The reaction mechanism of the liquid phase ammoniation of adipic acid to adiponitrile was studied experimentally in a semi-batch reactor. Macrokinetics of the main and side reactions were identified to minimize corros...The reaction mechanism of the liquid phase ammoniation of adipic acid to adiponitrile was studied experimentally in a semi-batch reactor. Macrokinetics of the main and side reactions were identified to minimize corrosion and coking to prolong the operation period, to increase the yield of adiponitrile and to improve the design of the reactor. Macrokinetic equations of ammoniation-neutralization of adipic acid and dehydration were of first-order to adipic concentration cB≥3.5% and of second order for cB≥3.5%. Catalyst H3PO4 reduced the activation energy of neutralization and dehydration reactions of adipic acid and was significantly important for the second step of dehydration to produce adiponitrile.展开更多
Rechargeable sodium metal batteries constitute a cost-effective option for energy storage although sodium shows some drawbacks in terms of reactivity with organic solvents and dendritic growth.Here we demonstrate that...Rechargeable sodium metal batteries constitute a cost-effective option for energy storage although sodium shows some drawbacks in terms of reactivity with organic solvents and dendritic growth.Here we demonstrate that an organic dye,indanthrone blue,behaves as an efficient cathode material for the development of secondary sodium metal batteries when combined with novel inorganic electrolytes.These electrolytes are ammonia solvates,known as liquid ammoniates,which can be formulated as NaI·3.3NH_(3) and NaBF_(4)·2.5NH_(3).They impart excellent stability to sodium metal,and they favor sodium non-dendritic growth linked to their exceedingly high sodium ion concentration.This advantage is complemented by a high specific conductivity.The battery described here can last hundreds of cycles at 10 C while keeping a Coulombic efficiency of 99%from the first cycle.Because of the high capacity of the cathode and the superior physicochemical properties of the electrolytes,the battery can reach a specific energy value as high as 210 W h kgIB^(-1),and a high specific power of 2.2 kW kgIB^(-1),even at below room temperature(4℃).Importantly,the battery is based on abundant and cost-effective materials,bearing promise for its application in large-scale energy storage.展开更多
文摘The reaction mechanism of the liquid phase ammoniation of adipic acid to adiponitrile was studied experimentally in a semi-batch reactor. Macrokinetics of the main and side reactions were identified to minimize corrosion and coking to prolong the operation period, to increase the yield of adiponitrile and to improve the design of the reactor. Macrokinetic equations of ammoniation-neutralization of adipic acid and dehydration were of first-order to adipic concentration cB≥3.5% and of second order for cB≥3.5%. Catalyst H3PO4 reduced the activation energy of neutralization and dehydration reactions of adipic acid and was significantly important for the second step of dehydration to produce adiponitrile.
基金developed in the context of project RTI2018–102061–B–I00 financed by FEDER/Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación-Agencia Estatal de InvestigaciónThe Generalitat Valenciana through project PROMETEO/2020/089 is also gratefully acknowledged。
文摘Rechargeable sodium metal batteries constitute a cost-effective option for energy storage although sodium shows some drawbacks in terms of reactivity with organic solvents and dendritic growth.Here we demonstrate that an organic dye,indanthrone blue,behaves as an efficient cathode material for the development of secondary sodium metal batteries when combined with novel inorganic electrolytes.These electrolytes are ammonia solvates,known as liquid ammoniates,which can be formulated as NaI·3.3NH_(3) and NaBF_(4)·2.5NH_(3).They impart excellent stability to sodium metal,and they favor sodium non-dendritic growth linked to their exceedingly high sodium ion concentration.This advantage is complemented by a high specific conductivity.The battery described here can last hundreds of cycles at 10 C while keeping a Coulombic efficiency of 99%from the first cycle.Because of the high capacity of the cathode and the superior physicochemical properties of the electrolytes,the battery can reach a specific energy value as high as 210 W h kgIB^(-1),and a high specific power of 2.2 kW kgIB^(-1),even at below room temperature(4℃).Importantly,the battery is based on abundant and cost-effective materials,bearing promise for its application in large-scale energy storage.
