after eight years of plantation. The microbial biomass carbon in the soils of silvipastoral systems was significantly higher than in soils under sole plantation of trees and control systems. The Prosopis-based silvipastoral system proved more effective in reduc- ing soil pH, displacing Na＋ from the exchange complex, increasing or- ganic carbon and available N, P and K. Improvement in soil physical properties such as bulk density, porosity, soil moisture and infiltration rate was higher in the Prosopis-based silvipastoral system than in the silviculture system or control On the basis of biomass production and improvement in soil health due to tree ＋ grass systems, silvipastoral agroforestry system could be adopted for sustainable reclamation ofhighly alkali soils.

Effects of combined drip irrigation and sub-surface pipe drainage on water and salt transport of saline-alkali soil in Xinjiang, China

Developing effective irrigation and drainage strategies to improve the quality of saline-alkali soil is vital for enhancing agricultural production and increasing economic returns. In this study, we explored how irrigation and drainage modes (flood irrigation, drip irrigation, and sub-surface pipe drainage under drip irrigation) improve the saline-alkali soil in Xinjiang, China. We aimed to study the transport characteristics of soil water and salt under different irrigation and drainage modes, and analyze the effects of the combination of irrigation and drainage on soil salt leaching, as well as its impacts on the growth of oil sunflower. Our results show that sub-surface pipe drainage under drip irrigation significantly reduced the soil salt content and soil water content at the 0–200 cm soil depth. Under sub-surface pipe drainage combined with drip irrigation, the mean soil salt content was reduced to below 10 g/kg after the second irrigation, and the soil salt content decreased as sub-surface pipe distance decreased. The mean soil salt content of flood irrigation exceeded 25 g/kg, and the mean soil desalination efficiency was 3.28%, which was lower than that of drip irrigation. The mean soil desalination rate under drip irrigation and sub-surface pipe drainage under drip irrigation was 19.30% and 58.12%, respectively. After sub-surface drainage regulation under drip irrigation, the germination percentage of oil sunflower seedlings was increased to more than 50%, which further confirmed that combined drip irrigation and sub-surface pipe drainage is very effective in improving the quality of saline-alkali soil and increasing the productivity of agricultural crops.

Biological improvement of saline alkali soil reference system:A review

This work presents a reference system overview to improve the efficiency of biological improvement of saline-alkali soil developed during the last thirty years, ranging from connotation, general methods and species, soil desalination, soil structure, soil organic content, microbial flora, enzyme activity, yield and economic benefits. The reference system presented is divided into three main groups: suitable varieties, suitable cultivation measures, and a comprehensive evaluation system.There has been a lot of research on biological improvement of saline alkali soil, but these studies are very fragmented and lack a comprehensive standard system. Also, there is a lack of practical significance, particularly with regard to optimal species, densities and times of sowing for particular regions. On the other hand, the corresponding cultivation measure is very important. Therefore, a reference system plays an important role to the effect of biological improvement of saline alkali soil.

Microbial diversity in the saline-alkali soil of a coastal Tamarix chinensis woodland at Bohai Bay, China

Soil salinization or alkalization is a form of soil desertification. Coastal saline-alkali soil represents a type of desert and a key system in the network of ecosystems at the continent-ocean interface. Tamarix chinensis is a drought-tolerant plant that is widely distributed in the coastal saline-alkali soil of Bohai Bay, China. In this study, we used 454 pyrosequencing techniques to investigate the characteristics and distribution of the microbial diversity in coastal saline-alkali soil of the T. chinensis woodland at Bohai Bay. A total of 20,315 sequences were obtained, representing 19 known bacterial phyla and a large proportion of unclassified bacteria at the phylum level. Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria and Actinobacteria were the predominant phyla. The coverage of T. chinensis affected the microbial composition. At the phylum level, the relative abundance of y-Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes decreased whereas Actinobacteria increased with the increasing coverage of T. chinensis. At the genus level, the proportions of Steroidobacter, Lechevalieria, Gp3 and Gp4 decreased with the increase of the vegetation coverage whereas the proportion of Nocardioides increased. A cluster analysis showed that the existing T. chinensis changed the niches for the microorganisms in the coastal saline-alkali soil, which caused changes in the microbial community. The analysis also distinguished the microbial community structure of the marginal area from those of the dense area and sparse area. Furthermore, the results also indicated that the distance to the seashore line could also affect certain groups of soil bacteria in this coastal saline-alkali soil, such as the family Cryomorphaceae and class Flavobacteria, whose population decreased as the distance increased. In addition, the seawater and temperature could be the driving factors that affected the changes.

A STUDY ON GROWTH OF PLANTATION ON SODA-SALINE-ALKALI SOIL

If some suitable treatments are used plantations can be grown and established on the soil of soda-saline-alkali with the soil condition of PH 8.5- 9.6, salinity 0.1-0.3% and normality ratio of saline base Na+ / ( Ca+++ Mg++)≥4. From the results of plot inventory and tree stem analysis, the increment of Poplus simonigra is highest. For 9 years, the volume can reach 100 m3/ha, the biomass (above ground) can reach 28.7 ton/ha. Poplus simonigra grows very well on the all kinds of soda-saline-alkali soils except for the alkali spot with the worst soil condition. So Poplus simonigra is a good tree species for planting on the soil of soda-saline-alkali.

The Effects of Biochar on Germination and Growth of Wheat in Different Saline-alkali Soil

Saline alkali soil can cause physiological drought on crops,so only some salinity tolerant crops can grow in saline alkali soil.Biochar can increase the utilize efficiency of nutrient and the water retention of the soil,and affect the growth of the plant.In this research,four different proportion of biochar was added in five different levels of saline-alkali soil for pot culture experiment.The pH of the soil increases as the proportion of biochar increase in same saline-alkali level soil,while the EC decrease as the proportion of biochar increase.The germination rate of wheat seeds varies as the different of soil's saline-alkali level.Notable among these results is the germination of wheat seeds in the serious saline-alkali soil without biochar added is 0,while in 45%biochar added in serious saline-alkali soil,the germination rate get to as high as 48.9%.Also,biochar improve the growth of wheat seedling,while for mild saline alkali soil and normal soil.Biochar had no obvious effect on the growth of wheat seedling.

Planting six tree species on soda-saline-alkali soil

Populus simonigra， Salix matsudana， Ulmus pumila， Populus nigra， Acer negundo， Fraxinus mandshurica。Tamarix chinensis， Hippophae rhammoldes， Syriga onlata 在 soda-saline-alkali 上被种。土壤有 pH 8.5 鈥 ?.6，咸度 0.1% 鈥 ?.3% ， sodiumionized 比率 16% 鈥 ?1% 并且盐的基础 Na+/(Ca+++Mg++) 的规度比率 > 4。除了在碱运动上， Populus simonigra 与最糟的土壤条件在各种 soda-saline-alkali 土壤上成长很好并且显示出一根高木头增长和生物资源。在 9 以后一，体积能到达 100 m3/hm2，并且未葬生物资源罐头重新拱 28.7 t/hm2。

Archaeal community structure along a gradient of petroleum contamination in saline-alkali soil

The response of archaeal communities to petroleum contamination in saline-alkali soil was characterized by analyses of three soil samples with different total petroleum hydrocarbon concentrations.Through the construction and screening of 16S rRNA gene clone libraries based on DNA extracts from these soils,nine distinct phylogenetic groups were identified.Statistical analyses showed that the distribution of archaeal community structures differ significantly along the gradient of petroleum contamination in these three saline- alkali soils.Five phylogenetic groups were dominant in the control soil,two of which were also abundant in the lightly contaminated soil.Four phylogenetic groups were dominant in heavily contaminated soil,one of which was also abundant in the lightly contaminated soil.The halophilic genus of Haloferax and the haloalkaliphilic genus of Natronomonas were more abundant in heavily contaminated soil.These results suggested that the genera of Haloferax and Natronomonas may have a role in the natural attenuation of petroleum- contaminated saline-alkali soil.

Effect of N fertilization rate on soil alkalihydrolyzable N, subtending leaf N concentration,fiber yield, and quality of cotton

Soil alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, which is sensitive to N fertilization rate, is one of the indicators of soil nitrogen supplying capacity. Two field experiments were conducted in Dongtai(120°19″ E, 32°52″ N), Jiangsu, China in 2009 and Dafeng(120°28″ E, 33°12″ N), Jiangsu province, China in 2010. Six nitrogen rates(0, 150, 300, 375, 450, and 600 kg ha^(-1)) were used to study the effect of N fertilization rate on soil alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen content(SAHNC), subtending leaf nitrogen concentration(SLNC), yield, and fiber quality. In both Dongtai and Dafeng experiment station, the highest yield(1709 kg ha^(-1)), best quality(fiber length 30.6 mm, fiber strength 31.6 c N tex^(-1), micronaire 4.82), and highest N agronomic efficiency(2.03 kg kg^(-1)) were achieved at the nitrogen fertilization rate of 375 kg ha^(-1). The dynamics of SAHNC and SLNC could be simulated with a cubic and an exponential function,respectively. The changes in SAHNC were consistent with the changes in SLNC. Optimal average rate(0.276 mg day^(-1)) and duration(51.8 days) of SAHNC rapid decline were similar to the values obtained at the nitrogen rate of 375 kg ha^(-1)at which cotton showed highest fiber yield, quality, and N agronomic efficiency. Thus, the levels and strategies of nitrogen fertilization can affect SAHNC dynamics. The N fertilization rate that optimizes soil alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen content would optimize the subtending leaf nitrogen concentration and thereby increase the yield and quality of the cotton fiber.

Transport Characteristics of Soil Salinity in Saline- alkali Land under Water Storage and Drainage Conditions

To test the variation and transport of soil salinity in saline- alkali land under water storage and drainage treatments,an experimental model was established in Fuping,Shaanxi Province,2009. The variation of soil salinity during 0- 160 cm soil depth under the two treatments was determined and analyzed. Results showed that the average soil water content under water storage treatment was 4. 47% higher than that under drainage treatment,which means that the water storage treatment could help to improve soil moisture to satisfy the crop's growth needs. The profile distribution of soil soluble solids( TDS),anion( Cl-,HCO3-,SO2-4) and cation( Ca2 +,Na+,K+) content and the variation of soil p H were also measured and analyzed. PCA( Principal Component Analysis) was used to explore the relationship between the soil salinity and its ions,which showed that the water storage treatment could significantly decrease the surface salinity of soil and accelerate the desalination of topsoils,and finally,the soil quality was improved significantly,demonstrating that the water storage treatment has a remarkable effect on soil salinity management.

玉米种植改变了引黄灌区盐渍化土壤细菌多样性与功能

为了明确植物修复对盐渍化土壤细菌群落结构及多样性的影响,本文对宁夏引黄灌区盐渍化土壤玉米种植地根际和非根际土壤以及荒地土壤细菌多样性、群落结构及功能、细菌群落与环境因子之间的相关关系等进行研究。结果表明:玉米种植能够增加盐渍化土壤细菌物种数(OTU, Operational Taxonomic Unit)和多样性,各土壤细菌总物种数和特有物种数(OTU)从高到低依次为:非根际土壤>根际土壤>荒地土壤;土壤细菌多样性(即ACE指数、Chao1指数、Simpson指数与Shannon指数)由大到小均依次为:根际土壤>非根际土壤>荒地土壤, 3种土壤细菌多样性之间差异不显著。玉米种植改变了盐渍化土壤细菌群落结构和功能多样性,玉米种植显著提高了变形菌门(Proteobacteria)与放线菌门(Actinobacteria)两种优势菌门的相对丰度;丛毛单胞菌属(Comamonadaceae)、丝状菌属(Hyphomircobiales)和根瘤菌属(Rhizobiaceae)为3种土壤组间差异贡献最大的物种;玉米种植增加了盐渍化土壤中细菌参与新陈代谢功能与遗传信息处理功能物种的相对丰度,且有效磷、全磷、速效氮、全盐和pH是影响二级功能相对丰度的重要因子。玉米种植后其根际和非根际土壤细菌群落在生态位上与荒地之间存在明显分异。种植玉米修复盐渍化土壤能够改变土壤细菌群落结构、功能和多样性,对改善盐渍化土壤微环境,促进盐渍化土壤微生物功能发挥和盐渍化土壤种植结构优化具有重要意义。

Effects of Soil Improver on Wheat in Saline-Alkali Lands in the Yellow River Delta

Field experiment carried out to test the effects of soil improver on wheat yield and soil physical-chemical properties. The results indicated that soil improver could optimize soil aggregates structure, decrease soil bulk density, soil pH and soil salt content, increase soil organic matter and 1 000-grain weight, thereby enhancing wheat yield. With the increase of soil improver application amount, soil physical-chemical properties became better and wheat yield increased. However, there was no significant difference in the treatments with the application amounts of 3%, 4% and 5%. In addition, the treatment of reducing nitrogen showed no superiority in soil physical-chemical properties and wheat yield, indicating that sufficient nitrogen was essential for the growth of wheat.

滴施改良剂对棉花种子萌发、幼苗生长及盐碱土结构的影响

新疆植棉区土壤盐碱化严重。为农业可持续发展提升土壤肥力进而获得棉花高产,通过盆栽试验,以南疆库尔勒盐碱化土为研究对象,研究自制天然-合成聚合物土壤改良剂对棉花种子萌芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、棉花幼苗根茎长、干鲜重的影响,并采用傅里叶变换红外光谱、扫描电子显微镜表征方法对土壤改良剂作用下土壤微观结构进行研究。研究表明,自制土壤改良剂1#即矿源黄腐酸钾-聚丙烯酸接枝盐碱土壤改良剂在3个不同浓度条件下均能改善棉花种子萌发、早期生长状况,以A2处理(880 mg土壤致良剂1#+1000 mL蒸馏水)效果最佳,相对于CK处理(1000 mL蒸馏水),发芽势和萌发率分别提高了63.2%和50.0%,幼苗鲜重增加了99.0%,干重增加了76.9%。自制土壤改良剂2#即矿源黄腐酸钾-聚丙烯酸共混盐碱土壤改良剂在低浓度下能提高种子萌发率及幼苗生物量,中高浓度有不同程度的抑制作用。改良后土壤的红外光谱变化不大,有机质吸收峰稍有增强;添加土壤改良剂能改善原始土壤致密紧实的结构,土壤颗粒之间开始团聚、土壤表面变得粗糙,改良剂1#以A2处理土壤团聚颗粒最大,颗粒间孔隙最多,改良剂2#土壤也变得相对疏松,但不同添加浓度之间变化不大。

土壤改良剂的应用现状

苏打盐碱土的改良是东北松嫩平原土壤治理的重要目标。综合前人的研究结果,归纳总结了改良剂的作用机理和改良效果,主要类型及应用,以及改良剂在实际使用中存在的问题,也展望了改良剂的应用前景,为今后改良剂的深入研究提供参考。改良剂可分为无机改良剂、有机改良剂、微生物菌剂,组合改良剂的使用效果好于单一改良剂,改良剂的应用对土壤理化性质、结构、养分含量以及微生态环境都有改善,并促进植物生长。提出针对北方旱田盐碱土的改良,新型有机改良剂以及配套改良技术的研发是今后研究的重点。

垄作和覆膜下盐碱地水盐运移和大豆产量的变化

选择河北省黄骅市中度盐碱土区布置夏播大豆[Glycine max(L.)Merr.]田间试验,共设平播(对照)、平播覆膜、垄作及垄作覆膜4个处理,研究垄作和覆膜对土壤水盐运移和大豆产量的影响。结果表明,与传统平播方式相比,平播覆膜处理对土壤水盐运移和大豆产量的影响不显著;垄作处理能显著改变土壤水盐分布,特别是大豆生长中后期降雨量开始减少后,垄作定植沟会产生叠加集雨效果,显著提高大豆生长中期0~20 cm和20~40 cm土壤含水量,减缓作物生长后期向表层返盐进程,有效降低土壤表层盐分含量,对保障大豆植株生长和产量均有一定的促进效果,可增产27.2%;垄作覆膜处理效果与垄作处理类似,覆膜措施影响不显著。垄作技术可以作为滨海盐碱地夏播大豆种植的农耕措施。

湖南植烟水稻土碱解氮分布特征及其影响因素

为明确湖南植烟水稻土碱解氮含量、空间分布和影响因素,检测了2698个耕层土壤样本的碱解氮含量,分析了其空间分布特征及丰缺状况,探讨了其与种植制度、耕层厚度、海拔和土壤pH、有机质、颗粒组成之间的关系。土壤碱解氮变幅为57.10~447.40 mg/kg,平均为183.78 mg/kg,碱解氮适宜(110~180 mg/kg)的样本占比为46.55%;安仁县、桂阳县和临武县等10个县(区)土壤碱解氮平均值较高,其他16县(区)都在适宜范围;土壤碱解氮空间分布有从东南向西北递减的分布趋势;烟-玉米轮作的土壤碱解氮相对较低;土壤碱解氮随耕层深度、土壤pH、有机质增加而增加,与海拔呈抛物线关系(峰值在海拔150~250 m区间),随土壤粉砂占比增加而升高,随粗砂占比增加而降低。湖南植烟水稻土碱解氮含量空间分布不均匀,且受多种因素影响,要因地制宜分区制定氮肥施用策略。

盐碱地改造用高效阻盐材料的制备及其性能研究

为改良盐碱土壤,制备了一种隔水阻盐性能优异的超疏水颗粒材料,构建隔水阻盐材料与蓄水模式结合的盐碱地改造体系。以大漠砂为芯材,通过表面覆膜进行疏水改性,探究树脂和微纳米辅材掺量对材料疏水性、抗渗性和透气性的影响规律。利用微型土柱模拟地下水盐迁移过程,探究材料的隔水性能和阻盐性能。结果表明,在树脂、疏水碳酸钙和纳米二氧化硅掺量分别为1.0%、0.8%和0.2%时,材料接触角达到153.6°,耐静水高度达230 mm,并维持良好的透气性能。在微型土柱模拟试验中,隔水阻盐材料对水分蒸发和盐分上移的抑制作用明显,蒸发抑制率为50%~70%,盐分抑制率大于99%且在20次阻盐循环后维持97.5%以上。

暗管排水条件下有机无机肥配施对向日葵产量品质与盐碱土改良效果的影响

为揭示生物措施和工程措施协同改良盐碱土的效果,明确滨海农区向日葵生产适宜暗管埋设间距和有机-无机肥配施比例,研究设计10 m(S1)、15 m(S2)和20 m(S3)3种不同暗管间距和100%有机肥(100%OF)、75%有机肥+25%无机肥(75%OF)、50%有机肥+50%无机肥(50%OF)、25%有机肥+75%无机肥(25%OF)、100%无机肥(0%OF)和不施肥(CK)6种施肥处理,观测向日葵产量、品质、氮素利用和土壤速效养分、有机质、全盐含量的响应规律。结果表明:相同暗管间距下,25%OF施肥处理增产效应最为明显,而相同施肥处理下,S2间距向日葵产量处于较高水平,不同处理以S2条件下25%OF施肥处理向日葵产量最高,达到3.82 t/hm^(2);有机肥施用比例提升有利于增加向日葵籽粒粗脂肪、油酸和亚油酸含量;施肥处理明显增加了向日葵植株氮素吸收量,S1、S2和S3间距下较CK处理分别增加了18.1%~47.2%、8.6%~40.5%和8.8%~34.5%;向日葵氮素利用效率随有机肥比例的升高呈先增加后降低趋势,其中S2-25%OF和S1-25%OF处理处于较高水平,分别达到44.2%和43.9%;土壤速效氮、速效磷和速效钾含量与有机肥施用比例呈正相关,S1-S3间距下有机肥处理速效氮、速效磷和速效钾含量较CK平均高22.0%、2.4%和26.4%。暗管间距越小、有机肥施用比例越高,耕层土壤盐分消减率越高,S1间距下100%OF处理盐分消减率达42.6%。综合产量、品质、氮肥利用效率等因素,推荐以15 m暗管间距下25%有机肥施用比例作为盐碱地向日葵生产的最优方案。

Chao HUANG,Main Factors Affecting the Improving Efficiency of Gypsum for Solonetzic Soil

In order to more efficiently utilize gypsum to improve meadow alkali soil slightly salinized by soda and sulfate chloride, a total of 27 treatments were de- signed from the perspectives of field capacity, alkalinity, alkaline salt content, optimal irrigation, gypsum conversion, gypsum and soil treatment and improvement depth. The ions on the obtained filtrate were analyzed in terms of salts. The improving ef- ficiency of gypsum for meadow alkali soil was analyzed through comparing the con- tents of soluble salts in pre-improvement and post-improvement soil by reasoning and calculation. The results showed that, （1） the dissolved amount and conversion amount of gypsum were increased, and the soil alkalinity was decreased corre- spondingly with the increased irrigation amount. However, after reaching a certain extent, the linear relationships became unobvious gradually. Therefore, the irrigation amount should be arranged reasonably for different treatment. （2） Compared with those at low temperature, the dissolved amount of gypsum at high temperature was increased by 1.47-1.50 times, the release amount of exchangeable sodium was in- creased by 2.98-4.70 times, and the release amount of exchangeable magnesium was increased by 2.07-2.90 times. In overall, the improving efficiency of gypsum in summer was better. However, gypsum had two shortcomings in summer. First, a large amount of gypsum leaked away. Second, a large amount of exchangeable magnesium, along with exchangeable sodium, was substituted by gypsum. （3） Compared with the other two treatments, treatment B （mixing gypsum and top 20- cm soil） showed the best improving efficiency, and it was characterized by stepwise dealkalization from top to down. In addition, mixing gypsum and topsoil is more practical in the production.