System and Realization Path of Xi Jinping's Eco-poverty Alleviation Concept under the Vision of Green Development

Since the 18 th National Congress of the Communist Party of China,General Secretary Xi Jinping delivered a series of speeches on ecological environment and poverty governance,forming the Xi Jinping's eco-poverty alleviation ideology.In this paper,the Xi Jinping's eco-poverty alleviation ideology is taken as the research object.Using the methods of literature analysis and comparative analysis,the origin of eco-poverty alleviation theory is explored from the common prosperity theory and the theory of ecological capital,and the practice foundation is found out from practical cases.The relationship between the ecological damage and poverty is systematically analyzed,and the mechanism of ecological poverty is explored in detail.The basic connotation of Xi Jinping's eco-poverty alleviation is expounded,and it consists of three parts:guiding ideology layer,implementation layer,and guarantee layer.By perfecting and innovating the market mechanism,social management mechanism,performance evaluation mechanism,integration mechanism with other poverty alleviation methods,and ecological immigration mechanism of ecological poverty,the realization of Xi Jinping's eco-poverty alleviation concept could be guaranteed.

Poverty Alleviation Act:the Inevitable Product of the Development Law of Poverty Alleviation

Poverty alleviation is a grand project involving the whole society,and is related to the development direction of socialism and the process of national modernization.It is the basic national policy and major strategic deployment of China to eliminate poverty and improve people s livelihood under the new historical conditions.Therefore,in order to win the final victory of poverty alleviation and difficulties tackling,it is not enough to have only a policy system and an institutional system.It is also necessary to establish an effective legal system to regulate and restrain various poverty alleviation behaviors,which is the basic condition for ensuring the sustainable development of poverty alleviation.

Types and Optimization Paths Between Poverty Alleviation Effectiveness and Rural Revitalization:A Case Study of Hunan Province,China

Exploring the synergy types and optimization paths between Poverty Alleviation Effectiveness and Rural Revitalization is necessary for achieving the two centenary goals.Taking poverty alleviation counties in Hunan Province,China as an example,our study proposed an indicator to measure the synergistic development between Poverty Alleviation Effectiveness and Rural Revitalization using the multi-index integrated evaluation method.Then,the coupling types were classified based on both the proposed indicator and regional characteristics.Besides,the corresponding optimization path for each coupling type was proposed to promote the synergistic development of Poverty Alleviation and Rural Revitalization.Results are as follows:1)Lower synergy focused on the southwestern Hunan,while low synergy is widely distributed(such as the west,southwest,northwest,and midland).Moderate synergy is in the midland,such as Huaihua and Chenzhou cities.High synergy is distributed in Yongzhou,Huaihua,Xiangxi cities,etc.Besides,only Hecheng City belongs to the higher synergy.2)This paper proposes corresponding development paths for different development characteristics and main problems from multiple perspectives of the protection system,industrial planning,and rural market.Continuously consolidate and enhance the effectiveness of Poverty Alleviation and Rural Revitalization to achieve coupled and synergistic development of the two systems.Our research results can provide theoretical support for implementing Poverty Alleviation and Rural Revitalization in Hunan Province,China.

Multiscale strain alleviation of Ni-rich cathode guided by in situ environmental transmission electron microscopy during the solid-state synthesis

Ni-rich layered oxides are one of the most promising cathode materials for Li-ion batteries due to their high energy density.However,the chemomechanical breakdown and capacity degradation associated with the anisotropic lattice evolution during lithiation/delithiation hinders its practical application.Herein,by utilizing the in situ environmental transmission electron microscopy(ETEM),we provide a real time nanoscale characterization of high temperature solid-state synthesis of LiNi_(0.8)CO_(0.1)Mn_(0.1)O_(2)(NCM811) cathode,and unprecedentedly reveal the strain/stress formation and morphological evolution mechanism of primary/second ary particles,as well as their influence on electrochemical performance.We show that stress inhomogeneity during solid-state synthesis will lead to both primary/secondary particle pulverization and new grain boundary initiation,which are detrimental to cathode cycling stability and rate performance.Aiming to alleviate this multiscale strain during solid-state synthesis,we introduced a calcination scheme that effectively relieves the stress during the synthesis,thus mitigating the primary/secondary particle crack and the detrimental grain boundaries formation,which in turn improves the cathode structural integrity and Li-ion transport kinetics for long-life and high-rate electrochemical performance.This work remarkably advances the fundamental understanding on mechanochemical properties of transition metal oxide cathode with solid-state synthesis and provides a unified guide for optimization the Ni-rich oxide cathode.

Current Situation and Countermeasures of Agricultural Industry Development in Linyi under the Background of Poverty Alleviation

By summarizing current situation of modern agriculture in Linyi City,problems faced by the development of modern agriculture in Linyi City under the background of helping poverty alleviation are analyzed.They are mainly the low degree of farmers'organization and the low level of agricultural industrialization;the low overall quality of farmers and the weak ability to absorb science,technology and culture;weak agricultural infrastructure and deterioration of agricultural ecological environment;inadequate agricultural scientific and technological innovation and slow popularization and application of achievements.A series of solutions and countermeasures are put forward to improve the degree of farmers'organization,enhance farmers'quality,increase investment in agricultural infrastructure,and accelerate the transformation of scientific and technological achievements.

Empirical Research on the Relationship between Education Poverty Alleviation and Rural Revitalization—Spatial Panel Simultaneous Equation Model Based on Provincial Panel Data

On the basis of using entropy weight method to measure China’s education poverty alleviation and rural revitalization evaluation indicators, using the panel data of 30 provinces in China (excluding Xizang, Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan) from 2012 to 2021, a spatial panel simultaneous equation model is constructed based on adjacency matrix, geographical distance matrix and economic geographical distance matrix deeply study the interaction mechanism and spatial spillover effects between education poverty alleviation and rural revitalization through the generalized spatial three-stage least squares method (GS3SLS). The results indicate that there is a significant spatial spillover effect and a positive spatial correlation between education poverty alleviation and rural revitalization, and there is a significant interactive effect between the two variables, while promoting each other positively. Therefore, the government should clarify the deep relationship between education poverty alleviation and rural revitalization based on the current background, and better consolidate and expand the effective connection between the achievements of education poverty alleviation and rural revitalization.

The Model of Poverty Alleviation and Income Growth by Developing Plateau-characterized Agriculture and Its Achievements Analysis in Yunnan Province——a Case Study in Midu County, Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture

The policy of taking the targeted poverty alleviation measures has been the mission of the age in propelling the 13th Five-year Plan and building moderately prosperous society. A good poverty alleviation model is of significance for the goal. The research introduced a poverty-stricken county-Midu County, Dali Bai Au- tonomous Prefecture, analyzed the basic approaches and the main achievements of ＂the model of poverty alleviation and income growth by developing plateau-charac- terized agriculture＂, and proposed some suggestions to promoting and applying this model. The research provides references for plateau-characterized agricultural devel- opment and targeted poverty alleviation strategy.

Does poverty-alleviation-based industry development improve farmers'livelihood capital?

Targeted poverty alleviation is a unique approach adopted in China to help achieve the vision of a moderately prosperous society in all aspects and the"Chinese Dream".Industrial development as a means of poverty alleviation is an integral part of the"Five-pronged Poverty Alleviation Measures"Project of targeted poverty alleviation,and a critical foundation for other poverty alleviation measures.In this study,a comprehensive evaluation method was used to measure farmers'livelihood based on the framework of sustainable livelihood.Specifically,the effects of industrial development on farmers'livelihood capital were estimated by employing the propensity score matching combined with the difference-in-differences(PSM-DID)approach.Findings suggest that industrial development had a significantly positive effect on the livelihood capital of farmers.Industrial development can significantly enhance farmers'human,social and financial capital,while it cannot significantly affect the natural and physical capital.Industrial development had heterogeneous effects on farmers'livelihood capital,more efficiently impacting on the non-poor than the poor.The effects on farmers'livelihood capital varied across regions,with Guizhou experiencing a larger effect than Sichuan.However,the effect was insignificant for farmers in Gansu.To improve farmers'livelihood capital,it is necessary to take measures to strengthen their human capital,promote the innovation of financial products,and make good use of their social capital;it is also essential to strengthen the support of industrial development to the poor.

Income effects of poverty alleviation relocation program on rural farmers in China

This paper analyses the impact of the poverty alleviation relocation(PAR)program on rural household income and evaluates the heterogeneous income effects of various relocation modes,based on a panel dataset of relocated households from 16 counties in eight Chinese provinces.The results show that participation in the PAR increases the income of both rural and urban resettlers.More specifically,it has a significant positive effect on agricultural and wage income for rural and urban resettlers,respectively.Further analyses show that the income increase for rural resettlers was mainly due to agricultural technology training and that the income increase for town resettlers was attributed to medical security.For the village resettlers,policies should focus on strengthening the development of local industries and training of agricultural technologies.For the urban resettlers,non-agricultural employment and public services in the urban resettlement areas should be promoted.

Synthesize dual goals:A study on China's ecological poverty alleviation system

How to break the vicious cycle of poverty and ecological degradation is widely concerned and discussed.In the poverty alleviation practices in China,ecological poverty alleviation(EPA)is regarded as an important way to synthesize the dual goals of poverty reduction and environmental protection and to achieve the win-win outcomes.Many Chinese researchers have fruitful research achievements on EPA yet they do not recognize that EPA is not a simple combination of various policies,but a complex system involving multiple policy instruments,governmental agencies,social forces,and agents.However,few studies abroad illustrate EPA in detail.They focus more on specific components of EPA such as payment for ecosystem services while overlooking the integral concept of EPA and practices from China.Based on field research in Guizhou Province,China,this paper proposes a framework of EPA with an effective multi-agent and co-government system,for demonstrating the concept and practice of EPA.With case analysis,we illustrate key elements in this system and their relationships,and how they play a vital role in pursuing win-win outcomes in environmental protection and poverty alleviation.The three dimensions of this EPA system have been discussed.The first is to strengthen the interaction among the agents.Many efforts should be made for establishing an efficient communication routine and a stable relationship among their interests.The second is to reinforce the connection between diverse elements in each policy subsystem,such as the systematization and coordination of the ecological industry development,the systematization of the links before,during,and after the relocation of ecological immigrants,etc.The third is to promote the interactions between the three subsystems,so that ecological enhancement,ecological compensation,and industrial development,and migration and relocation can promote each other,and ultimately promote the coordination of poverty alleviation and ecological protection in povertystricken areas.Thus,this paper analyzes how to establish the communication routine among the relevant agents of EPA,the interaction among the internal elements of the subsystems,and the relationship between the subsystems in series,trying to reveal the basic operating mechanism of the system.

The Model of "Party Branch +" in Promoting Industrial Poverty Alleviation in Poverty-stricken Mountainous Areas of China: A Case Study of Xundian in Yunnan Province

The integration and development of grass-roots Party organizations and accurate poverty alleviation is the focus in social development in the new period. This is also a new measure explored by the CPC Central Committee in the new historical period to solve rural reform and extricate the poor from poverty,and can effectively enhance the enthusiasm of the masses in poverty alleviation and development work. Xundian Hui and Yi Autonomous County is located in the mountainous area of northeast Yunnan Province. It is one of the 592 national key counties for poverty alleviation and development and one of the 38 continuous development counties in Wumeng Mountain area. Since the implementation of the accurate poverty alleviation strategy,Xundian County insists on getting rid of poverty to grasp the overall situation of county economic and social development,focus on the actual situation of the county people,and conscientiously grasp the key of industrial poverty alleviation. It regards industry as the fundamental driving force to realize poverty alleviation from " blood transfusion" to " blood creation",and innovates the model of " Party branch +" to help the poor out of poverty by industry. It has selected 187 agricultural enterprises( cooperatives,large households) to achieve full coverage of all registered poor households,and achieved remarkable results. It has realized that each poor village has one to two leading industries,and each poor household has one to two industrial income projects,having led 30 500 poor households to increase their average income by more than 1 850 yuan. The final incidence of poverty decreased from 26. 93% in 2014 to 0. 35% at the end of 2017,becoming one of the first counties in Yunnan Province to get rid of poverty. It is also the only county in Yunnan Province that has won the Antipoverty Organization Innovation Award of the State Council. Based on field research and interviews,this paper analyzes and summarizes the specific methods,main achievements,practical experience and popularization and application measures of Xundian County " Party Branch +" to promote industrial poverty alleviation,so as to provide necessary reference for accurate poverty reduction and poverty alleviation in similar mountainous areas of Yunnan Province and other provinces.

Financial Poverty Alleviation in Rural Areas of Hubei Province

In order to find out the various restrictions and difficulties of financial poverty alleviation in rural areas,taking Hubei Province as an example,this paper firstly introduced current situations of financial poverty alleviation in rural areas of Hubei Province. Then,it analyzed problems confronted by financial poverty alleviation in rural areas of Hubei Province:( i) subjects of financial poverty alleviation not mature and poverty alleviation risks increased,( ii) backward agricultural insurance system,( iii) rural credit system not perfect,and( iv) weak guiding policies of financial poverty alleviation. Finally,it came up with pertinent recommendations: improving rural financial environment,actively developing the innovation mode of financial poverty alleviation,and strengthening relevant supervision efforts.

Poverty Alleviation Law Being Fundamental Condition for Ensuring Sustainable Development of Targeted Poverty Alleviation

Targeted poverty alleviation is a wise and far-reaching basic national policy formulated by the Chinese people under the leadership of the Communist Party of China. It is a strategic project and strategic goal for the Chinese people to completely shake off poverty and backwardness and move towards a prosperous and powerful country,as well as the historical mission of socialism to defeat capitalism. However,targeted poverty alleviation is a grand project involving the entire society. To ensure the ultimate realization of the goal of targeted poverty alleviation,only policies and programs are far from enough. Corresponding legal systems must also be established,which is the fundamental condition for targeted poverty alleviation and sustainable development.

How to Effectively Improve the Poor People’s Capacity for Poverty Alleviation

Poverty has been a world-wide issue.Due to the social disturbs caused by poverty,crime rates have risen,and diseases have spread.Since the founding of the People’s Republic of China,the party and the country have attached great importance to poverty alleviation and led people to successfully create a path of poverty alleviation and development with Chinese characteristics,bringing more than 700 million people out of absolute poverty,and contributing to the world's poverty alleviation.Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China,the state has promoted the targeted poverty alleviation,innovated poverty alleviation methods,and made new progress in the poverty alleviation work.Under the current economic model of precise poverty alleviation,effectively improving the capacity of the poor for poverty alleviation has become a top priority.

China’s Poverty Alleviation

Since the founding of the People’s Republic of China,China’s rural poverty alleviation has achieved periodical progress,creating a great miracle in the history of poverty alleviation,and becoming the first country to complete the Millennium Developing Goals of poverty alleviation in the United Nations.At present,we are in a critical period of winning the battle against poverty and decisively developing a moderately prosperous society in all respects.By precisely figuring out the hard course of poverty alleviation in China in recent decades,concluding the experience of poverty alleviation and defining the key points for advancing the poverty alleviation work in the future,we are sure to get rid of poverty in the countryside and carry out the strategy of rural revitalization better.

Review of Poverty Alleviation Work in Rural Areas in China and Its Future Prospects

Since the launched of reform and opening up,the Chinese government has made great efforts and provided a lot of funds to promote poverty alleviation and development in rural areas China has made great achievements in the cause of poverty alleviation and these have been recognized by the international community The infrastructure in poverty-stricken areas has also been continuously improved,and industrial activities have been encouraged in poverty-stricken areas to help promote self-reliance As a result of the government's actions the poor rural population has been greatly reduced,and rural people's living standards have been greatly improved Since the 18^(th) National Congress of the Communist Party of China,the central government has put forward a strategy of accurate poverty alleviation,implemented poverty alleviation projects in areas where poverty has stubbornly persisted and enhanced its efforts to finally eliminate poverty Under the vigorous leadership of the CPC,China is expected to achieve the goal of eliminating absolute poverty nationwide ahead of schedule

Poverty alleviation through e-commerce:Village involvement and demonstration policies in rural China

The diffusion of e-commerce has played a significant role in recent rural economic development in China.E-commerce is also considered as an efficient channel to alleviate poverty in rural China.Voluminous studies have investigated the contribution of e-commerce to agricultural development,yet it is lacking empirical evidence as to the effects of e-commerce on rural poverty alleviation.Since the year of 2014,in order to develop rural e-commerce,Chinese government launched the National Rural E-commerce Comprehensive Demonstration Project.This gradual involvement policy offered a natural experiment for evaluation of e-commerce.Based on village-level survey data from rural China and Heckit method,our study finds that rural e-commerce has a significantly positive effect on rural income.Moreover,the effect is inverted U-shaped for the relative-poverty villages.The estimation of the propensity scores matching model confirms that the results are robust.The following policy recommendations are proposed:(1)policy support to rural e-commerce should prioritize the povertystricken villages.By doing so,the marginal income effects of e-commerce will be maximized.(2)Investment in internet infrastructure and establishment of human resources for e-commerce in rural areas will have spillover effects,increasing rural income through the"digital dividend".

Off-farm employment and poverty alleviation in rural China

Two phenomena in the history of China's economic growth during the last four decades are the increase in the share of offfarm employment and the progress in poverty alleviation in rural China.Although both of them have been well documented in the literature,less is known about the linkage between the two.To better understand the role that off-farm employment has played in poverty alleviation in rural China is critically important not only for China but also for those countries that are trying to reduce poverty.Here,we examine the impact of off-farm employment on poverty alleviation in rural China.Using the data from two nationally representative household panel surveys(China National Rural Survey and China Rural Development Survey),this paper provides supporting evidence that off-farm employment contributes to poverty alleviation in rural China.Specifically,if household participation in off-farm employment increases by 10 percentage points,the likelihood for a nonpoor household to fall into poverty will decrease by 0.88 percentage point whereas the likelihood for a poor household to climb out of poverty will increase by 3.5 percentage points.In a word,off-employment can not only prevent rural residents to fall into poverty but also help those already in poverty climb out of it.

Elite capture,the“follow-up checks”policy,and the targeted poverty alleviation program:Evidence from rural western China

Decentralized methods for targeting poverty are widely adopted in developing countries to improve the performance of various poverty alleviation programs.A common challenge for implementing successful decentralized targeting is the existence of elite capture.China has recently implemented a nationwide decentralized poverty targeting program,the targeted poverty alleviation(TPA)policy,to achieve the national goal of eliminating absolute poverty by the end of 2020.As the largest decentralized poverty targeting program in the world,TPA's successful implementation was believed to be threatened by elite capture in some earlier reports.Since 2015,a targeting correction mechanism,called"follow-up checks"policy,has been introduced.With the"follow-up checks"policy,the elites and other ineligible households who receive benefits under TPA were removed from the program.This paper investigates the elite capture phenomenon in TPA using village census data from a poverty-stricken county in 2017-two years after implementing the"follow-up checks"policy.We find no evidence of elite capture in TPA.The elites are unlikely to become beneficiaries or receive more benefits than non-elites.Our results contradict earlier findings that reported elite capture in TPA.We argue that the reason is the accountability emphasized by the central government in the"follow-up checks"policy.Our findings imply that having proper accountability is critical for improving targeting performance by global antipoverty initiatives.

A Positive Mutual Impact between Inclusive Finance and Poverty Alleviation

The contradiction between profitability requirement of commercial finance and non-profitability nature of inclusive finance inhibits bankers' motivation in providing financial services to farmers,further restricting the already narrow financing channels for low-income rural households and preventing them from jumping out of the poverty trap.There is a mutual promotion relationship between inclusive finance and poverty reduction.On one hand,providing affordable and subsidized financial services to farmers can help them increase income steadily; On the other hand,the institutions reap a good payoff by business expansion,a thick base of loyal clients,as well as public recognition,which in turn stimulates the institutes to provide more financial products,improve their service quality and scale up the investment amount for lowincome farmers.Nevertheless,to set off this positive feedback loop process,a forcible intervention by government is needed.On the base of theoretical analysis and practical research,this article brought related advice for financial institutions in order to promote the development of inclusive finance and alleviate the financing difficulties of farmers households to realize poverty alleviation.