Fabricating low-strain and fast-charging silicon-carbon composite anodes is highly desired but remains a huge challenge for lithium-ion batteries.Herein,we report a unique silicon-carbon composite fabricated by unifor...Fabricating low-strain and fast-charging silicon-carbon composite anodes is highly desired but remains a huge challenge for lithium-ion batteries.Herein,we report a unique silicon-carbon composite fabricated by uniformly dis-persing amorphous Si nanodots(SiNDs)in carbon nanospheres(SiNDs/C)that are welded on the wall of the macroporous carbon framework(MPCF)by vertical graphene(VG),labeled as MPCF@VG@SiNDs/C.The high dispersity and amor-phous features of ultrasmall SiNDs(~0.7 nm),the flexible and directed electron/Li+transport channels of VG,and the MPCF impart the MPCF@VG@SiNDs/C more lithium storage sites,rapid Li+transport path,and unique low-strain property during Li+storage.Consequently,the MPCF@VG@SiNDs/C exhibits high cycle stability(1301.4 mAh g^(-1) at 1 A g^(-1) after 1000 cycles without apparent decay)and high rate capacity(910.3 mAh g^(-1),20 A g^(-1))in half cells based on industrial electrode standards.The assembled pouch full cell delivers a high energy density(1694.0 Wh L^(-1);602.8 Wh kg^(-1))and an excellent fast-charging capability(498.5 Wh kg^(-1),charging for 16.8 min at 3 C).This study opens new possibilities for preparing advanced silicon-carbon com-posite anodes for practical applications.展开更多
Mg-based amorphous alloys exhibit efficient catalytic performance and excellent biocompatibility with a promising application probability,specifically in the field of azo dye wastewater degradation.However,the problem...Mg-based amorphous alloys exhibit efficient catalytic performance and excellent biocompatibility with a promising application probability,specifically in the field of azo dye wastewater degradation.However,the problems like difficulty in preparation and poor cycling stability need to be solved.At present,Mg-based amorphous alloys applied in wastewater degradation are available in powder and ribbon.The amorphous alloy powder fabricated by ball milling has a high specific surface area,and its reactivity is thousands of times better than that of gas atomized alloy powder.But the development is limited due to the high energy consumption,difficult and costly process of powder recycling.The single roller melt-spinning method is a new manufacturing process of amorphous alloy ribbon.Compared to amorphous powder,the specific surface area of amorphous ribbon is relatively lower,therefore,it is necessary to carry out surface modification to enhance it.Dealloying is a way that can form a pore structure on the surface of the amorphous alloys,increasing the specific surface area and providing more reactive sites,which all contribute to the catalytic performance.Exploring the optimal conditions for Mg-based amorphous alloys in wastewater degradation by adjusting amorphous alloy composition,choosing suitable method to preparation and surface modification,reducing cost,expanding the pH range will advance the steps to put Mg-based amorphous alloys in industrial environments into practice.展开更多
Electrocatalytic converting CO_(2) into chemical products has emerged as a promising approach to achieving carbon neutrality.Herein,we report a bismuth-based catalyst with high curvature terminal and amorphous layer w...Electrocatalytic converting CO_(2) into chemical products has emerged as a promising approach to achieving carbon neutrality.Herein,we report a bismuth-based catalyst with high curvature terminal and amorphous layer which fabricated via two-step electrodeposition achieves stable formate output in a wide voltage window of 600 mV.The Faraday efficiency(FE) of formate reached up to 99.4% at-0.8 V vs.RHE and it remained constant for more than 92 h at-15 mA cm^(-2).More intriguingly,FE formate of95.4% can be realized at a current density of industrial grade(-667.7 mA cm^(-2)) in flow cell.The special structure promoted CO_(2) adsorption and reduced its activation energy and enhanced the electric-thermal field and K^(+) enrichment which accelerated the reaction kinetics.In situ spectroscopy and theoretical calculation further confirmed that the introduction of amorphous structure is beneficial to adsorpting CO_(2)and stabling*OCHO intermediate.This work provides special insights to fabricate efficient electrocatalysts by means of structural and crystal engineering and makes efforts to realize the industrialization of bismuth-based catalysts.展开更多
Anelasticity, as an intrinsic property of amorphous solids, plays a significant role in understanding their relaxation and deformation mechanism. However, due to the lack of long-range order in amorphous solids, the s...Anelasticity, as an intrinsic property of amorphous solids, plays a significant role in understanding their relaxation and deformation mechanism. However, due to the lack of long-range order in amorphous solids, the structural origin of anelasticity and its distinction from plasticity remain elusive. In this work, using frozen matrix method, we study the transition from anelasticity to plasticity in a two-dimensional model glass. Three distinct mechanical behaviors, namely,elasticity, anelasticity, and plasticity, are identified with control parameters in the amorphous solid. Through the study of finite size effects on these mechanical behaviors, it is revealed that anelasticity can be distinguished from plasticity.Anelasticity serves as an intrinsic bridge connecting the elasticity and plasticity of amorphous solids. Additionally, it is observed that anelastic events are localized, while plastic events are subextensive. The transition from anelasticity to plasticity is found to resemble the entanglement of long-range interactions between element excitations. This study sheds light on the fundamental nature of anelasticity as a key property of element excitations in amorphous solids.展开更多
To date,there is still a lack of a comprehensive explanation for caged dynamics which is regarded as one of the intricate dynamic behaviors in amorphous alloys.This study focuses on Pd_(82)Si_(18)as the research objec...To date,there is still a lack of a comprehensive explanation for caged dynamics which is regarded as one of the intricate dynamic behaviors in amorphous alloys.This study focuses on Pd_(82)Si_(18)as the research object to further elucidate the underlying mechanism of caged dynamics from multiple perspectives,including the cage's lifetime,atomic local environment,and atomic potential energy.The results reveal that Si atoms exhibit a pronounced cage effect due to the hindrance of Pd atoms,resulting in an anomalous peak in the non-Gaussian parameters.An in-depth investigation was conducted on the caged dynamics differences between fast and slow Si atoms.In comparison to fast Si atoms,slow Si atoms were surrounded by more Pd atoms and occupied lower potential energy states,resulting in smaller diffusion displacements for the slow Si atoms.Concurrently,slow Si atoms tend to be in the centers of smaller clusters with coordination numbers of 9 and 10.During the isothermal relaxation process,clusters with coordination numbers 9 and 10 have longer lifetimes,suggesting that the escape of slow Si atoms from their cages is more challenging.The findings mentioned above hold significant implications for understanding the caged dynamics.展开更多
The as-cast amorphous Ti_(48)Zr_(27)Cu_(6)Nb_(5)Be_(14)composites,comprising in situ formedβ-Ti ductile crystalline precipitates,were prepared by water cooled copper mold suction casting.Then,the semi-solid composite...The as-cast amorphous Ti_(48)Zr_(27)Cu_(6)Nb_(5)Be_(14)composites,comprising in situ formedβ-Ti ductile crystalline precipitates,were prepared by water cooled copper mold suction casting.Then,the semi-solid composites were obtained after the as-cast composites were treated by semi-solid isothermal treatment.The microstructure evolution and kinetics of the composites were examined.Results show that the microstructures of both the as-cast and semi-solid composites comprise ofβ-Ti crystal phases and amorphous matrix phases.Before and after treatment,the crystals evolve from fine granular or fine dendritic crystals to coarse crystals.As the treatment temperature increasing or the time prolonging,the average crystal size gradually increases and the surface morphology of the crystals gradually becomes regular.By studying the microstructural evolution and dynamics during the isothermal treatment process,it is found that the final morphology ofβ-Ti crystals is influenced by the isothermal treatment temperature and time(t),and theβ-Ti evolution rate increases with an increase in treatment temperature.In addition,a linear relationship was observed between the size of cubicβ-Ti crystals(D^(3))and t;the growth kinetics factor K is 3.8μm^(3)·s^(-1).As the K value closes to 4μm^(3)·s^(-1),it is inferred the morphology evolution ofβ-Ti crystals is a coarsening behavior controlled by the diffusion of solute elements.展开更多
Amorphous solid dispersion(ASD)is one of the most effective approaches for delivering poorly soluble drugs.In ASDs,polymeric materials serve as the carriers in which the drugs are dispersed at the molecular level.To p...Amorphous solid dispersion(ASD)is one of the most effective approaches for delivering poorly soluble drugs.In ASDs,polymeric materials serve as the carriers in which the drugs are dispersed at the molecular level.To prepare the solid dispersions,there are many polymers with various physicochemical and thermochemical characteristics available for use in ASD formulations.Polymer selection is of great importance because it influences the stability,solubility and dissolution rates,manufacturing process,and bioavailability of the ASD.This review article provides a comprehensive overview of ASDs from the perspectives of physicochemical characteristics of polymers,formulation designs and preparation methods.Furthermore,considerations of safety and regulatory requirements along with the studies recommended for characterizing and evaluating polymeric carriers are briefly discussed.展开更多
Silicon nanowires(Si NWs)have been widely researched as the best alternative to graphite anodes for the next-generation of high-performance lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)owing to their high capacity and low discharge pot...Silicon nanowires(Si NWs)have been widely researched as the best alternative to graphite anodes for the next-generation of high-performance lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)owing to their high capacity and low discharge potential.However,growing binder-free Si NW anodes with adequate mass loading and stable capacity is severely limited by the low surface area of planar current collectors(CCs),and is particularly challenging to achieve on standard pure-Cu substrates due to the ubiquitous formation of Li+inactive silicide phases.Here,the growth of densely-interwoven In-seeded Si NWs is facilitated by a thin-film of copper-silicide(CS)network in situ grown on a Cu-foil,allowing for a thin active NW layer(<10μm thick)and high areal loading(≈1.04 mg/cm^(2))binder-free electrode architecture.The electrode exhibits an average Coulombic efficiency(CE)of>99.6%and stable performance for>900 cycles with≈88.7%capacity retention.More significantly,it delivers a volumetric capacity of≈1086.1 m A h/cm^(3)at 5C.The full-cell versus lithium manganese oxide(LMO)cathode delivers a capacity of≈1177.1 m A h/g at 1C with a stable rate capability.This electrode architecture represents significant advances toward the development of binder-free Si NW electrodes for LIB application.展开更多
This manuscript explores the influences of the Foucault current on bracket vibration. Noise measurements are obtained in conditions that the coils are enclosed by the bracket, and exposed to the air for confirming the...This manuscript explores the influences of the Foucault current on bracket vibration. Noise measurements are obtained in conditions that the coils are enclosed by the bracket, and exposed to the air for confirming the impact of Foucault current on bracket vibration. The outcomes illustrate that the bracket increases the primary noise to 21 d B. Throughout investigational modal computation, ordinary frequencies of the coils stay afar from the exciting frequency of 100 Hz but the ordinary frequency 72.924 Hz of the bracket stands near to 100 Hz, which similarly explicates the upsurge of the noise level. To do the computations on bracket vibrations instigated by the Foucault current, a finite-element method(FEM) has been utilized for evaluating the eddy current density, electromagnetic forces(EMF), coupled with bracket response in frequency domain. The calculations displayed a proper approval by mean of theoretic investigations, and the simulations analyzed effectively the bracket vibration produced by Eddy current, and the electromagnetic force(EMF). Referring to the simulation, the primary vibration characteristics, and noise level, the method by applying weights(stress) on the top bracket of transformer is proposed to lessen the vibration amplitude, and noise level. To indorse the utility, and application of the suggested technique, the experiment results are obtained, analyzed, and compared with those of simulations, primary vibration characteristics, and noise level.展开更多
The work is dedicated to revealing the structural features of coals with different ranks,such as anthracites,metaanthracite and graphite,that determine their ability to crush and form fine dust.For this purpose,a comb...The work is dedicated to revealing the structural features of coals with different ranks,such as anthracites,metaanthracite and graphite,that determine their ability to crush and form fine dust.For this purpose,a combination of various nanoin-dentation techniques and Raman spectroscopy was used.The mechanical behavior of the selected coals was investigated by cyclic nanoindentation with increasing peak load and quasi-static loading.The alteration of the mechanical properties was studied by analysis of elastic moduli and damage indices Rw.Three groups of coals were identified based on their propensity to crushing during cyclic nanoindentation.Coals assigned to the first and second groups are characterized by local destruction in the contact zone with the indenter and the formation of a core of crushed material.Coals assigned to the third group are characterized by bulk destruction(outside the zone of contact with the indenter).In general,the ability of coals to fracture under mechanical loading decreases in the series of metamorphism due to microscale compaction of vitrinite matter.In the series of anthracite,metaanthracite and graphite,it is established that the coal matter compaction takes place for the anthracite and metaanthracite,whereas graphite reveals rather different behavior due to abrupt change of its structure.The ratios between the amorphous and crystalline phases of carbon(S)were determined by deconvolution of coals Raman spectra.The propensity of coals to crushing(a damage index Rw)increases with growth of the proportion of amorphous carbon in the coal matter.For the considered coals and metaanthracite,it is established that the proneness to destruction outside the contact zone with the indenter is determined by the ratio of amorphous and crystalline carbon of 1 and higher.When S parameter is lower than 1,the coals are being crushed only in the zone of contact with the indenter.展开更多
The rapid cooling of a metallic liquid(ML)results in short-range order(SRO)among the atomic arrangements and a disordered structure in the resulting metallic glass(MG).These phenomena cause various possible features i...The rapid cooling of a metallic liquid(ML)results in short-range order(SRO)among the atomic arrangements and a disordered structure in the resulting metallic glass(MG).These phenomena cause various possible features in the microscopic structure of the MG,presenting a puzzle about the nature of the MGs’microscopic structure beyond SRO.In this study,the nanoscale density gradient(NDG)originating from a sequential arrangement of clusters with different atomic packing densities(APDs),representing the medium-range structural heterogeneity in Zr_(60)Cu_(30)Al_(10)MG,was characterized using electron tomography(ET)combined with image simulations based on structure modeling.The coarse polyhedrons with distinct facets identified in the three-dimensional images coincide with icosahedron-like clusters and represent the spatial positions of clusters with high APDs.Rearrangements of the different clusters according to descending APD order in the glass-forming process are responsible for the NDG that stabilizes both the supercooled ML and the amorphous states and acts as a hidden rule in the transition from ML to MG.展开更多
Development of an electrocatalyst that is cheap and has good properties to replace conventional noble metals is important for H_(2) applications.In this study,dealloying of an amorphous Ti_(37)Cu_(60)Ru_(3) alloy was ...Development of an electrocatalyst that is cheap and has good properties to replace conventional noble metals is important for H_(2) applications.In this study,dealloying of an amorphous Ti_(37)Cu_(60)Ru_(3) alloy was performed to prepare a freestanding nanostructured hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)catalyst.The effect of dealloying and addition of Ru to TiCu alloys on the microstructure and HER properties under alkaline conditions was investigated.3 at.%Ru addition in Ti_(40)Cu_(60) decreases the overpotential to reach a current density of 10mA cm^(-2) and Tafel slope of the dealloyed samples to 35 and 34mV dec−1.The improvement of electrocatalytic properties was attributed to the formation of a nanostructure and the modification of the electronic structure of the catalyst.First-principles calculations based on density function theory indicate that Ru decreases the Gibbs free energy of water dissociation.This work presents a method to prepare an efficient electrocatalyst via dealloying of amorphous alloys.展开更多
Amorphous oxide semiconductors(AOS)have unique advantages in transparent and flexible thin film transistors(TFTs)applications,compared to low-temperature polycrystalline-Si(LTPS).However,intrinsic AOS TFTs are difficu...Amorphous oxide semiconductors(AOS)have unique advantages in transparent and flexible thin film transistors(TFTs)applications,compared to low-temperature polycrystalline-Si(LTPS).However,intrinsic AOS TFTs are difficult to obtain field-effect mobility(μFE)higher than LTPS(100 cm^(2)/(V·s)).Here,we design ZnAlSnO(ZATO)homojunction structure TFTs to obtainμFE=113.8 cm^(2)/(V·s).The device demonstrates optimized comprehensive electrical properties with an off-current of about1.5×10^(-11)A,a threshold voltage of–1.71 V,and a subthreshold swing of 0.372 V/dec.There are two kinds of gradient coupled in the homojunction active layer,which are micro-crystallization and carrier suppressor concentration gradient distribution so that the device can reduce off-current and shift the threshold voltage positively while maintaining high field-effect mobility.Our research in the homojunction active layer points to a promising direction for obtaining excellent-performance AOS TFTs.展开更多
Developing advanced electrode materials is crucial for improving the electrochemical performances of proton batteries.Currently,the anodes are primarily crystalline materials which suffer from inferior cyclic stabilit...Developing advanced electrode materials is crucial for improving the electrochemical performances of proton batteries.Currently,the anodes are primarily crystalline materials which suffer from inferior cyclic stability and high electrode potential.Herein,we propose amorphous electrode materials for proton batteries by using a general ion-exchange protocol to introduce multivalent metal cations for activating the host material.Taking Al^(3+)as an example,theoretical and experimental analysis demonstrates electrostatic interaction between metal cations and lattice oxygen,which is the primary barrier for direct introduction of the multivalent cations,is effectively weakened through ion exchange between Al^(3+)and pre-intercalated K+.The as-prepared Al-MoOx anode therefore delivered a remarkable capacity and outstanding cycling stability that outperforms most of the state-of-the-art counterparts.The assembled full cell also achieved a high voltage of 1.37 V.This work opens up new opportunities for developing high-performance electrodes of proton batteries by introducing amorphous materials.展开更多
For electromagnetic wave-absorbing materials,maximizing absorption at a specific frequency has been constantly achieved,but enhancing the absorption properties in the entire band remains a challenge.In this work,a 3D ...For electromagnetic wave-absorbing materials,maximizing absorption at a specific frequency has been constantly achieved,but enhancing the absorption properties in the entire band remains a challenge.In this work,a 3D porous pyrolytic carbon(PyC)foam matrix was synthesized by a template method.Amorphous carbon nanotubes(CNTs)were then in-situ grown on the matrix surface to obtain ultralight CNTs/Py C foam.These in-situ grown amorphous CNTs were distributed uniformly and controlled by the catalytic growth time and can enhance the interface polarization and conduction loss of composites.When the electromagnetic wave enters the internal holes,the electromagnetic energy can be completely attenuated under the combined action of polarization,conductivity loss,and multiple reflections.The ultralight CNTs/Py C foam had a density of 22.0 mg·cm^(-3)and a reflection coefficient lower than-13.3 d B in the whole X-band(8.2-12.4 GHz),which is better than the conventional standard of effective absorption bandwidth(≤-10 dB).The results provide ideas for researching ultralight and strong electromagnetic wave absorbing materials in the X-band.展开更多
Anatase TiO_(2) is a promising anode material for sodium-ion batteries,yet the low electronic and ionic conductivities are the main obstacles for its practical application.Even though the amorphization of TiO_(2) upon...Anatase TiO_(2) is a promising anode material for sodium-ion batteries,yet the low electronic and ionic conductivities are the main obstacles for its practical application.Even though the amorphization of TiO_(2) upon sodiation has already been observed,its underneath mechanisms are not fully elucidated.Herein,a low-cost nitrogen-containing carbon source of polyacrylonitrile is adopted to modify commercial anatase TiO_(2) by a convenient and nontoxic ball-milling technique combined with subsequent annealing treatment.In particular,the employment of a nitrogen-doping approach accompanied by nitrogendoped carbon coating,results in a greatly improved conductivity,overall leading to a high reversible capacity of about 260 m A h g^(-1)at 25 m A g^(-1),superior rate capabilities,and an ultra-stable capacity of about 186 m A h g^(-1)after 1600 cycles at 500 m A g^(-1).Detailed characterizations denote that the improved conductivity as well as the small size of the synthesized TiO_(2) grains play a key role in the TiO_(2) amorphization upon sodiation,with the TiO_(2)/C nanocomposite undergoing a complete amorphization in just few cycles.Finally,the irreversible amorphization of TiO_(2) is confirmed to be a crucial ingredient facilitating the Na+diffusion kinetics and pseudocapacitive behavior,thus boosting the sodium storage performance.展开更多
Separated preparation of prealloys and amorphous alloys results in severe solidification-remelting and beneficial element removal-readdition contradictions,which markedly increase energy consumption and emissions.This...Separated preparation of prealloys and amorphous alloys results in severe solidification-remelting and beneficial element removal-readdition contradictions,which markedly increase energy consumption and emissions.This study offered a novel strategy for the direct production of FePC amorphous soft magnetic alloys via smelting reduction of high-phosphorus iron ore(HPIO)and apatite.First,the thermodynamic conditions and equilibrium states of the carbothermal reduction reactions in HPIO were calculated,and the element content in reduced alloys was theoretically determined.The phase and structural evolutions,as well as element migration and enrichment behaviors during the smelting reduction of HPIO and Ca_(3)(PO_(4))_(2),were then experimentally verified.The addition of Ca_(3)(PO_(4))_(2)in HPIO contributes to the enrichment of the P element in reduced alloys and the subsequent development of Fe_(3)P and Fe_(2)P phases.The content of P and C elements in the range of 1.52 wt% -14.63 wt% and 0.62 wt% -2.47 wt%,respectively,can be well tailored by adding 0-50 g Ca_(3)(PO_(4))_(2)and controlling the C/O mole ratio of 0.8-1.1,which is highly consistent with the calculated results.These FePC alloys were then successfully formed into amorphous ribbons and rods.The energy consumption of the proposed strategy was estimated to be 2.00×10^(8) kJ/t,which is reduced by 30% when compared with the conventional production process.These results are critical for the comprehensive utilization of mineral resources and pave the way for the clean production of Fe-based amorphous soft magnetic alloys.展开更多
Defining the structure characteristics of amorphous materials is one of the fundamental problems that need to be solved urgently in complex materials because of their complex structure and long-range disorder.In this ...Defining the structure characteristics of amorphous materials is one of the fundamental problems that need to be solved urgently in complex materials because of their complex structure and long-range disorder.In this study,we develop an interpretable deep learning model capable of accurately classifying amorphous configurations and characterizing their structural properties.The results demonstrate that the multi-dimensional hybrid convolutional neural network can classify the two-dimensional(2D)liquids and amorphous solids of molecular dynamics simulation.The classification process does not make a priori assumptions on the amorphous particle environment,and the accuracy is 92.75%,which is better than other convolutional neural networks.Moreover,our model utilizes the gradient-weighted activation-like mapping method,which generates activation-like heat maps that can precisely identify important structures in the amorphous configuration maps.We obtain an order parameter from the heatmap and conduct finite scale analysis of this parameter.Our findings demonstrate that the order parameter effectively captures the amorphous phase transition process across various systems.These results hold significant scientific implications for the study of amorphous structural characteristics via deep learning.展开更多
Iron-based amorphous crystalline powder Fe_(78)Si_(9)B_(13)^(AP)is used as a permeability reaction barrier(PRB)combined with an electrokinetic method(EK-PRB)to study the removal rate of Cu in contaminated soil.After t...Iron-based amorphous crystalline powder Fe_(78)Si_(9)B_(13)^(AP)is used as a permeability reaction barrier(PRB)combined with an electrokinetic method(EK-PRB)to study the removal rate of Cu in contaminated soil.After treating Cucontaminated soil for 5 days under different voltage gradients and soil water content,the soil pH is between 3.1 and 7.2.The increase of voltage gradient and soil water content can effectively promote the movement of Cu^(2+) to the cathode.The voltage gradient is 3 V/cm,and the water content of 40%is considered to be an optional experimental condition.Therefore,under this condition,the effects of Fe_(78)Si_(9)B_(13)^(AP)and zero-valent iron(ZVI)as PRB on the removal rate of total Cu in soil and the transformation of chemical forms of Cu are studied.Compared with ZVI,Fe_(78)Si_(9)B_(13)^(AP)as PRB has a better remediation effect.EK-Fe_(78)Si_(9)B_(13)^(AP)can remove 80.3%of total Cu in soil,and the biologically available Cu is reduced to 3.6%,which effectively reduces the environmental risk of contaminated soil.展开更多
基金All authors acknowledge fund support from Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2020A1515110762)National Natural Science Foundation of China(52172084).
文摘Fabricating low-strain and fast-charging silicon-carbon composite anodes is highly desired but remains a huge challenge for lithium-ion batteries.Herein,we report a unique silicon-carbon composite fabricated by uniformly dis-persing amorphous Si nanodots(SiNDs)in carbon nanospheres(SiNDs/C)that are welded on the wall of the macroporous carbon framework(MPCF)by vertical graphene(VG),labeled as MPCF@VG@SiNDs/C.The high dispersity and amor-phous features of ultrasmall SiNDs(~0.7 nm),the flexible and directed electron/Li+transport channels of VG,and the MPCF impart the MPCF@VG@SiNDs/C more lithium storage sites,rapid Li+transport path,and unique low-strain property during Li+storage.Consequently,the MPCF@VG@SiNDs/C exhibits high cycle stability(1301.4 mAh g^(-1) at 1 A g^(-1) after 1000 cycles without apparent decay)and high rate capacity(910.3 mAh g^(-1),20 A g^(-1))in half cells based on industrial electrode standards.The assembled pouch full cell delivers a high energy density(1694.0 Wh L^(-1);602.8 Wh kg^(-1))and an excellent fast-charging capability(498.5 Wh kg^(-1),charging for 16.8 min at 3 C).This study opens new possibilities for preparing advanced silicon-carbon com-posite anodes for practical applications.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52071276)the Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing,China(Grant No.CSTB2022NSCQ-MSX0440)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.SWUXDJH202313,SWU-KQ22083).
文摘Mg-based amorphous alloys exhibit efficient catalytic performance and excellent biocompatibility with a promising application probability,specifically in the field of azo dye wastewater degradation.However,the problems like difficulty in preparation and poor cycling stability need to be solved.At present,Mg-based amorphous alloys applied in wastewater degradation are available in powder and ribbon.The amorphous alloy powder fabricated by ball milling has a high specific surface area,and its reactivity is thousands of times better than that of gas atomized alloy powder.But the development is limited due to the high energy consumption,difficult and costly process of powder recycling.The single roller melt-spinning method is a new manufacturing process of amorphous alloy ribbon.Compared to amorphous powder,the specific surface area of amorphous ribbon is relatively lower,therefore,it is necessary to carry out surface modification to enhance it.Dealloying is a way that can form a pore structure on the surface of the amorphous alloys,increasing the specific surface area and providing more reactive sites,which all contribute to the catalytic performance.Exploring the optimal conditions for Mg-based amorphous alloys in wastewater degradation by adjusting amorphous alloy composition,choosing suitable method to preparation and surface modification,reducing cost,expanding the pH range will advance the steps to put Mg-based amorphous alloys in industrial environments into practice.
基金financial support from the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(LQ22B060007)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22206042)+2 种基金the Scientific Research Start-up of Hangzhou Normal University(2021GDL014)the Hebei Natural Science Foundation(E2021203047)the Hebei Provincial Foundation for Returness(C20200369)。
文摘Electrocatalytic converting CO_(2) into chemical products has emerged as a promising approach to achieving carbon neutrality.Herein,we report a bismuth-based catalyst with high curvature terminal and amorphous layer which fabricated via two-step electrodeposition achieves stable formate output in a wide voltage window of 600 mV.The Faraday efficiency(FE) of formate reached up to 99.4% at-0.8 V vs.RHE and it remained constant for more than 92 h at-15 mA cm^(-2).More intriguingly,FE formate of95.4% can be realized at a current density of industrial grade(-667.7 mA cm^(-2)) in flow cell.The special structure promoted CO_(2) adsorption and reduced its activation energy and enhanced the electric-thermal field and K^(+) enrichment which accelerated the reaction kinetics.In situ spectroscopy and theoretical calculation further confirmed that the introduction of amorphous structure is beneficial to adsorpting CO_(2)and stabling*OCHO intermediate.This work provides special insights to fabricate efficient electrocatalysts by means of structural and crystal engineering and makes efforts to realize the industrialization of bismuth-based catalysts.
基金Project supported by Guangdong Major Project of Basic and Applied Basic Research,China (Grant No.2019B030302010)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.52130108)+1 种基金Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research,China (Grant No.2021B1515140005)Pearl River Talent Recruitment Program (Grant No.2021QN02C04)。
文摘Anelasticity, as an intrinsic property of amorphous solids, plays a significant role in understanding their relaxation and deformation mechanism. However, due to the lack of long-range order in amorphous solids, the structural origin of anelasticity and its distinction from plasticity remain elusive. In this work, using frozen matrix method, we study the transition from anelasticity to plasticity in a two-dimensional model glass. Three distinct mechanical behaviors, namely,elasticity, anelasticity, and plasticity, are identified with control parameters in the amorphous solid. Through the study of finite size effects on these mechanical behaviors, it is revealed that anelasticity can be distinguished from plasticity.Anelasticity serves as an intrinsic bridge connecting the elasticity and plasticity of amorphous solids. Additionally, it is observed that anelastic events are localized, while plastic events are subextensive. The transition from anelasticity to plasticity is found to resemble the entanglement of long-range interactions between element excitations. This study sheds light on the fundamental nature of anelasticity as a key property of element excitations in amorphous solids.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.51701071)the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province,China (Grant Nos.2022JJ50115 and 2021JJ30179)the Research Foundation of the Education Bureau of Hunan Province,China (Grant No.22A0522)。
文摘To date,there is still a lack of a comprehensive explanation for caged dynamics which is regarded as one of the intricate dynamic behaviors in amorphous alloys.This study focuses on Pd_(82)Si_(18)as the research object to further elucidate the underlying mechanism of caged dynamics from multiple perspectives,including the cage's lifetime,atomic local environment,and atomic potential energy.The results reveal that Si atoms exhibit a pronounced cage effect due to the hindrance of Pd atoms,resulting in an anomalous peak in the non-Gaussian parameters.An in-depth investigation was conducted on the caged dynamics differences between fast and slow Si atoms.In comparison to fast Si atoms,slow Si atoms were surrounded by more Pd atoms and occupied lower potential energy states,resulting in smaller diffusion displacements for the slow Si atoms.Concurrently,slow Si atoms tend to be in the centers of smaller clusters with coordination numbers of 9 and 10.During the isothermal relaxation process,clusters with coordination numbers 9 and 10 have longer lifetimes,suggesting that the escape of slow Si atoms from their cages is more challenging.The findings mentioned above hold significant implications for understanding the caged dynamics.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province(No.2023JJ50453)the Science Research Excellent Youth Project of Hunan Educational Department(No.22B0777)+1 种基金the Key Scientific Research Project of Hunan Educational Department(No.22A0551)the Key Scientific Research Projects of Huaihua University(No.HHUY2022-13).
文摘The as-cast amorphous Ti_(48)Zr_(27)Cu_(6)Nb_(5)Be_(14)composites,comprising in situ formedβ-Ti ductile crystalline precipitates,were prepared by water cooled copper mold suction casting.Then,the semi-solid composites were obtained after the as-cast composites were treated by semi-solid isothermal treatment.The microstructure evolution and kinetics of the composites were examined.Results show that the microstructures of both the as-cast and semi-solid composites comprise ofβ-Ti crystal phases and amorphous matrix phases.Before and after treatment,the crystals evolve from fine granular or fine dendritic crystals to coarse crystals.As the treatment temperature increasing or the time prolonging,the average crystal size gradually increases and the surface morphology of the crystals gradually becomes regular.By studying the microstructural evolution and dynamics during the isothermal treatment process,it is found that the final morphology ofβ-Ti crystals is influenced by the isothermal treatment temperature and time(t),and theβ-Ti evolution rate increases with an increase in treatment temperature.In addition,a linear relationship was observed between the size of cubicβ-Ti crystals(D^(3))and t;the growth kinetics factor K is 3.8μm^(3)·s^(-1).As the K value closes to 4μm^(3)·s^(-1),it is inferred the morphology evolution ofβ-Ti crystals is a coarsening behavior controlled by the diffusion of solute elements.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81872813,22108313,82273880)Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(No.BK 20200573,BK 20200576)+1 种基金Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No 2632022ZD16)the Scientific Research Fund of Hunan Provincial Education Department(No.22B0820).
文摘Amorphous solid dispersion(ASD)is one of the most effective approaches for delivering poorly soluble drugs.In ASDs,polymeric materials serve as the carriers in which the drugs are dispersed at the molecular level.To prepare the solid dispersions,there are many polymers with various physicochemical and thermochemical characteristics available for use in ASD formulations.Polymer selection is of great importance because it influences the stability,solubility and dissolution rates,manufacturing process,and bioavailability of the ASD.This review article provides a comprehensive overview of ASDs from the perspectives of physicochemical characteristics of polymers,formulation designs and preparation methods.Furthermore,considerations of safety and regulatory requirements along with the studies recommended for characterizing and evaluating polymeric carriers are briefly discussed.
基金funded by the Science Foundation Ireland (SFI)under the Principal Investigator Program under contract No.11PI-1148,16/IA/4629 and SFI 16/M-ERA/3419funding under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Program+7 种基金grant agreement No.814464 (Si-DRIVE project)IRCLA/2017/285 and SFI Research Centres AMBER,Ma REI and CONFIRM 12/RC/2302_P2,12/RC/2278_P2,and 16/RC/3918SFI for SIRG grant No.18/SIRG/5484support from the Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland through the Research Development and Demonstration Funding Program (Grant No.19/RDD/548)Enterprise Ireland through the Innovation Partnership Program (Grant No.IP 20190910)support from the SFI Research Centre Ma REI (award reference No.12/RC/2302_P2)support from the SFI Industry RD&I Fellowship Program (21/IRDIF/9876)the EU Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie Individual Fellowship Grant (843621)。
文摘Silicon nanowires(Si NWs)have been widely researched as the best alternative to graphite anodes for the next-generation of high-performance lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)owing to their high capacity and low discharge potential.However,growing binder-free Si NW anodes with adequate mass loading and stable capacity is severely limited by the low surface area of planar current collectors(CCs),and is particularly challenging to achieve on standard pure-Cu substrates due to the ubiquitous formation of Li+inactive silicide phases.Here,the growth of densely-interwoven In-seeded Si NWs is facilitated by a thin-film of copper-silicide(CS)network in situ grown on a Cu-foil,allowing for a thin active NW layer(<10μm thick)and high areal loading(≈1.04 mg/cm^(2))binder-free electrode architecture.The electrode exhibits an average Coulombic efficiency(CE)of>99.6%and stable performance for>900 cycles with≈88.7%capacity retention.More significantly,it delivers a volumetric capacity of≈1086.1 m A h/cm^(3)at 5C.The full-cell versus lithium manganese oxide(LMO)cathode delivers a capacity of≈1177.1 m A h/g at 1C with a stable rate capability.This electrode architecture represents significant advances toward the development of binder-free Si NW electrodes for LIB application.
基金supported by the national science foundation of China (51767008)Jiangxi natural science foundation of China (20192ACBL20016)。
文摘This manuscript explores the influences of the Foucault current on bracket vibration. Noise measurements are obtained in conditions that the coils are enclosed by the bracket, and exposed to the air for confirming the impact of Foucault current on bracket vibration. The outcomes illustrate that the bracket increases the primary noise to 21 d B. Throughout investigational modal computation, ordinary frequencies of the coils stay afar from the exciting frequency of 100 Hz but the ordinary frequency 72.924 Hz of the bracket stands near to 100 Hz, which similarly explicates the upsurge of the noise level. To do the computations on bracket vibrations instigated by the Foucault current, a finite-element method(FEM) has been utilized for evaluating the eddy current density, electromagnetic forces(EMF), coupled with bracket response in frequency domain. The calculations displayed a proper approval by mean of theoretic investigations, and the simulations analyzed effectively the bracket vibration produced by Eddy current, and the electromagnetic force(EMF). Referring to the simulation, the primary vibration characteristics, and noise level, the method by applying weights(stress) on the top bracket of transformer is proposed to lessen the vibration amplitude, and noise level. To indorse the utility, and application of the suggested technique, the experiment results are obtained, analyzed, and compared with those of simulations, primary vibration characteristics, and noise level.
基金funded by the Russian Science Foundation grant (#18-77-10052).
文摘The work is dedicated to revealing the structural features of coals with different ranks,such as anthracites,metaanthracite and graphite,that determine their ability to crush and form fine dust.For this purpose,a combination of various nanoin-dentation techniques and Raman spectroscopy was used.The mechanical behavior of the selected coals was investigated by cyclic nanoindentation with increasing peak load and quasi-static loading.The alteration of the mechanical properties was studied by analysis of elastic moduli and damage indices Rw.Three groups of coals were identified based on their propensity to crushing during cyclic nanoindentation.Coals assigned to the first and second groups are characterized by local destruction in the contact zone with the indenter and the formation of a core of crushed material.Coals assigned to the third group are characterized by bulk destruction(outside the zone of contact with the indenter).In general,the ability of coals to fracture under mechanical loading decreases in the series of metamorphism due to microscale compaction of vitrinite matter.In the series of anthracite,metaanthracite and graphite,it is established that the coal matter compaction takes place for the anthracite and metaanthracite,whereas graphite reveals rather different behavior due to abrupt change of its structure.The ratios between the amorphous and crystalline phases of carbon(S)were determined by deconvolution of coals Raman spectra.The propensity of coals to crushing(a damage index Rw)increases with growth of the proportion of amorphous carbon in the coal matter.For the considered coals and metaanthracite,it is established that the proneness to destruction outside the contact zone with the indenter is determined by the ratio of amorphous and crystalline carbon of 1 and higher.When S parameter is lower than 1,the coals are being crushed only in the zone of contact with the indenter.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51971093,52192603,and 51501043)。
文摘The rapid cooling of a metallic liquid(ML)results in short-range order(SRO)among the atomic arrangements and a disordered structure in the resulting metallic glass(MG).These phenomena cause various possible features in the microscopic structure of the MG,presenting a puzzle about the nature of the MGs’microscopic structure beyond SRO.In this study,the nanoscale density gradient(NDG)originating from a sequential arrangement of clusters with different atomic packing densities(APDs),representing the medium-range structural heterogeneity in Zr_(60)Cu_(30)Al_(10)MG,was characterized using electron tomography(ET)combined with image simulations based on structure modeling.The coarse polyhedrons with distinct facets identified in the three-dimensional images coincide with icosahedron-like clusters and represent the spatial positions of clusters with high APDs.Rearrangements of the different clusters according to descending APD order in the glass-forming process are responsible for the NDG that stabilizes both the supercooled ML and the amorphous states and acts as a hidden rule in the transition from ML to MG.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,Grant/Award Number:52071217。
文摘Development of an electrocatalyst that is cheap and has good properties to replace conventional noble metals is important for H_(2) applications.In this study,dealloying of an amorphous Ti_(37)Cu_(60)Ru_(3) alloy was performed to prepare a freestanding nanostructured hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)catalyst.The effect of dealloying and addition of Ru to TiCu alloys on the microstructure and HER properties under alkaline conditions was investigated.3 at.%Ru addition in Ti_(40)Cu_(60) decreases the overpotential to reach a current density of 10mA cm^(-2) and Tafel slope of the dealloyed samples to 35 and 34mV dec−1.The improvement of electrocatalytic properties was attributed to the formation of a nanostructure and the modification of the electronic structure of the catalyst.First-principles calculations based on density function theory indicate that Ru decreases the Gibbs free energy of water dissociation.This work presents a method to prepare an efficient electrocatalyst via dealloying of amorphous alloys.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.U20A20209)Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(LD19E020001)+1 种基金Zhejiang Provincial Key Research and Development Program(2021C01030)"Pioneer"and"Leading Goose"R&D Program of Zhejiang Province(2021C01SA301612)。
文摘Amorphous oxide semiconductors(AOS)have unique advantages in transparent and flexible thin film transistors(TFTs)applications,compared to low-temperature polycrystalline-Si(LTPS).However,intrinsic AOS TFTs are difficult to obtain field-effect mobility(μFE)higher than LTPS(100 cm^(2)/(V·s)).Here,we design ZnAlSnO(ZATO)homojunction structure TFTs to obtainμFE=113.8 cm^(2)/(V·s).The device demonstrates optimized comprehensive electrical properties with an off-current of about1.5×10^(-11)A,a threshold voltage of–1.71 V,and a subthreshold swing of 0.372 V/dec.There are two kinds of gradient coupled in the homojunction active layer,which are micro-crystallization and carrier suppressor concentration gradient distribution so that the device can reduce off-current and shift the threshold voltage positively while maintaining high field-effect mobility.Our research in the homojunction active layer points to a promising direction for obtaining excellent-performance AOS TFTs.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51904059)Applied Basic Research Program of Liaoning(2022JH2/101300200)+1 种基金Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(N2002005,N2125004,N2225044)Liao Ning Revitalization Talents Program(XLYC1807123).
文摘Developing advanced electrode materials is crucial for improving the electrochemical performances of proton batteries.Currently,the anodes are primarily crystalline materials which suffer from inferior cyclic stability and high electrode potential.Herein,we propose amorphous electrode materials for proton batteries by using a general ion-exchange protocol to introduce multivalent metal cations for activating the host material.Taking Al^(3+)as an example,theoretical and experimental analysis demonstrates electrostatic interaction between metal cations and lattice oxygen,which is the primary barrier for direct introduction of the multivalent cations,is effectively weakened through ion exchange between Al^(3+)and pre-intercalated K+.The as-prepared Al-MoOx anode therefore delivered a remarkable capacity and outstanding cycling stability that outperforms most of the state-of-the-art counterparts.The assembled full cell also achieved a high voltage of 1.37 V.This work opens up new opportunities for developing high-performance electrodes of proton batteries by introducing amorphous materials.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51702197)Creative Research Foundation of the Science and Technology on Thermostructural Composite Materials Laboratory,the Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province(No.2022JM248)the Doctoral Scientific Research Foundation of Shaanxi University of Science&Technology(No.BJ16-06)。
文摘For electromagnetic wave-absorbing materials,maximizing absorption at a specific frequency has been constantly achieved,but enhancing the absorption properties in the entire band remains a challenge.In this work,a 3D porous pyrolytic carbon(PyC)foam matrix was synthesized by a template method.Amorphous carbon nanotubes(CNTs)were then in-situ grown on the matrix surface to obtain ultralight CNTs/Py C foam.These in-situ grown amorphous CNTs were distributed uniformly and controlled by the catalytic growth time and can enhance the interface polarization and conduction loss of composites.When the electromagnetic wave enters the internal holes,the electromagnetic energy can be completely attenuated under the combined action of polarization,conductivity loss,and multiple reflections.The ultralight CNTs/Py C foam had a density of 22.0 mg·cm^(-3)and a reflection coefficient lower than-13.3 d B in the whole X-band(8.2-12.4 GHz),which is better than the conventional standard of effective absorption bandwidth(≤-10 dB).The results provide ideas for researching ultralight and strong electromagnetic wave absorbing materials in the X-band.
基金financially supported by the Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation,China (Grant No.ZR2022QE181)。
文摘Anatase TiO_(2) is a promising anode material for sodium-ion batteries,yet the low electronic and ionic conductivities are the main obstacles for its practical application.Even though the amorphization of TiO_(2) upon sodiation has already been observed,its underneath mechanisms are not fully elucidated.Herein,a low-cost nitrogen-containing carbon source of polyacrylonitrile is adopted to modify commercial anatase TiO_(2) by a convenient and nontoxic ball-milling technique combined with subsequent annealing treatment.In particular,the employment of a nitrogen-doping approach accompanied by nitrogendoped carbon coating,results in a greatly improved conductivity,overall leading to a high reversible capacity of about 260 m A h g^(-1)at 25 m A g^(-1),superior rate capabilities,and an ultra-stable capacity of about 186 m A h g^(-1)after 1600 cycles at 500 m A g^(-1).Detailed characterizations denote that the improved conductivity as well as the small size of the synthesized TiO_(2) grains play a key role in the TiO_(2) amorphization upon sodiation,with the TiO_(2)/C nanocomposite undergoing a complete amorphization in just few cycles.Finally,the irreversible amorphization of TiO_(2) is confirmed to be a crucial ingredient facilitating the Na+diffusion kinetics and pseudocapacitive behavior,thus boosting the sodium storage performance.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52174217 and 52304354)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2020M682495)。
文摘Separated preparation of prealloys and amorphous alloys results in severe solidification-remelting and beneficial element removal-readdition contradictions,which markedly increase energy consumption and emissions.This study offered a novel strategy for the direct production of FePC amorphous soft magnetic alloys via smelting reduction of high-phosphorus iron ore(HPIO)and apatite.First,the thermodynamic conditions and equilibrium states of the carbothermal reduction reactions in HPIO were calculated,and the element content in reduced alloys was theoretically determined.The phase and structural evolutions,as well as element migration and enrichment behaviors during the smelting reduction of HPIO and Ca_(3)(PO_(4))_(2),were then experimentally verified.The addition of Ca_(3)(PO_(4))_(2)in HPIO contributes to the enrichment of the P element in reduced alloys and the subsequent development of Fe_(3)P and Fe_(2)P phases.The content of P and C elements in the range of 1.52 wt% -14.63 wt% and 0.62 wt% -2.47 wt%,respectively,can be well tailored by adding 0-50 g Ca_(3)(PO_(4))_(2)and controlling the C/O mole ratio of 0.8-1.1,which is highly consistent with the calculated results.These FePC alloys were then successfully formed into amorphous ribbons and rods.The energy consumption of the proposed strategy was estimated to be 2.00×10^(8) kJ/t,which is reduced by 30% when compared with the conventional production process.These results are critical for the comprehensive utilization of mineral resources and pave the way for the clean production of Fe-based amorphous soft magnetic alloys.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.11702289)the Key Core Technology and Generic Technology Research and Development Project of Shanxi Province,China(Grant No.2020XXX013)the National Key Research and Development Project of China。
文摘Defining the structure characteristics of amorphous materials is one of the fundamental problems that need to be solved urgently in complex materials because of their complex structure and long-range disorder.In this study,we develop an interpretable deep learning model capable of accurately classifying amorphous configurations and characterizing their structural properties.The results demonstrate that the multi-dimensional hybrid convolutional neural network can classify the two-dimensional(2D)liquids and amorphous solids of molecular dynamics simulation.The classification process does not make a priori assumptions on the amorphous particle environment,and the accuracy is 92.75%,which is better than other convolutional neural networks.Moreover,our model utilizes the gradient-weighted activation-like mapping method,which generates activation-like heat maps that can precisely identify important structures in the amorphous configuration maps.We obtain an order parameter from the heatmap and conduct finite scale analysis of this parameter.Our findings demonstrate that the order parameter effectively captures the amorphous phase transition process across various systems.These results hold significant scientific implications for the study of amorphous structural characteristics via deep learning.
基金This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)[Grant Nos.51661015 and 52061024]the University Innovation Fund Project of Gansu Provincial Department of Education[Grant No.2021B-553]the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province,China(4304030).
文摘Iron-based amorphous crystalline powder Fe_(78)Si_(9)B_(13)^(AP)is used as a permeability reaction barrier(PRB)combined with an electrokinetic method(EK-PRB)to study the removal rate of Cu in contaminated soil.After treating Cucontaminated soil for 5 days under different voltage gradients and soil water content,the soil pH is between 3.1 and 7.2.The increase of voltage gradient and soil water content can effectively promote the movement of Cu^(2+) to the cathode.The voltage gradient is 3 V/cm,and the water content of 40%is considered to be an optional experimental condition.Therefore,under this condition,the effects of Fe_(78)Si_(9)B_(13)^(AP)and zero-valent iron(ZVI)as PRB on the removal rate of total Cu in soil and the transformation of chemical forms of Cu are studied.Compared with ZVI,Fe_(78)Si_(9)B_(13)^(AP)as PRB has a better remediation effect.EK-Fe_(78)Si_(9)B_(13)^(AP)can remove 80.3%of total Cu in soil,and the biologically available Cu is reduced to 3.6%,which effectively reduces the environmental risk of contaminated soil.