The pattern that many ectotherms have smaller body sizes in coM environments follows the converse to Bergmann＇s rule and is most frequently found in lizards. Allen＇s rule predicts animals from warm climates usually ...The pattern that many ectotherms have smaller body sizes in coM environments follows the converse to Bergmann＇s rule and is most frequently found in lizards. Allen＇s rule predicts animals from warm climates usually have longer tails and limbs, while these traits tend to be shorter in individuals from cold climates. We examined body size variation in an endemic Chinese lizard Phrynocephalus theobaldi along a broad elevational gradient （3,600-5,000 m on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau）. Female body size showed a U-shaped cline, decreasing with increased elevation within the range 3,600-4,200 m, but increasing at eleva- tions 〉 4200 m. Male body size continued to increase with increasing elevations. Both sexes showed an increased pattern of ex- tremity length with elevation that does not conform to Allen＇s rule. Limb length and tail length increased along the elevational gradients. In terms of color pattern, an abdominal black speckled area appears at elevations 〉4,200 m. This trait increases in size with increased elevation. Unlike most studies, our results indicated that annual sunshine hours corresponding to the activity pe- riod of the lizards could play an important role on the positive body size cline in environments at very high elevations 〉 4200 m展开更多
Background The radial artery （RA） is becoming a popular conduit for coronary artery bypass grafting （CABG）,yet data reporting the long-term results are rare.We reported our clinical,angiographic and intravascular ...Background The radial artery （RA） is becoming a popular conduit for coronary artery bypass grafting （CABG）,yet data reporting the long-term results are rare.We reported our clinical,angiographic and intravascular ultrasound findings on 93 patients who had the RA used as part of the conduit for the CABG procedures during a 12-year period from June 2001 to June 2013.Methods A total of 118 radial artery conduits were harvested in 87 males and 6 females,age from 28 to 66 （mean 49.9） years.An ＂intra-operative Allen＇s test＂ was developed to safeguard blood supply to the arm and hand.A ＂double-clip ＆ scissors-cut＂ technique was carried out to minimize the thermal injury to the radial artery from the diathermy.The left radial artery was used in 67 patients,the right in one,and bilateral radial arteries in 25 patients.One hundred and twenty-two out of 272 distal anastomoses （44.9％） were constructed with radial arteries,with an average of 2.9 grafts per patient （range 2-6）.Results Follow-up angiography and intravascular ultrasound study at 3-139 postoperative months （mean 59 months） revealed a 93.1％ RA patency.String sign occurred in one patient in whom the RA was directed to a big right coronary artery with a stenosis of around 50％.The patency for the internal mammary artery was 96.4％.Conclusions The RA is an excellent conduit that broadens the options for total arterial CABG surgery.Good graft patency could be achieved through careful harvesting techniques and choice of proper target coronary vessels.展开更多
基金Acknowledgments This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （31372183, 31000950）. We thank the Chinese National Climate Data Center for his- torical climatic data, and the Tibetan government for permis- sion to collect specimens. We thank R. Brown, S. Mullin for their kind detailed reviews on the manuscript before submis- sion, and appreciate R. Brown for his extensive help in im- proving the language of the manuscript before publication. We also thank S. Meiri and another anonymous referee for their kind revisions or suggestions on our submitted manuscript.
文摘The pattern that many ectotherms have smaller body sizes in coM environments follows the converse to Bergmann＇s rule and is most frequently found in lizards. Allen＇s rule predicts animals from warm climates usually have longer tails and limbs, while these traits tend to be shorter in individuals from cold climates. We examined body size variation in an endemic Chinese lizard Phrynocephalus theobaldi along a broad elevational gradient （3,600-5,000 m on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau）. Female body size showed a U-shaped cline, decreasing with increased elevation within the range 3,600-4,200 m, but increasing at eleva- tions 〉 4200 m. Male body size continued to increase with increasing elevations. Both sexes showed an increased pattern of ex- tremity length with elevation that does not conform to Allen＇s rule. Limb length and tail length increased along the elevational gradients. In terms of color pattern, an abdominal black speckled area appears at elevations 〉4,200 m. This trait increases in size with increased elevation. Unlike most studies, our results indicated that annual sunshine hours corresponding to the activity pe- riod of the lizards could play an important role on the positive body size cline in environments at very high elevations 〉 4200 m
文摘Background The radial artery （RA） is becoming a popular conduit for coronary artery bypass grafting （CABG）,yet data reporting the long-term results are rare.We reported our clinical,angiographic and intravascular ultrasound findings on 93 patients who had the RA used as part of the conduit for the CABG procedures during a 12-year period from June 2001 to June 2013.Methods A total of 118 radial artery conduits were harvested in 87 males and 6 females,age from 28 to 66 （mean 49.9） years.An ＂intra-operative Allen＇s test＂ was developed to safeguard blood supply to the arm and hand.A ＂double-clip ＆ scissors-cut＂ technique was carried out to minimize the thermal injury to the radial artery from the diathermy.The left radial artery was used in 67 patients,the right in one,and bilateral radial arteries in 25 patients.One hundred and twenty-two out of 272 distal anastomoses （44.9％） were constructed with radial arteries,with an average of 2.9 grafts per patient （range 2-6）.Results Follow-up angiography and intravascular ultrasound study at 3-139 postoperative months （mean 59 months） revealed a 93.1％ RA patency.String sign occurred in one patient in whom the RA was directed to a big right coronary artery with a stenosis of around 50％.The patency for the internal mammary artery was 96.4％.Conclusions The RA is an excellent conduit that broadens the options for total arterial CABG surgery.Good graft patency could be achieved through careful harvesting techniques and choice of proper target coronary vessels.
