Blast performance of layered charges enveloped by aluminum powder/rubber composites in confined spaces

A layered charge composed of the JH-2 explosive enveloped by a thick-walled cylindrical casing(active aluminum/rubber and inert lithium fluoride/rubber composites) was designed and explosion experiments were conducted in a 1.3 m3tank and a 113 m3bunker.The blast parameters,including the quasistatic pressure(ΔpQS),special impulse(I),and peak overpressure(Δpmax),and images of the explosion process were recorded,and the influence of the Al content(30% and 50%) and Al particle size(1,10,and 50 μm) on the energy release of aluminum/rubber composites were investigated.The results revealed that the use of an active layer increased the peak overpressure generated by the primary blast wave,as well as the quasistatic pressure and special impulse related to fuel burning within tens of milliseconds after detonation.When the Al content was increased from 30% to 50%,the increases of ΔpQS and I were not obvious,and Δpmaxeven decreased,possibly because of decreased combustion efficiency and greater absorption of the blast wave energy for layers with 50% Al.Compared with the pure JH-2charge,the charge with 1 μm Al particles produced the highest Δpmax,indicating that better transient blast performance was generated by smaller Al particles.However,the charge with 10 μm Al particles showed the largest ΔpQSand I,suggesting that a stronger destructive effect occurred over a longer duration for charges that contained moderate 10 μm Al.

Studies on aluminum powder combustion in detonation environment

The combustion mechanism of aluminum particles in a detonation environment characterized by high temperature(in unit 10^(3)K),high pressure(in unit GPa),and high-speed motion(in units km/s)was studied,and a combustion model of the aluminum particles in detonation environment was established.Based on this model,a combustion control equation for aluminum particles in detonation environment was obtained.It can be seen from the control equation that the burning time of aluminum particle is mainly affected by the particle size,system temperature,and diffusion coefficient.The calculation result shows that a higher system temperature,larger diffusion coefficient,and smaller particle size lead to a faster burn rate and shorter burning time for aluminum particles.After considering the particle size distribution characteristics of aluminum powder,the application of the combustion control equation was extended from single aluminum particles to nonuniform aluminum powder,and the calculated time corresponding to the peak burn rate of aluminum powder was in good agreement with the experimental electrical conductivity results.This equation can quantitatively describe the combustion behavior of aluminum powder in different detonation environments and provides technical means for quantitative calculation of the aluminum powder combustion process in detonation environment.

A Steam-Plasma Igniter for Aluminum Powder Combustion

High-temperature ignition is essential for the ignition and combustion of energetic metal fuels, including aluminum and magnesium particles which are protected by their high- melting-temperature oxides. A plasma torch characterized by an ultrahigh-temperature plasma plume fulfills such high-temperature ignition conditions. A new steam plasma igniter is designed and successfully validated by aluminum power ignition and combustion tests. The steam plasma rapidly stabilizes in both plasma and steam jet modes. Parametric investigation of the steam plasma jet is conducted in terms of arc strength. A high-speed camera and an oscilloscope method visualize the discharge characteristics, and optical emission spectroscopy measures the thermochemical properties of the plasma jet. The diatomic molecule OH fitting method, the Boltzmann plot method, and short exposure capturing with an intensified charge coupled device record the axial distributions of the rotational gas temperature, excitation temperature, and OH radical distribution, respectively. The excitation temperature at the nozzle tip is near 5500 K, and the gas temperature is 5400 K.

Analysis of synthetic parameters for coating aluminum powders with phenyltriethoxysilane coupling agent and their effects on powder flow behavior

Though silanization of aluminum powder is currently used to improve its flow properties,for use as an alternative fuel source,there are a wide range of experimental parameters for the process and not all of them have been thoroughly explored.Until this is complete,it is unknown if the process is optimized in terms of time,efficiency,and effect.Herein,we report on a study into the effects of changes in humidity,degree of agitation,reaction temperature,and curing time upon the deposition of phenyl triethoxysilane into 20μm(d50)aluminum particles.We confirm the deposition of the coating via diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.We then characterize the coated particles using apparent density measurements and Carney flow methods.Using analysis of variance,we find that,of the parameters explored,only changes in cure time and reaction temperature provide meaningful changes to the apparent density,while none of our parameters produced statistically significant changes in Carney flow values.Thus,we conclude that,when optimizing silanization of aluminum particles,environmental control of humidity is unneeded and that the reaction can be run with minimal agitation.The ability to largely ignore these parameters is a benefit to large-scale processing.

Aluminum and Activated Alumina Powder Additions on Microwave Synthesis of Al_(4)SiC_(4)

Aiming at improving the properties of magnesia carbon materials,silicon aluminum carbide(Al_(4)SiC_(4))containing materials were prepared using industrial aluminum powder,silicon carbide powder,and graphite as raw materials,and activated alumina powder as an additive,mixing thoroughly,pressing into cylinders and then firing at 1200℃for 30 min in a carbon embedded atmosphere by the microwave method.The effects of the aluminum powder addition(20%and 24%,by mass)and activated alumina powder addition(0,3%,5%and 7%,by mass)on the microwave synthesis of Al_(4)SiC_(4) as well as the effect of the obtained Al_(4)SiC_(4) containing material on the properties of magnesia carbon bricks were studied.The results show that:compared with the samples with 20%aluminum powder,those with 24%aluminum powder generate more Al_(4)SiC_(4).With the activated alumina powder addition increasing from 0 to 7%,the amount of Al_(4)SiC_(4) generated increases first and then decreases.Compared with the sample without activated alumina powder,the samples with activated alumina powder show lower bulk density and higher apparent porosity.With the activated alumina powder addition increasing from 3%to 7%,the bulk density of the samples increases first and then decreases,while the apparent porosity of the samples shows an opposite trend.The optimal additions are 24%aluminum powder and 5%activated alumina powder,and Al_(4)SiC_(4) synthesized in this sample has a hexagonal plate structure.With the synthesized Al_(4)SiC_(4) containing material added,the magnesia carbon brick has slightly increased cold modulus of rupture,basically the same modulus of elasticity and improved oxidation resistance.

AP assembled on ultrafine aluminum particle and its application to NEPE propellant

Coating modification is an important way to enhance the reactivity of aluminum powder.In this paper,ammonium perchlorate and aluminum powder were assembled into energetic microunits by liquid deposition method.Spherical particles with AP as shell and ultrafine aluminum powder as the core(Al@AP)were gained.The micromorphology results show that the coated particles are about 5μm,and the coating layer is evenly distributed on the outer surface of aluminum powder,indicating a complete coating.The energetic microunits were implanted into the nitrate ester plasticizing adhesive system(NEPE)as solid phase fillers.The effect of filler on the rheological properties,safety,mechanical properties,thermal reaction and energy properties of the system was analyzed by comparing with the raw aluminum filler.The test results show that the rheological properties,mechanical properties and pressure index of NEPE containing system Al@AP meets the requirements of solid propellant charging.Compared with Al based propellant,the mechanical sensitivity and thermal sensitivity are decreased,the safety is better,and the explosion heat of the propellant is increased by 7.8%.The engine test shows that the specific impulse is increased by 1.2 s.Al@AP can improve the energy output and safety of NEPE propellant,and has potential application prospects in high-energy propellants.

Promotional effect of silica on the combustion of nano-sized aluminum powder in carbon dioxide

This paper presents how the combustion performance of nano-sized aluminum(nAl)powder in carbon dioxide are affected by silica. The ignition and combustion performance of nAl powder with silica addition were studied by a high-temperature tube furnace. An s-type thermocouple and a high-speed motion acquisition instrument were performed to evaluate the ignition temperature, maximum combustion temperature, maximum change of rate of temperature, and combustion propagation speed. The combustion efficiency and combustion products were measured and analyzed by a gas-volumetric method and an X-ray diffraction. The results show that silica added into nAl powder can enhance its maximum combustion temperature and maximum change of rate of temperature, while its ignition temperature increases slightly. The nAl powders with addition of 6.00 wt.% and 12.00 wt.% silica present high combustion propagation speeds, especially for the latter, it has high combustion efficiency. The effect mechanism of silica on the combustion of nAl powder in carbon dioxide was discussed.

Effect of Al Powder and Si Powder Additions on Structure and Properties of Unburned Magnesium Aluminate Spinel Refractories

Unburned magnesium aluminate spinel refractories were prepared using sintered magnesium aluminate spinel as the main raw material,phenolic resin as the binder,aluminum powder(2%,4%,and 6%by mass)and silicon powder(when Al powder addition is 4%,Si powder addition varies:1%and 2%,by mass)as additives.The effects of the Al powder and Si powder additions on the properties and microstructure of the refractories heat treated at different temperatures(1000,1400,and 1600℃for 3 h)were studied.The results show that the Al powder addition can greatly enhance the cold modulus of rupture of the samples fired at 1000 or 1400℃,and meanwhile AlN reinforcement phase forms in the matrix,which greatly improves the hot modulus of rupture of the samples at 1400℃;however,the heat treatment at 1600℃has little influence on the strength;the addition of Al powder and Si powder results in the formation of low melting point phases,greatly reducing the hot modulus of rupture.However,the low melting point phases promote sintering,which enhances the density and the cold modulus of rupture,and decreases the volume change during heating.The samples added with Al and Si all have higher cold modulus of rupture than those added with Al powder only.

High Velocity Compaction of Aluminum Powders

High velocity compaction process of atomized Al powders was studied. The green density, the maximal force and the withdraw force of specimen were investigated. The green density of atomized aluminum powder was obtained to be 2.68 g/cm3 and its relative density is about 99%. The maximal force increased proximately linearly with the compaction energy. The withdraw force was observed ranging between 30 and 70 kN. The radial spring back was less than 0.1%.

THE PREPARATION AND APPLICATION OF ELECTROPLATEDSHEET CONTAINING RS ALUMINUM ALLOY POWDERS

Baded on the study of nickel electroplating technology at room temperature, the plated sheet containing rapidly solidified Al-Fe-Cu- V-Si-Ni-Ce-Zr aluminum alloy powders is constructed successfully. The powders and nickel matrix are combined well in the sheet. It can be used to prepare the observation specimen for TEM and determine the hardness of single powder particle as solidified and after heat-treated. The advantages of this method are the realization of heat treatment of powders and the TEM observation of non-interfered microstructure of powders in the size of several microns.

THE STRUCTURE CONTROL OF ALUMINUM FOAMS PRODUCED BY POWDER COMPACTED FOAMING PROCESS

A new technique, powder compact foaming process for the production of aluminumfoams has been studied in this article. According to this method, the aluminum pow-der is mixed with a powder foaming agent (TiH_2). Subsequent to mixing, the powderblend is hot compacted to obtain a dense semi--finished product. Upon heating to tem-peratures within the range of the melting point, the foaming agent decomposes to evolvegas and the semi--finished product expands into a porous cellular aluminum. Foamingprocess is the key in this method. Based on experiments, the foaming characteris-tics were mainly analyzed and discussed. Experiments show that the aluminum--foamwith closed pores and a uniform cell structure of high porosity can be obtained usingthis method by adjusting the foaming parameters: the content of foaming agent andfoaming temperature.

Nanostructured yttrium aluminum garnet powders synthesized by co-precipitation method using tetraethylenepentamine

Tetraethylenepentamine(C8H23N5,TEPA) has been used as a novel precipitant to synthesize yttrium aluminum garnet(Y3Al5O12,YAG) precursor from a mixed solution of aluminum and yttrium nitrates via a normal-strike co-precipitation method without controlling the pH value during precipitation process.The original precursor was analyzed by thermogravimetry/differential scanning calorimetry(TG/DSC).The evolution of phase composition and micro-structure of the as-synthesized YAG powders were characterized by X-ray ...

PREPARATION OF ULTRAFINE ALUMINA POWDERS BY ALUMINUM ISOPROPOXIDE

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Effect of Laser Cladding Al Ni TiC Powder on Microstructure and Properties of Aluminum Alloy

In this paper, Al/Ni/TiC powders were mixed on the surface of A380 aluminum alloy, by selecting appropriate laser parameters;the cladding layer with good adhesion to the substrate was obtained. The microstructure and properties of the cladding layer under different laser parameters were analyzed. The results show that: the phase composition of the cladding layer is mainly composed of TiC, Al, Ni, C and Ti phases. The hardness of the cladding region is up to 173.3 HV, which is about 2.9 times the matrix (–59.1 HV). The corrosion voltage (–1.8 V) of the cladding layer shifted significantly from the corrosion potential (–1.18 V), the corrosion current density increased, the resistance value decreased and the diameter of the capacitor arc decreased;all these phenomena indicate that the corrosion resistance of the cladding layer is decreased.

Specimen preparation of aluminum alloy powders for transmission electron microscopy

By nickel electroplating at room temperature, the specimen preparation of ultra sonic gas atomized aluminum alloy powders for observation in transmission electron microscope was carried out. The advantages of this technique are simple technologically and convenient practically. The nickel and the powders combine well in the plated sheet which can be thinned by ion milling. The powders in the thinned sheet possess large thinned area and can be examined in common TEM for the studies of their microstructure.

Study on the impact force and green properties of high-velocity compacted aluminum alloy powder

High-velocity compaction （HVC） provides an effective means in the field of powder metallurgy （P/M） to reduce the porosity as well as to ameliorate the mechanical properties of products. In this study, the green density of an aluminum alloy is found to be 2.783 g cm 3. The ejection force for the aluminum alloy is in the range of 23 to 80 kN and the spring back is found to be less than 0.40%. The hardness of the green body is in the range of HRB 30 to 70. The bending strength of the green body is in the range of 6 to 26 MPa, which are higher than that of other aluminum alloys prepared by the traditional compaction method.

Synthesis of Neodymium-Doped Yttrium Aluminum Garnet (Nd∶YAG) Nano-Sized Powders by Low Temperature Combustion

The homogeneously dispersed, less agglomerated (Nd0.01Y0.99)3Al5O12 nano-sized powders were synthesized by the low temperature combustion (LCS), using Nd2O3, Y2O3, Al(NO3)3·9H2O, ammonia water and citric acid as starting materials. This method effectively solves the problems caused by solid-state reaction at high temperature and hard agglomerates brought by the chemical precipitation method. The powders were characterized by TG-DTA, XRD, FT-IR, TEM respectively and the photoluminescence (PL) spectra of (Nd0.01Y0.99)3Al5O12 green and sintered ceramic disks were measured. The results show that the forming temperature of YAG crystal phase is 850 ℃ and YAP crystal phase appearing during the calcinations transforms to pure YAG at 1050 ℃. The particle size of the powders synthesized by the LCS is in a range of 20～50 nm depending on the thermal treatment temperatures. The effectively induced cross section (σin) with the value 4.03×10-19 cm2 of (Nd0.01Y0.99)3Al5O12 ceramics is about 44% higher than that of single crystal.

Powder Metallurgical Fabrication and Microstructural Investigations of Aluminum/Steel Functionally Graded Material

Aluminum/steel electric transition joints (ETJs) are used in aluminum reduction cell for the purpose of welding aluminum rod and steel bracket components. Solid state welding process used for joining aluminum and steel at the electric transition joints have the drawbacks of cracking and separation at the interface surfaces. Cracking and separation at the electric transition joints are caused by the stress singularities that developed due to the mismatch in thermal and mechanical properties of each material. To overcome the drawback of electric transition joints, aluminum/steel functionally graded may be used as electric transition joints or proposed. Therefore manufacturing and investigation of aluminum/steel functionally graded materials fabricated by powder metallurgy process were carried out through the current work. Different samples with different layers of aluminum/steel functionally graded materials were compacted using steel die and punch at the same compacted pressure and sintered temperature. After investigating the different samples of aluminum/steel functionally graded materials under different fabrication conditions, the suitable fabrication regime was determined with the aid of microscopic observations.

铝粉还原污酸中砷新工艺研究

由于硫化精矿中砷含量越来越高,致使烟气处理过程产生的污酸中砷含量也越来越高,同时污酸中含有铜、铁等有价金属。目前污酸除砷方法多以除砷为目的,形成的含砷渣属于危废,还需要二次处理。本研究研发了还原除砷新工艺,首先向污酸中加入硫化砷渣进行脱铜预处理并回收铜,然后用铝粉还原脱铜后液中的砷回收砷,最后向脱砷液中加入硫酸钾回收铝,还原后液回收还原剂后采用两段中和法处理。试验研究结果表明,在加入铜离子摩尔量1.1倍的硫化砷渣、反应温度85℃、反应时间3 h的条件下,污酸中的铜含量由2000 mg/L降至196 mg/L,硫化铜渣返熔炼配料系统;在还原温度70℃、还原时间2 h,还原剂用量1.8倍的条件下,砷的还原率大于96%,还原后液中的砷含量低于300 mg/L,得到的砷渣品位大于95%,可用于后续制备高品位单质砷;在硫酸钾用量1.1倍、反应温度常温、反应时间2 h的条件下,溶液含铝3.6 g/L,得到的明矾可达到《工业硫酸铝钾》(HG/T2565—2007)一等品标准。该方法除砷效果好,且能将污酸中的砷转变为具有经济价值的砷产品,还不会产生硫化氢气体,具有应用推广价值。

液态金属改性微米Al-氟聚物的3D打印及性能表征

为了研究镓基液体金属(GLM)-Al-氟聚物的能量释放性能,制备了GLM质量分数分别为1%、3%、5%、7%的GLM-Al,通过3D打印获得了GLM-Al-氟聚物复合反应性材料;采用SEM、EDS、XRD、XPS、DSC-TG、高速摄影仪和万能拉伸仪对GLM-Al及GLM-Al-氟聚物的微观结构、燃烧性能、力学性能等进行测试。结果表明,质量分数3%的GLM改性的GLM-Al放热量和氧化增重均最大,分别为6181 J/g和42.92%;改性前的Al-氟聚物不能被点燃,改性后GLM-Al-氟聚物可以点燃且可以持续稳定燃烧,在当量比为3.5时的燃速最大,为6.0 mm/s;此时GLM-Al-氟聚物的抗拉强度和断裂伸长率均最大,分别为1.73 MPa、11486%,是改性前Al-氟聚物的1.5倍和1.3倍。