Comparative Study of Water-soluble and Alkali-soluble Hemicelluloses Extracted by Hydrothermal Pretreatment

The purpose of this study was to explore the differences of the hemicelluloses extracted by hydrothermal pretreatment using water and alkaline solutions(Na OH or KOH). The physicochemical properties and structural characteristics of two water-soluble and four alkali-soluble hemicelluloses extracted from the triploid of Populus tomentosa Carr. through the hydrothermal pretreatment were comparatively studied. It was observed that the alkalis(Na OH and KOH) were more effective than distilled water as extractants. Sugar analysis showed that xylose(66.83%~86.49%) was the major constituent, followed by glucose(6.83%~18.49%). Mannose(1.40%~8.42%), galactose(2.17%~4.05%), and arabinose(0.21%~2.26%) were also detected in the hemicellulosic fractions. The results of gelpermeation chromatography(GPC) indicated that the hemicelluloses extracted using the alkaline solutions had relatively higher molecular weights than those solubilized in distilled water. Further, based on spectroscopic ~1Hnuclear magnetic resonance(~1H-NMR) and two-dimensional heteronuclear singular quantum correlation(2D-HSQC) analyses, it was confirmed that the hemicellulosic fractions had a major structure of(1→4)-b-D-xylan and a minor structure of(1→4)-a-D-glucan with small amounts of substituted sugars and glucuronic acid attached.

Preparation and Development of Alkali-soluble Poria Polysaccharide Tough Biscuits

[Objectives]This study was conducted to obtain the best formula for alkali-soluble Poria polysaccharide tough biscuits.[Methods]Based on low-gluten flour as the main raw material and alkali-soluble Poria polysaccharide,baking soda,salt,butter and sugar as auxiliary materials,single-factor test and orthogonal optimization of the addition amounts of alkali-soluble Poria polysaccharide,salt and white sugar were carried out,and the prepared biscuits were subjected to sensory evaluation to get the best formula.[Results]The optimal process parameters of the alkali-soluble Poria polysaccharide tough biscuits were:alkali-soluble Poria polysaccharide addition amount 12%,salt addition amount 1.5%,white sugar addition amount 14%,and the sensory evaluation score obtained under this condition was 88.7.[Conclusions]The alkali-soluble Poria polysaccharide biscuits prepared according to the best formula had the characteristics of neat shape,uniform thickness,fine internal structure,obvious layers,and crisp,rosy and sweet taste.This study increases the flavor and nutritional value of biscuits,enriches the types of biscuits,and provides a certain theoretical basis for the production of alkali-soluble Poria polysaccharide tough biscuits.

Preparation of Alkali-soluble Pachymaran Rice Wine

[Objectives] This study was conducted to determine the optimum process conditions for the preparation of alkali-soluble pachymaran rice wine. [Methods] A new type of alkali-soluble pachymaran rice wine was prepared by mixing and fermenting alkali-soluble pachymaran and glutinous rice as raw materials. The sensory score was used as the evaluation index to investigate the effects of three factors including the amount of alkali-soluble pachymaran, inoculation amount and fermentation temperature on the quality of the alkali-soluble pachymaran rice wine. The fermentation process of the rice wine was then optimized by an orthogonal experiment. [Results] With the proportion of the alkali-soluble pachymaran added of 0.4%, the inoculation amount of 0.6% and the fermentation temperature at 30 ℃, the sensory score of the prepared rice wine was the highest, which was 93.5 points. The alkali-soluble pachymaran rice wine prepared under above conditions was rich in flavor and tasted sweet and sour. [Conclusions] The production of the new rice wine and the understanding of the development history of rice wine will provide reference for the future development of rice wine industry, and provide research directions for the development of new health drinks.

Adsorption,in vitro digestion and human gut microbiota regulation characteristics of three Poria cocos polysaccharides

Poria cocos(PC)is a famous traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)and a widely used healthcare ingredient,which has antiobesity,enhancing immunity and improving sleep effects.Traditionally,only water-soluble poria polysaccharide(WSP)is extracted and applied for clinical application,while insoluble polysaccharide(alkali-soluble poria polysaccharide,ASP)is discarded as herb residue.However,the whole PC has also been historically utilized as functional herbal food.Considering the beneficial role of dietary fiber and the traditional use of PC,ASP may also contribute substantially to the therapy function of PC.Compared to WSP,little attention has been paid to ASP and ASP modified product carboxymethyl poria polysaccharide(CMP)which has been used as an antitumor adjuvant drug.In this study,the oil,cholesterol,metal ions and polyphenols adsorption ability,in vitro simulated digestive and the gut microbiota fermentation characteristics of WSP,ASP and CMP were studied to evaluate the functional values of three P.cocos polysaccharides(PCPs).The results showed that all three PCPs had good adsorption capacity on cholesterol,polyphenols and metal ions(Cd^(2+)/Zn^(2+)/Mg^(2+)),among which ASP showed the highest capacity than WSP and CMP.The adsorption capacity of all three PCPs on heavy metal ions(Cd^(2+)/Zn^(2+))was stronger than that of non-heavy metal ions(Mg^(2+));The in vitro digestibility of all three PCPs was very low,but WSP was slightly higher than ASP and CMP;Moreover,the indigestible residue of all three PCPs could improve the richness and diversity of gut microbiota,among which ASP had the greatest influence.In general,ASP and CMP could significantly promote the proliferation of some probiotics and inhibit the growth of some harmful bacteria.The gut microbiota diversity of CMP was reduced,but the richness of probiotics,especially Parabacteroides distasonis was significantly enhanced compared with the ASP group,and the growth of harmful bacteria Klebsiella pneumoniae was inhibited after CMP treatment.The short-chain fatty acids(SCFAs)analysis results showed that all three PCPs could significantly promote the production of acetic acid,propionic acid and the total acid content compared with blank control group,and SCFAs producing activity was positively correlated with the proliferative capacity of probiotics.Taken together,the good adsorption characteristics and gut microbiota regulatory activity of ASP may lay foundation for its lipid-lowering and immune-improving function.Additionally,the probiotic effect of CMP and ASP indicated that except for only use the water extract of PC in clinic,CMP and ASP also can be used in healthcare to take full advantage of this valuable medicine.

大蒜多糖的分离纯化及抗氧化性的研究

采用热水浸提法从大蒜中提取大蒜粗多糖(GA),用DEAE-纤维素柱层析对GA进行纯化,得到中性多糖(GB)和酸性多糖(GC)。进一步对3种大蒜多糖的抗氧化性进行测定,结果显示:GB具有较好的清除羟基自由基和还原能力,GC具有较好的清除超氧阴离子自由基和配位能力,而GA的抗氧化能力则介于GB和GC之间。

淮山药多糖的研究

目的:从淮山药中提取粗多糖RDP,进行纯化分离,得到均一的多糖RP,并初步研究其组成和结构。方法:依次经水浸提、乙醇沉淀、十六烷基三甲基溴胺盐脱蛋白、微晶纤维素柱色谱、Sephadex G-100色谱分离纯化得白色粉末状多糖RP。Sephadex G-200柱层析进行纯度鉴定。纸层析分析多糖酸水解产物;凝胶色谱法测定其相对分子质量;用红外光谱分析鉴定RP。结果:纯度鉴定证明其为均一组分;红外光谱分析其具有β-糖苷键;PC分析其单糖组成为葡萄糖、D-甘露糖、D-半乳糖。结论:本实验对为该多糖的进一步开发利用提供一定的理论依据。

正交实验法优化铁皮石斛多糖的提取工艺

目的建立铁皮石斛多糖的提取工艺。方法通过单因素实验及正交实验研究料液比、提取温度、提取时间、提取次数对铁皮石斛多糖提取率的影响,采用DNS法测定其多糖的含量。结果铁皮石斛多糖提取最佳工艺条件为料液比1∶40,浸提温度70℃,浸提时间2h,浸提2次。结论该工艺简单、合理,多糖提取率高。

南瓜多糖及可溶性固形物含量与口感性状相关性分析

以96份南瓜品系为材料,通过性状间的遗传相关分析,探讨南瓜多糖、可溶性固形物含量和口感性状之间的相关程度。结果表明,在96份南瓜品系中,多糖含量最高为6.19%,最低0.84%,最高值是最低值的7.4倍;可溶性固形物含量最高为12.7%,最低3.3%,最高值是最低值的3.8倍。显示出供试南瓜材料的多糖含量和可溶性固形物含量变化幅度较大,其遗传基础较为广泛。南瓜多糖含量与口感面度、口感甜度间均存在极显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.6640和0.6608,回归方程为Y1=0.027X1+0.045X2+0.251;南瓜可溶性固形物含量与口感面度、口感甜度间也存在显著或极显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.3592和0.5846,回归方程为Y2=0.031X1+0.156X2+1.431。

沙枣多糖对免疫抑制小鼠的调节作用

[目的]研究沙枣多糖(EAPS)对免疫抑制小鼠免疫功能的影响。[方法]以环磷酰胺(Cy)作免疫抑制剂建立小鼠免疫抑制模型,进行免疫脏器指数的检测、碳粒廓清试验、血清溶血素形成和迟发型超敏反应,探讨沙枣多糖对免疫功能低下小鼠的影响。[结果]沙枣多糖能明显提高正常小鼠脾脏指数、胸腺指数及免疫抑制小鼠脾脏指数;增强正常小鼠和免疫抑制小鼠单核巨噬细胞系统吞噬功能,恢复免疫抑制小鼠迟发型超敏反应,促进溶血素的生成。[结论]沙枣多糖可对抗Cy所致的免疫抑制,明显增强小鼠免疫功能。

南瓜多糖的提取及其抗氧化活性研究进展

南瓜多糖具有良好的食用价值和药用价值,有着广泛的开发前景。文章从南瓜多糖提取效率出发,比较不同提取方法对南瓜多糖提取效率的影响。并综述南瓜多糖的抗氧化活性、清除自由基的能力及相关分子修饰对抗氧化功能的影响,以期为寻找和开发一种新型的天然抗氧化剂提供理论参考。同时也为南瓜多糖在食品和医药方面的应用研究提供理论依据。

海洋真菌多糖YCP对荷瘤小鼠的抗肿瘤作用

研究海洋真菌多糖YCP对小鼠移植瘤的抑瘤作用和对小鼠免疫功能的影响.采用ICR小鼠S180、Heps移植性肿瘤,C57BL/6小鼠Lewis移植性肿瘤和BALB/cA裸小鼠人肺癌A-549移植性肿瘤实验方法,检测受试药物对荷瘤小鼠的抑瘤作用.以荷瘤小鼠的血清半数溶血值(HC50)及吞噬指数K及吞噬系数α值等为指标,观察药物对荷瘤小鼠免疫功能的影响.与空白对照组相比,YCP(9,3 mg/kg)静脉注射(iv)对小鼠移植瘤肝癌实体型(Heps)、肉瘤180(S180)、Lewis肺癌的肿瘤生长具有明显的抑制作用(P<0.01).YCP(9,3 mg/kg)可显著提高S180荷瘤小鼠的吞噬指数K和血清半数溶血值HC50(P<0.01,P<0.05).YCP对ICR小鼠S180、Heps移植性肿瘤,C57BL/6小鼠Lewis移植性肿瘤具有明显的抗肿瘤活性,YCP可显著提高S180荷瘤小鼠的免疫功能.

超声提取防风多糖的抗氧化活性研究

采用不同电功率和频率的超声波辅助提取防风多糖,通过体外抗氧化实验,研究了多糖抗氧化活性与超声电功率及频率的变化规律。实验结果表明:超声频率为135kHz、电功率为290W时,提取的防风多糖得率最高,达到7.12%。超声频率在80kHz和135kHz,电功率范围在150W～220W时提取的防风多糖抗氧化活性较高。超声提取防风多糖能够提高提取效率,选择适当的电功率和频率能达到较好的抗氧化活性效果。

肉苁蓉多糖对THP-1细胞吞噬作用的影响及其机理研究

将单核细胞株THP-1按照随机数字表随机分为观察组和对照组两组,正常的观察组给予肉苁蓉多糖培养液,根据肉苁蓉多糖浓度不同又分为10、50、100μg/L组,对照组不添加肉苁蓉多糖培养液,实验组中的不同浓度组、对照组,每组各24例.比较各组THP-1细胞吞噬率、吞噬指数以及细胞因子分泌水平,以此研究肉苁蓉多糖对THP-1细胞吞噬作用的影响并探讨其发生机理.结果显示,观察组中10、50、100μg/L组单核巨噬细胞吞噬率分别为(17.42±3.19)%、(23.32±3.82)%、(29.41±4.11)%,均高于对照组的(9.34±1.26)%,比较差异有统计学意义(F=162.63,P<0.01);10、50、100μg/L组单核巨噬细胞吞噬指数分别为(0.45±0.13)、(0.67±0.19)、(0.82±0.21),均高于对照组的(0.22±0.09),比较差异有统计学意义(F=62.60,P<0.01);10、50、100μg/L组IFN-γ分别为(4.21±1.11)、(7.38±1.86)、(9.51±2.10)mg/L,均高于对照组(0.79±0.06)mg/L,比较差异有统计学意义(F=152.74,P<0.01);10、50、100μg/L组IL-1分别为(24.11±4.15)、(74.60±11.21)、(103.61±19.65)mg/L,均高于对照组(10.21±1.39)mg/L,比较差异有统计学意义(F=343.15,P<0.01),各指标进一步采用Newman-Keals法进行两两比较均有统计学意义(P<0.01).由此认为,肉苁蓉多糖可能通过增强THP-1细胞吞噬能力和促细胞因子释放发挥免疫调节功能.

芋头多糖提取工艺优化及其体外结合脂类和胆酸盐能力研究

以新鲜龙香芋为原料,对其水溶性多糖的水溶醇沉提取工艺进行优化,并通过体外模拟人体胃肠消化环境,测定其对脂肪、胆固醇、胆酸盐的结合能力,考察芋头多糖的体外降脂效果。结果表明,当提取温度80℃、提取时间6h、料液比1∶6(g/mL)、乙醇体积分数85%时,芋头多糖提取效果最好,提取率达(4.92±0.18)%。芋头多糖经过胃肠消化系统后,对脂肪和胆酸盐的吸附效果优于对照纤维素,对两者的结合能力与其质量浓度呈现显著相关性;对胆固醇的吸附效果低于纤维素,表明芋头多糖具有一定的降脂功能,降脂机理与纤维素不同。

红花水溶性多糖CTP的结构研究

Carthamus tinctorius L. is a kind of Chinese traditional and herbal drugs. Polysaccharides as effective ingredients have extensive pharmaceutic values especially as the immune regulators. CTP is the water soluble polysaccharide isolated from the Carthamus tinctorius L.. By means of HPLC, partial hydrolysis with acid, periodate oxidation, Smith degradation, GC, methylation and GC-MS analysis, {}+{13}C NMR spectroscopy, the structure of CTP was identified. CTP is a kind of small molecular weight polysaccharide with many branches. The main chain of CTP is made up of(1→4)-linked-Glc with five side chains. They are(1→3,6), (1→6), (1→)-linked-Gal, (1→2)-linked-Glc, (1→6), (1→)-linked-Glc, and two(1→6)-linked-Glc respectively.

玉米须多糖的提取及脱蛋白研究

[目的]比较不同时期玉米须多糖含量的差异及蛋白质的纯化。[方法]采用热回流法提取多糖及木瓜蛋白酶除去蛋白质。通过单因素和正交试验找到木瓜蛋白酶的最优条件。[结果]吉林和松原乳熟期多糖含量为9.87%、10.15%,成熟期为4.85%、4.55%,乳熟期平均产率花柱为7.90%,柱头为12.58%,成熟期平均产率花柱为4.91%,柱头为3.51%。酶水解正交试验最优条件:酶底比1.00%,pH值5.5,体系在水浴中水解1.5h,温度为40℃。[结论]乳熟期多糖含量高于成熟期;乳熟期柱头含量最高,酶法可作为玉米须多糖的脱蛋白的工艺,除蛋白率60.31%,损失率为14.71%。

多糖对电离辐射防护与修复作用的研究进展

电离辐射可直接攻击DNA、蛋白质、脂质等生物大分子或通过电离产生大量自由基,间接对细胞造成伤害,易造成人体免疫系统、生殖系统、神经系统伤害。某些辐射防护剂已在临床应用,但存在一定不良反应。因此,高效、低毒的天然辐射防护剂的研究成为近年来的热点。文章针对多糖天然产物对电离辐射防护与修复作用研究进展作一综述。

1型和14型肺炎球菌多糖蛋白结合疫苗中糖链长度与免疫原性的相关性

目的探讨1型、14型肺炎球菌多糖蛋白结合疫苗中糖链长度和免疫原性的相关性,以解决多糖结合物难以纯化的问题。方法肺炎球菌荚膜多糖经过乙酸水解成为寡糖,与原糖采用相同的方法与破伤风类毒素结合,免疫小鼠后检测抗体水平,并与原糖结合物进行比较。结果小鼠体内均能产生较高的抗体水平,且具有免疫加强效应,寡糖结合物与原糖结合物的免疫原性差异无显著意义。结论1型、14型肺炎球菌的荚膜多糖经酸水解降解,不影响结合物的免疫原性。

猪软骨多糖作为免疫佐剂的肝癌疫苗激发抗肿瘤细胞免疫

探讨以猪软骨多糖作为免疫佐剂的肝癌疫苗对小鼠细胞免疫抗肿瘤的影响。以猪软骨多糖作为免疫佐剂,采用共同培养的方法制备小鼠肝癌H22细胞全细胞肝癌疫苗,免疫小鼠后,分别以脾淋巴细胞、巨噬细胞为对象检测肝癌疫苗对小鼠机体细胞免疫的影响。结果表明,以猪软骨多糖为免疫佐剂的全细胞肝癌疫苗能明显刺激脾淋巴细胞活化、增强巨噬细胞的吞噬能力。以猪软骨多糖为免疫佐剂的肝癌疫苗能增强机体的细胞免疫,为软骨多糖用于肿瘤的免疫治疗和免疫预防提供了试验依据,为进一步的临床免疫治疗肿瘤奠定了基础。

川楝子总黄酮和多糖提取及其抗氧化活性研究

研究了川楝子总黄酮和多糖的最佳提取条件,并利用过硫酸铵/N,N,N,,N′-四甲基乙二胺(AP-TEMED)反应体系和Fenton反应体系测其提取成分的抗氧化活性。结果表明,川楝子总黄酮提取的最佳工艺条件为:70%(体积分数)乙醇,料液比1∶30(g∶mL),微波提取7.5 min;其多糖提取的最佳工艺条件为:浸提3 h,料液比1∶15(g∶mL),提取4次。川楝总黄酮和多糖均具有较强的抗氧化活性。当总黄酮质量浓度为9.74 g/L时,对超氧阴离子自由基(O2-.)的清除效率达到76.6%,其质量浓度为12.38 g/L时,对羟基自由基(.OH)的清除效率可达到84.0%;当多糖质量浓度达到10 g/L时,对O2-.的清除效率达到63.7%,对.OH的清除效率可达到74.0%。