Crustal vertical deformation of Amazon Basin derived from GPS and GRACE/GFO data over past two decades

In this study,the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment(GRACE)satellite observations,combining 71 continuous Global Positioning System(CGPS)data,are used to detect surface vertical loading deformation of the Amazon Basin during 2002-2020.The results show that the maximal annual amplitude of the surface mass changes derived by GRACE is more than 80 cm in terms of the equivalent water height(EWH)in the Amazon Basin.Most part of Amazon experiences mass gain,especially the Amazon River,while there is little mass loss in the northern and eastern parts.Through the Pearson correlation analysis,the monthly de-trended time series of GPS-observed vertical deformation and GRACE-derived mass loading are in good agreement with an average correlation coefficient of about 0.75 throughout the Amazon region.The common seasonal signals of GPS vertical displacements and GRACE/GFO loading deformations are extracted using the stack averaging.The two kinds of common seasonal signals show a good consistency,and together indicate approximate 20 mm peak-to-peak seasonal amplitude.Strong annual variations are identified both in the monthly GPS and GRACE/GFO data by the wavelet analysis.However,the time-frequency spectrum of GPS has more signal details and more significant semi-annual variations than that of GRACE/GFO.These results may contribute to the understanding of secular crustal vertical deformation in the Amazon Basin.

Application of data science in the prediction of solar energy for the Amazon basin:a study case

The need for renewable energy sources has challenged most countries to comply with environmental protection actions and to handle climate change.Solar energy figures as a natural option,despite its intermittence.Brazil has a green energy matrix with significant expansion of solar form in recent years.To preserve the Amazon basin,the use of solar energy can help communities and cities improve their living standards without new hydroelectric units or even to burn biomass,avoiding harsh environmental consequences.The novelty of this work is using data science with machine-learning tools to predict the solar incidence(W.h/m^(2))in four cities in Amazonas state(north-west Brazil),using data from NASA satellites within the period of 2013-22.Decision-tree-based models and vector autoregressive(time-series)models were used with three time aggregations:day,week and month.The predictor model can aid in the economic assessment of solar energy in the Amazon basin and the use of satellite data was encouraged by the lack of data from ground stations.The mean absolute error was selected as the output indicator,with the lowest values obtained close to 0.20,from the adaptive boosting and light gradient boosting algorithms,in the same order of magnitude of similar references.

Evaluating the weekly changes in terrestrial water storage estimated by two different inversion strategies in the Amazon River Basin

In this study,we estimated the weekly Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment(GRACE)spherical harmonic(SH)solutions and regional mascon solutions using GRACE-based Geopotential Difference(GPD)data and investigated their abilities in retrieving terrestrial water storage(TWS)changes over the Amazon River Basin(ARB)from January 2003 to February 2013.The performance of the weekly GPD-SH and GPDmascon solutions was evaluated by comparing them with the weekly GFZ-SH solutions,Global Land Data Assimilation Systems(GLDAS)-NOAH hydrological model outputs,and monthly GFZ-SH,GPD-SH,and CSRmascon solutions in the spatio-temporal and spectral domains.The results demonstrate that the weekly GPD-SH and GPD-mascon present good consistency with the weekly GFZ-SH solutions and GLDAS-NOAH estimates in the spatio-temporal domains,but GPD-mascon presents stronger signal amplitudes and more spatial details.The comparison of the monthly average of weekly estimates and monthly solutions demonstrates that the weekly GPD-mascon and GFZ-SH with DDK1 filtering are close to the monthly CSRmascon and GFZ-SH solutions,respectively.However,the signal amplitudes of TWS changes from GPD-SH and GFZ-SH with 650 km Gaussian filtering are smaller than the monthly solutions,and the corresponding Root Mean Square Errors between the TWS change time series from the monthly average of weekly solutions and monthly estimates are 18.12 mm(GPD-mascon),18.81 mm(GFZ-SH-DDK1),24.93 mm(GPDSH-G650km),and 33.07 mm(GFZ-SH-G650km),respectively.Additionally,the TWS change time series derived from weekly solutions present more high-frequency time-varying information than monthly solutions.Furthermore,the 300 km Gaussian filtering can improve the signal amplitudes of TWS changes from the weekly GPD-SH solutions more than those with 650 km Gaussian filtering,but the corresponding noise level is higher.The weekly GPD-SH and GPD-mascon solutions can extend the application scopes of GRACE and provide good complements to the current GRACE monthly solutions.

亚马孙河流域地表覆盖时空变化知识建模

亚马孙河流域地表覆盖时空变化影响着全球气候和生态系统的稳定,目前亚马孙河流域地表覆盖的研究广泛,具有海量数据和信息,但缺少系统性的时空知识体系。为了更好地了解亚马孙河流域地表覆盖时空变化知识,本文首先引入本体建模理论,提出了亚马孙河流域地表覆盖时空变化知识建模方法,利用Protégé工具完成了亚马孙河流域地表覆盖模式层的设计和构建;然后利用提取的亚马孙河流域地表覆盖时空变化数据、时空变化信息和景观格局指数等,完成了亚马孙河流域的建模,从而为亚马孙河流域的分析决策提供支撑。

基于GRACE星间重力位差的Slepian局部地表质量变化反演法

根据Slepian基函数在频域和空域的局部集中特性,建立了利用GRACE星间重力位差(GPD)估计局部地表质量变化的Slepian基函数反演模型及病态问题求解算法,并以亚马逊流域的陆地水储量变化(TWSC)反演为例,评估了反演方法的精度和有效性.首先,通过闭环数值模拟比较了Slepian基函数法(GPD SBF)、基于GPD的mascon方法(GPD Mascon)和球谐系数法(GPD SH)反演2005年亚马逊流域TWSC的性能,结果表明:Slepian基函数法通过限定信号的频域和空域范围,降低了反演过程中向下延拓带来的不确定性,有效削弱了法方程求解的病态性,其解算结果的稳定性明显优于GPD Mascon;GPD SBF的反演精度及可靠性总体上优于GPD Mascon和GPD SH,并且能够更好地恢复边缘区域的信号和减小泄漏误差的影响.其次,利用实测的GRACE GPD数据反演了2004—2015年亚马逊流域的TWSC时间序列,结果显示:GPDSBF相比GPDMascon反演的TWSC与官方mascon模型(CSR、JPL和GSFC RL06 mascon)更为一致,并且GPD SBF反演结果呈现出更多的空间细节和更好的信噪比.最后,利用不同GRACE反演结果计算的(TWSC的一阶导数)和水文气象数据(GPCP降水、ERA5蒸散发)由水量平衡方程估计了亚马逊流域Obidos水文站的月平均径流量,并采用测站的实测径流量进行检验,结果表明:GPD SBF和GPD Mascon估计的径流量与实测值扣除季节性信号后的差值STD分别为12.35 mm和14.54 mm,相关系数分别为0.71和0.69,并且GPD SBF和各种官方mascon模型估计的径流量与实测径流量更为接近.本文研究证明Slepian基函数法可削弱病态问题求解对正则化约束的依赖,其比传统的GPD Mascon解算精度和可靠性更高,为反演高精度、高分辨率的局部地表质量变化提供了一种新的解决方案.

Convective Rainfall in Amazonia and Adjacent Tropics

Hourly rainfall estimates from integrated satellite data are used to build a dynamically based climatology of convectively generated rainfall across South America, including tropical, sub-tropical and oceanic regions. Herein, we focus on 0S to 15S, including greater Amazon and NE Brazil leeward of the South Atlantic Ocean. Emphasis is placed on rainfall resulting from organized convective regimes, which are known to produce the majority of seasonal rainfall in various parts of South America and other continents. The statistical characteristics of individual events are quantified and examined with respect to regional atmospheric conditions. Among the factors considered are steering winds and wind shear, convective available potential energy (CAPE), sea and land breezes, and the occurrence of transient disturbances such as Kelvin Waves and Easterly Waves. Forcing and convective triggering mechanisms are inferred from the diagnosis of systematic patterns as evidenced in the continental diurnal cycle and longer periods of natural variability. The episodes of organized convection are analyzed in terms of their duration, span, phase speed, starting and ending time, starting and ending longitude, month and year through frequency distribution analysis. Most episodes of organized convection tend to move westward across the Amazon Basin. Descriptive statistics indicate average phase speed of westward and eastward episodes of convection in the Amazon basin at -11.8 m.s-1 and 13.0 m.s-1, respectively. Eastward propagating systems are influenced by northeastward moving cold fronts in Southern South America and tend to trigger and to organize convection across the Amazon Basin. Hourly rainfall analyses indicate that convection over the Amazon region is often organized.

GeoAmazonas—GIS for Water Resources Management

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are used essentially for spatial analysis. They can lead to the development of methods for analyzing and planning the use of geographical space and, consequently, are helpful to the decision making process, assisting those responsible for planning the use of a certain territory. This article is a result of the “Project for the Integrated and Sustainable Management of Trans- boundary Hydric Resources of the Amazon Basin considering Variability and Climate Change”, which has the goal of strengthening institutional guidelines in order to plan and execute activities related to the protection of the land, hydric resources and sustainable management of the Amazon Basin, considering the existing impacts of climatic changes. This article aims at analyzing the process of building and implementing the GeoAmazonas GIS as one of the instruments for managing the basin, including its contribution for standardizing different data sources in the entire area of the basin and the identification of conflicts related the use of water resources and vulnerability situations.

利用重力卫星GRACE监测亚马逊流域2002-2010年的陆地水变化

本文利用GRACE(Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment)卫星重力资料研究了亚马逊流域2002—2010年的陆地水变化,并与水文模式和降雨资料进行了比较分析.在年际尺度上,GRACE结果表明:2002—2003年和2005年,亚马逊流域发生明显的干旱现象;2007年至2009年,陆地水呈逐年增加的趋势,并在2009年6月变化值达到最大,为772±181km3;自2009年6月至2010年12月,陆地水总量又急剧减少了1139±262km3,这相当于全球海平面上升3.2±0.7mm所需的水量.水文模式得到的亚马逊流域陆地水在2010年也表现出明显的减少.降雨资料与GRACE观测资料有很好的一致性.在2005年和2010年的干旱期,亚马逊流域的降雨显著减少,说明降雨是亚马逊流域陆地水变化的重要因素.此外,本文采用的尺度因子的方法有效地降低了GRACE后处理误差的影响.

巴西亚马逊盆地石油地质特征及勘探前景分析

南美洲巴西亚马逊盆地为一狭长形的简单内克拉通多旋回沉积盆地,走向NEE,基底为前寒武系结晶岩,其上发育古—新生界地层。确定盆地内古生界发育了主力成藏组合:志留系、泥盆系发育主力生油岩,具有极好的生烃能力,泥盆系、石炭系发育较好的砂岩储集层,盖层主要为古生界内发育的黑色页岩、钙质页岩及膏岩。研究认为,盆地内部隆起及中部断裂带为油气运聚提供了有效通道和聚集场所,初步明确了盆地内油气运移的主力方向,对亚马逊盆地油气资源潜力进行了分析,指出了油气勘探的有利区带,为亚马逊盆地下一步油气勘探提供了依据。

国外关于亚马逊流域森林砍伐对气候影响的预测

本文介绍了国外对于亚马逊流域森林砍伐的气候变化所作的模拟试验．结果表明，一旦亚马逊流域森林砍伐殆尽，所模拟的气候将变得更加干热，也就是说，亚马逊流域气候对其响应主要表现在水分循环的减弱上，即减少降水约２０％，减少蒸散约３０％，而地面温度将升高２．０～３．０℃，甚至当出现像北非沙漠同样的情况时，降水可减少６０％．

亚马孙河流域生态系统灾变和对策

本文以较翔实的资料分析了亚马孙河流域生态系统的主要特征,并论述了流域内森林资源被破坏的原因及其所引起的一系列生态系统的灾变和要采取的对策.

亚马逊流域降雨径流时空变化分析

基于全球降雨气候中心(GPCC)和全球径流数据中心(GRDC)的降雨径流资料,选择亚马逊流域16个测站,利用三次样条、Mann-Kendall法、Yamamoto检验、最大熵谱法和小波分析法,分析了各子流域的年降水量和年径流量的趋势性、周期性、突变性,并对降水、径流的时间变化和空间分布进行分析。结果表明:整个流域降水量和径流量随时间变化呈增加趋势;其降雨分布不均,南多北少;年降水倾向率有明显空间差异,近50年,流域上、下游径流增加,中游径流减少,整体则有微弱增长。

联合GRACE和气象水文数据研究2010～2016年亚马孙平原水储量异常变化与极端气候和ENSO的关系

利用GRACE时变重力场模型反演2009-07～2017-06期间亚马孙平原的水储量变化,在移除趋势和季节性周期信号后,计算得到其与ENSO指数之间具有较强的相关关系和一定的时延性,并从季节层面进行分析得到ENSO对亚马孙平原旱、雨两季的不同影响,表现为旱季受到ENSO显著影响而雨季受到的影响则较小。最后,结合水文数据分析指出,ENSO会通过影响降雨量进而影响相应区域的水储量变化,且该现象在流域内两次极端旱灾中有较为突出的表现。

巴西东北部海域盆地重力滑脱构造体系特征

重力滑脱构造是被动大陆边缘盆地广泛发育的一种构造样式。从重力滑脱构造的形成机制出发,分析并指出巴西东北部海域盆地重力滑脱构造主要分布区域有:福斯杜—亚马逊、帕拉—马拉尼郝和巴雷里尼亚斯盆地深水区;进而对这3个盆地的重力滑脱构造特征进行分析,明确了重力滑脱伸展区、平移区、冲断区的构造样式及圈闭发育类型。其中,福斯杜—亚马逊盆地重力滑脱构造最为发育且圈闭类型多样,受漂移晚期重力滑脱作用影响形成的伸展和冲断构造是盆地的主要圈闭类型。最后,论述了福斯杜—亚马逊盆地重力滑脱构造对油气的控制作用及其勘探潜力。

The spatial variability of actual evapotranspiration across the Amazon River Basin based on remote sensing products validated with flux towers

Actual evapotranspiration(ET)is a major component of the water balance.While several international flux measurement programs have been executed in the tropical rain forest of the Amazon,those measurements represent the evaporative process at a few selected sites only.The aim of this study is to obtain the spatial distribution of ET,using remote sensing techniques,across the entire Amazon River Basin.Results from six global ET products based on remote sensing techniques(GLEAM,SEBS,ALEXI,CMRSET,MOD16,and SSEBop)were merged to obtain an ensemble prediction of the ET rates for the complex and in-accessible environment of the Amazon at a spatial resolution of 250 m.The study shows that the basinwide average ET is 1316 mm/year with a standard deviation of 192 mm/year.This new ET-Amazon product was validated against seven different historic flux tower measurements.The energy balance closure of the in situ measurements varied between 86 and 116%.Only months with more than 70%completeness of in situ measurements were considered for validation.Different procedures for closure correction were included in the analyses.The correlation between measured and remotely sensed ET is good(R2>0.97 for consecutive periods of 2 to 12months),and the bias correction is negligible for the energy balance residual method,which seemed most favorable.Monthly ET values have more uncertainty.The monthly RMSE values vary between 7.4 and 27.8 mm/month(the average RMSE is 22.2mm/month),and the coefficient of determination(R2)varies between 0.48 and 0.87(the average R2 is 0.53).The ET from the water balance is 1380 mm/year,being−64 mm/year difference and 4.6%less than ET derived from the water balance.The evaporation from the Amazon basin inside Brazil is 5063 km3/year,followed by Peru with 1165 km3/year.ET-Amazon shows more spatial details and accuracy than alternative global ET products such as LandFlux-EVAL,Model Tree Ensemble(MTE),and WACMOS-ET.This justifies the development of new regional ET products.

Short-term microbial responses to soluble inorganic P input in a tropical lowland rain forest in Amazonia

In non-flooded lowland rain forests with low soil phosphorus(P)in parts of Amazonia,P cycling largely occurs via leaf litter recycling by arbuscular mycorrhizal(AM)fungal symbionts.Occasional high input of P into these ecosystems occurs during drought years with increased litterfall.As the length and frequency of drought events are projected to increase in the region,a single-dose nutrient addition experiment was carried out to test how this would impact P cycling.An application rate of 4 kg P ha^(-1) was used,which corresponds to twice the amount of litter-derived P in an average year.It was hypothesized that i)the added mineral P would be immobilized by soil microorganisms,leading to measurable increase in soil microbial biomass carbon(C)and P and ii)AM colonization rate would be reduced by the pulse in mineral P available for plant uptake.The results did not support either of our hypotheses.The addition of P did not have an effect on AM root colonization,nor was P immobilized by soil microbiota during the experimental period.The lack of a difference between the control and treatment at our study site could be attributed to the relatively low one-off dose of P applied that did not change either the colonization rate of roots by AM fungi or the amount of soil available labile P.To obtain a mechanistic understanding of the availability,capture,and use of P by plant-symbiont associations in tropical rain forest ecosystems,further integrated studies of the soil-plant system combining long-term nutrient manipulations,modeling,and experimental approaches are required.

Indexing the relationship between polar motion and water mass change in a giant river basin

Previous studies on the relationship between polar motion and water mass change have mainly concentrated on the excitation of polar motion via global terrestrial water storage changes(TWSC). In view of the uneven distribution of global terrestrial water storage, the relationship between regional water mass change and polar motion needs to be further explored owing to the lack of documented results. In addition, given the uncertainty in the estimation of TWSC, it is required to develop appropriate indices to describe water mass change from different perspectives. The Amazon River basin(referred to Amazon hereafter), containing the world's largest river, located at around the 90°W longitude, is selected as the study area. Water vapor flux, precipitation, runoff and TWSC are selected as the indices of water mass changes to reveal the relationship between polar motion and water mass change in this giant basin. The Mann-Kendall(M-K) method, the accumulated anomaly analysis method and the curvature method are used to identify the abrupt change points; the least squares method is used to estimate the trends,and the Fast Fourier Transform(FFT) and the Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition(EEMD) are used to perform a periodic analysis, for all the above indices. It is shown that, of all the indices from 1948 to 2011, water vapor flux is the most closely related index to polar motion. In detail, precipitation and water vapor flux contain beat periods of polar motion; water vapor flux,precipitation and polar motion have a common M-K test abrupt change point(occurring in ca. 1968) at the 0.05 significance level; water vapor flux has a similar accumulated anomaly curve with that of polar motion; and water vapor flux is more highly correlated with polar motion than most other indexes. It is found, just like global TWSC, the χ2 component of the excitation via water vapor flux and water storage change in the Amazon follows that of observed polar motion; χ1 does not follow. However, the pattern in the Amazon that the χ2 component of the excitation by water follows that of observed polar motion is at a more significant level than in global. Finally, the new index termed Location of Vapor-based Inter Tropical Convergence Zone(LVITCZ) we proposed to describe the annual mean latitudinal location of water mass change shows a more close and visual relationship between water mass change and polar motion than other chosen indices do.

2000—2020年亚马孙流域地表覆盖时空变化分析

针对亚马孙流域地表覆盖变化对当地生态系统以及全球气候变化具有重要意义这一问题,该文基于国家基础地理信息中心牵头研制的、经一致性处理的全球30 m地表覆盖产品(GlobeLand30)三期地表覆盖数据产品,采用景观格局指数和转移矩阵,分析了2000—2020年亚马孙流域地表覆盖的空间格局分布以及时空变化,并对其变化原因做出分析。结果表明:2000—2020年亚马孙流域林地和湿地面积逐渐减少,耕地、草地和人造地表的面积逐渐增加,水体先减少后增加。亚马孙流域2000—2010年和2010—2020年的地表覆盖类型转变方向基本保持一致;人造地表在地表覆盖类别中破碎现象最为显著,但其破碎化指数持续降低。亚马孙流域地表覆盖的变化主要受人类活动的影响,其中城市扩张和人口增加是林地减少的最主要因素。相关研究成果可为亚马孙流域未来的社会经济发展和生态系统保护提供重要支撑。

基于AMSR-E的微波温度植被干旱指数的应用——以亚马逊热带雨林为例

以热带常绿阔叶林为主的亚马逊流域在全球气候变化的背景下频繁遭受干旱胁迫。但是对于该地区实施长时间序列的干旱监测一直是难点和热点。基于Liu等2017年提出的微波温度—植被干旱指数(Microwave Temperature-Vegetation Drought Index,MTVDI),对亚马逊流域进行了2003—2008年长时间序列的干旱监测,并采用饱和水汽压差(Vapor Pressure Deficit,VPD)、帕尔默干旱指数(Palmer Drought Severity Index,PDSI)、陆地地下水储量(Terrestrial Water Storage,TWS)、气象水分亏缺(Climatological Water Deficit,CWD)对MTVDI进行验证。结果表明:对于整个研究区而言,MTVDI与VPD(R=0.72)和CWD(R=-0.57)相关性较显著,但与TWS和PDSI相关性较弱。总体上,MTVDI能够较好地反映亚马逊地区干旱的季节动态。