Monthly variation in litterfall and the amount of nutrients in an Aleurites montana plantation

In this study, the dynamics of monthly variation in litterfall and the amount of nutrients, i.e., organic C, N, P and K, in an Aleurites montana plantation were analyzed, based on a field study and experiments over one year. The results show that the litterfall mass of A. montana collected generally presents an ascending trend with maximum defoliation occurring in the autumn and winter （October-December）, accounting for 75.67% of the total amount of annual litterfalk The sequence in the amount of nutrients in A. montana litter was as follows： organic C 〉 N 〉 K 〉 P; their monthly amounts show various dynamic curves. Similar to the dynamics of the mass of monthly litterfall, the monthly returns of C, N, P and K generally show an ascending trend with their peak values all occurring in December. The mass of A. montana litterfall and the dynamics of its monthly nutrient return provide, to a certain degree, a scientific reference for planting and fertilizing A. montana.

Effects of Chemical Components on the Amount of Green Tea Cream

The relationship between the amount of tea cream and the chemical components contents in the original green tea infusion was investigated. The results showed that the amounts of tea cream in the green tea infusions obtained from different cultivars and different parts of new shoots were varied. There were many chemical components participating in the formation of green tea cream. However, there were only the contents of caffeine （Y=0.85, P〈0.01） and polyphenols （Y=0.65, P〈0.05） in the original green tea infusion highly correlated with the amount of green tea cream. Stepwise regression analysis of overall chemical components indicated that the contents of caffeine and gallated catechins in the original green tea infusion had a significant effect （P〈0.01） on green tea cream levels. Cream （g L-1）=-172.071＋ 0.129×Ccaffeine＋0.024×Ggallated catechins （R2=0.936）. The amount of green tea cream can be predicted by the contents of gallated catechins and caffeine in the original tea infusion. Principal component analysis also indicated that catechins, minerals, and polysaccharides were the important chemical components in the formation of green tea cream.

Study on the Optimum Moisture Amount Added to Brown Rice once during the Wet Conditioning

In the experiment, the brown rice whose moisture content was 12.5% was used as raw material. The brown rice was grouped, then moisturized differently and milled. While milling, the energy consumption, the rate of broken rice and the crack rate were tested. It is confirmed that the stress crack owing to the moisture added to the brown rice can be avoided when the moisture amount added once is limited to no more than 1.5%. It is also proved that the energy consumption can be reduced, the yielding rate of rice can be increased and that the quality of rice can be improved.

Proper In deposition amount for on-demand epitaxy of InAs/GaAs single quantum dots

The test-QD in-situ annealing method could surmount the critical nucleation condition of InAs/GaAs single quantum dots（SQDs） to raise the growth repeatability.Here,through many growth tests on rotating substrates,we develop a proper In deposition amount（θ） for SQD growth,according to the measured critical θ for test QD nucleation（θ;）.The proper ratio θ/θ;,with a large tolerance of the variation of the real substrate temperature(T;),is 0.964-0.971 at the edge and> 0.989 but < 0.996 in the center of a 1/4-piece semi-insulating wafer,and around 0.9709 but < 0.9714 in the center of a 1/4-piece N;wafer as shown in the evolution of QD size and density as θ/θ;varies.Bright SQDs with spectral lines at 905 nm-935 nm nucleate at the edge and correlate with individual 7 nm-8 nm-height QDs in atomic force microscopy,among dense 1 nm-5 nm-height small QDs with a strong spectral profile around 860 nm-880 nm.The higher T;in the center forms diluter,taller and uniform QDs,and very dilute SQDs for a proper θ/θ;:only one 7-nm-height SQD in25 μm;.On a 2-inch（1 inch = 2.54 cm） semi-insulating wafer,by using θ/θ;= 0.961,SQDs nucleate in a circle in 22%of the whole area.More SQDs will form in the broad high-T;region in the center by using a proper θ/θ;.

Amount and temperature effects responsible for precipitation isotope variation in the southern slope of Himalayas

Seasonal variation of stable isotopes in precipitation of Kathmandu Valley on the southem slope of Himalaya was carried out to understand the controlling mechanism of amount and temperature effect on the basis of one year stable isotope data from 2010 to 2011. Highly depleted isotope values in major rainy period are obtained just after the onset of precipitation in summer, which ac- counts for ＂amount effect＂ due to saturation isotopic compositions in high moisture condition, whereas, the higher values in winter are indicative to regional vapors （temperature effect） recycling of various sources. An abrupt depletion of isotope values in mid- June, indicates the onset date of monsoon precipitation, by the replacement of winter air mass with southem monsoon. Thus, pre- cipitation isotopes are a tool revealing the onset date of summer monsoon and temporal features of variability, in local and regional monsoons precipitations. A comparison of long term monthly values of 5180, temperature, and precipitation with GNIP 6180 data shows the temporal variations of stable isotopes are mostly controlled by amount and temperature effects. During summer mon- soon, the amount effects are stronger for high values of precipitation （R=0.7） and altitude effect appears for low moisture in late rainy season, thus from December to June （winter to pre-monsoon） the controlling features of isotopes remains under the temper- ature effect. A temporal rate of temperature effect is derived as 0.04%0 per year which indicates a dry signal of atmospheric condition and a temperature relation 5180=（0.371±0.08）T＋（0.156±0.05） is obtained from this analysis. The meteoric water lines of Kathmandu before and after monsoon onset of 2011, are found as 5D=（4.36±0.3）5180＋（15.66±1.2） and 5D=（6.91±0.2）S180-（7.92±2.26） from lab samples result, and 5D=9.25180＋11.725 and 5D=8.535180＋16.65 from GNIP data, which lacks the consistency both for slopes and intercepts values for the study period. The mean lapse rate values of δ18O and δD from GNIP data are obtained as -0.002‰/m and -0.015 ‰/m, which indicate the altitudinal effects in regional precipitation of the southern slope of Himalayas. This study estimates new stable isotopes data in recent precipitation using simple methodology which can be important for regional precipitation monitoring systems, environmental change and paleo-climatic studies.

Study on the Total Amount Control of Atmospheric Pollutant Based on GIS

To provide effective environmental management for total amount control of atmospheric pollutants. Methods An atmospheric diffusion model of sulfur dioxide on the surface of the earth was established and tested in Shantou of Guangdong Province on the basis of an overall assessment of regional natural environment, social economic state of development, pollution sources and atmospheric environmental quality. Compared with actual monitoring results in a studied region, simulation values fell within the range of two times of error and were evenly distributed in the two sides of the monitored values. Predicted with the largest emission model method, the largest emission of sulfur dioxide would be 54 279.792 tons per year in 2010. Conclusion The mathematical model established and revised on the basis of GIS is more rational and suitable for the regional characteristics of total amount control of air pollutants.

Gastrointestinal Tract Development in Unweaned Calves Feeding Different Amounts of Milk and Different Starters

This study was conducted to determine the effect of different starter diets and different amounts of milk on growth performance and gastrointestinal tract development in unweaned calves. 16 calves were assigned to 4 groups, 4 calves in each group. These four groups received the following treatments respectively: 1) high milk (6 L) + low starch (21%), high NDF (28%), high molasses (10%) starter (HMLS group);2) high milk (6L) + high starch (40%), low NDF (14%), low molasses (5%) starter (HMHS group);3) low milk (3 L) + low starch (21%), high NDF (28%), high molasses (10%) starter (LMLS group);4) low milk (3 L) + high starch (40%), low NDF (14%), low molasses (5%) starter (LMHS group). The trial was of 2 × 2 factorial design. All calves had free access to hay and water. Results showed that the low milk allowance increased calf concentrate dry matter intake (DMI) and total DMI, reduced body height at 4 weeks of age, reduced heart girth at 6 weeks of age (P < 0.05). The low milk allowance increased complex stomach full weight, reticulorumen full weight, and the percentages of stomach full weight and reticulorumen full weight over body weight (P < 0.05). The low starch, high fiber, high molasses starters reduced the complex stomach full weight, the proportion of the complex stomach empty weight over body weight, reticulorumen empty weight, abomasum full weight, the proportion of abomasum empty weight over body weight and reticulorumen volume (P < 0.05). The low milk allowance increased calf intestine length, small intestine full weight, the proportion of small intestine full weight over body weight, but reduced the jejunum villus width (P < 0.05), increased ruminal pH (P < 0.05). The low milk allowance reduced papilla length in rumen anterior ventral blind sac, but increased papilla length in the posterior ventral sac

Minimum Amount of Extracting Solvent of a Separation of Two Rare Earth Components

A significant development in the theory of countercurrent extraction will be presented in this article. New expressions of the term in countercurrent extraction process analysis, “Adjacent Stage Impurity Ratio” (ASIR), are deduced. Furthermore, based on the term together with mass balance and extraction equilibrium, the conditions where a given countercurrent extraction separation operation can have minimum amounts of both extracting solvent and scrubbing agent solution can be estimated, and the equations of the two minimum amounts can be deduced. It was found that the equations for a two-component separation using a single aqueous or organic feed are exactly the same as they appeared in the theory initially established in 1970s. Unlike its earlier version, the present derivation does not involve feed-stage-composition hypothesis, and also has the advantage of dealing with a double-feed system where both aqueous and organic feeds are simultaneously employed whereas the earlier theory can only analyze a separation using a single aqueous or organic feed.

The effect of particle size and amount of inoculum on fungal treatment of wheat straw and wood chips

Background： The aim of this study was to optimize the fungal treatment of lignocellulosic biomass by stimulating the colonization. Wheat straw and wood chips were treated with Ceriporiopsis subvermispora and Lentinula edodes with various amounts of colonized millet grains（0.5, 1.5 or 3.0 % per g of wet weight of substrate） added to the substrates. Also, wheat straw and wood chips were chopped to either 0.5 or 2 cm.Effectiveness of the fungal treatment after 0, 2, 4, 6, or 8 wk of incubation was determined by changes in chemical composition, in vitro gas production（IVGP） as a measure for rumen degradability, and ergosterol content as a measure of fungal biomass.Results： Incomplete colonization was observed for C. subvermispora treated wheat straw and L. edodes treated wood chips. The different particle sizes and amounts of inoculum tested, had no significant effects on the chemical composition and the IVGP of C. subvermispora treated wood chips. Particle size did influence L.edodes treatment of wheat straw. The L. edodes treatment of 2 cm wheat straw resulted in a more selective delignification and a higher IVGP than the smaller particles. Addition of 1.5 % or 3 % L. edodes inoculum to wheat straw resulted in more selective delignification and a higher IVGP than addition of 0.5 % inoculum.Conclusion： Particle size and amount of inoculum did not have an effect on C. subvermispora treatment of wood chips. At least 1.5 % L. edodes colonized millet grains should be added to 2 cm wheat straw to result in an increased IVGP and acid detergent lignin（ADL） degradation.

Research on the effect of the heavy nuclei amount on the temperature reactivity coefficient in a small modular molten salt reactor

Small modular thorium-based graphite-moderated molten salt reactors (smTMSRs), which combine the advantages of small modular reactors and molten salt reactors, are regarded as a wise development path to speed deployment time. In a smTMSR, low enriched uranium and thorium fuels are used in once-through mode, which makes a marked difference in their neutronic properties compared with the case when a conventional molten salt breeder reactor is used. This study investigated the temperature reactivity coefficient (TRC) in a smTMSR, which is mainly affected by the molten salt volume fraction (VF) and the heavy nuclei concentration in the fuel salt (HN). The fourfactor formula method and the reaction rate method were used to indicate the reasons for the TRC change, including the fuel density effect, the fuel Doppler effect, and the graphite thermal scattering effect. The results indicate that only the fuel density has a positive effect on the TRC in the undermoderated region. Thermal scattering from both salt and graphite has a significant negative influence on the TRC in the overmoderated region. The maximal effective multiplication factor, which shows the highest fuel utilization, is located at 10% VF and 12 mol% HN and is still located in the negative TRC region. In addition, on increasing the heavy nuclei amount from 2 mol% HN to 12 mol% HN (VF = 10%), the total TRC undergoes an obvious change from - 11 to - 3 pcm/K, which implies that the change in the HN caused by the fuel feed online should be small to avoid potential trouble in the reactivity control scheme.

Effect of Straw Mixing Amount on Mechanical Properties of Admixture-adding Hollow Block

The bonding mechanism between straw and concrete was analyzed through testing the compressive strength and flexural strength of hollow block, with different straw amount and different dosage and types of admixtures. The test results show that the mechanical properties of hollow blocks reduced after adding straws, and the more straws was added, the more hollow block density decreased. But adding A12（SO4）3 and CaC12 could improve the dense degree between rice straw and concrete. And when the proportion of straw mixing amount was 10%, the flexural strength of the early strength agent （2% A12（SO4）3, CaC12） added hollow block reached as maximal as 3.1 MPa, while the compressive strength was 9.1 MPa, consisting with the strength grade of common concrete hollow block MU7.5.

Calculating Model of Interference Amount for Miniaturized Gear and Shaft Shrink Fit

Based on miniaturized components＇ characteristics, the method of assembling miniaturized gear and shaft together with corresponding calculating model of the interference amount are proposed. On the basis of main effecting factors analysis on the gear and shaft assembling interference amount, calculating formula including all factors effective on the interference amount necessary for reliable system running was built up. The methods of reverse calculating theoretical model was used to build up the equivalent simulation model of the theoretical one, together with simulation verification and case study for calculating formula. The results show that the cold assembling method is applicable for miniaturized gear and shaft, but in the assembling process, the interference amount compensating the shape error of contacting surfaces takes a large proportion, which is the main cause of stress variance on contacting surfaces.

A method for calculating the total ozone amount in the clear skies

A new method for calculating the clear day total ozone amount was obtained by the regression analysis of the observation data of ozone,solar UV radiation, and meteorological parameters.With this method the monthly mean total ozone amounts for the year 1991 in Beijing were calculated. Generally, the calculated values agree well with the Dobson spectrophotometer measurements, the average relative deviation between them being less than 2. 2%. According to the F-test,the photochemical reactions in the atmosphere,the solar UV radiation,and the aerosols are three most important factors to affect the column total ozone amount.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSES ON THE LITTER IN KOREAN PINE MONGOLIAN SCOTS PINE AND DAHURIAN LARCH PLANTATIONS(Ⅱ)CONTENT AND RETURNING AMOUNT OF NUTRIENT ELEMENTS

Comparative analyses were conducted on the nutrient element content and returning amount of main fractional compositions of litter in Korean pine (KP), Mongolian Scots pine(MSP) and Dahurian larch (DL) plantations in Laoshan Plantation Experiment Station of Maoershan Experiment Forest Farm of Northeast Forestry University. The results are as follows: (1) The nutrient element content and returning amount in litter varies among different fractional compositions and tree species, the total returning amount of all nutrient elements and the returning amount of K, Ca, Mg, N and P are DL>MSP>KP, the returning amount of Cu is DL>KP>MSP, the returning amount of Fe and Mn are MSP>DL>KP, (2) To KP and DL plantations, the main nutrient element returned is dead needles; dead branches, bark scales and dead cones account for a little proportion; whereas to MSP plantation, besides dead needles,dead branches and bark scales also play an important role in the return of nutrient elements; (3)A little deal of dead leaves can provided a great deal of returning amount of nutrient elements.

Effects of Fermentation Bed Cultivation Model on the Expression Amount of MSTN in Swine Gluteus and Its Correlation with Pork Quality

[ Objective] The research aimed to discuss the differences of the expression amount of the related gene that regulated the development of muscles under different feeding environments. [ Method ] Using fluorescence quantitative PCR, the effects of fermentation bed cultivation model on the expression mount of MSTN in pig gluteus were studied and the correlation between its expression amount and the carcass quality of pig was analyzed. [ Result] The relative expression amount of MSTN mRNA of swine gluteus under fermentation bed cultivation model decreased 8.6% by that under conventional cement ground feeding model, but there was no significant difference（P 〉0.05）. The expression amount of MSTN mRNA in pig gluteus undo＂ conventional cement ground feeding model showed a significant negative correlation with shear force （ P 〈 0.05）. The expression amount of MSTN mRNA in pig gluteus under fermentation bed cultivation model showed significant negative correlations with water content and muscle fiber diameter（P 〈 0.05 ）. The expression amount of MSTN mRNA in pig gluteus under two cultivation models had no significant correlation with other meat quality indices（P 〉 0.05）. [ Conclusion] The research could provide test materials for the studies on the regulation of pork quality.

Study of the Amount of Forest Litter and Litter Decomposition

Based on the introduction of concept of forest litter, changes in the amount of forest litter with climate zone, elevation, forest type and age of stand were analyzed, and then the decomposition of forest litter was discussed.

Analysis on Risk Prevention Mechanism for Farmers' Default in Small Amount Credit

Through analysis, it is believed that major reasons for default risks in operation of small amount credit include low management level and vacancy of normative system, vacancy of risk sharing mechanism, rating distortion due to imperfect credit investigation system, and uncertainty of borrower's credit. On the basis of these, static and dynamic models are established to analyze the prevention mechanism for default risk in small amount credit. It is concluded that we must establish a restriction mechanism during operation of small amount credit as long as three values increase, namely, N (potential loss of bad credit record due to farmers' default), Q (probability of successful recovery by small amount credit institution), and S (cost of small amount credit institution punishing farmers after successful recovery). Finally, following countermeasures and suggestions are put forward: perfect laws and regulations and credit reward and punishment mechanism for risk management of small amount credit; bring into play proper function of loan officer in small amount credit practice; widely promote rural "Group Credit Union" system.

Effect of Fertilizing Amount and Planting Density on Yield and Qual-ity of Strong-gluten Wheat Taishan 27

To get the cultivation pattern featured by improved varieties and fine methods for strong-gluten and high-yielding wheat variety Taishan 27,this paper used Taishan 27 as material to study the effect of fertilizing amount and planting density on yield and quality of material.The results showed that Taishan 27 had high yield under fertilizing amount of 225 kg/ha pure nitrogen and planting density of 240 × 104-300× 10~4/ha; the yield was lowest under fertilizing amount of 300 kg/ha pure nitrogen and planting density of 360 × 10~4/ha. The suitable planting density for Taishan 27 was 240 × 104-300 × 10~4/ha,and the fertilizing amount of nitrogen should be based on different soil fertility conditions to avoid water and fertilizer stress and improve yield.

Effects of AOS on Bt's Adhesion Amount on Vegetable Leaves and Its Insecticidal Effect

[Objectives] This study was conducted to investigate the safety of surfactants AOS and Tween 80 on Bt and their effects on Bt's adhesion amount on crop leaves and its field efficacy. [Methods] Certain concentrations of AOS and Tween 80 were added to Bt liquid to check the effects of the surfactants on Bt spore germination, the adhesion amount of Bt on vegetable leaves and the field efficacy on beet armyworm. [Results] After treatment with surfactants AOS and Tween 80, Bt spores germinated normally. After adding AOS, the adhesion amounts of Bt spores on scallion, kohlrabi, radish and Chinese cabbage leaves were 209.75, 249.00, 274.00 and 281.75, respectively, which was 3.8, 2.2, 2.0 and 1.6 times higher than the CK. After adding Tween 80, the adhesion amounts of Bt spores on scallion, kohlrabi, radish and Chinese cabbage leaves were 198.25, 203.25, 233.00 and 236.75, respectively, which were 3.6, 1.8, 1.7 and 1.4 times higher than the CK, respectively. The average field insecticidal effect of the Bt liquid reached 81.3% and 79.5% after the addition of surfactants AOS and Tween 80, respectively, while the average insecticidal effect of the CK without the addition of a surfactant was only 53.3%, which was remarkably lower than above two values. [Conclusions] Surfactants AOS and Tween 80 are safe for Bt; and the addition of surfactants AOS and Tween 80 significantly increased the amount of Bt attached to vegetable leaves, and significantly improved the control efficacy of pests on plants rich in cuticle.

Dose-response relationship of lung cancer to amount smoked, duration and age starting

AIM: To quantify smoking/lung cancer relationships accurately using parametric modelling. METHODS: Using the International Epidemiological Studies on Smoking and Lung Cancer database of all epidemiological studies of 100+ lung cancer cases published before 2000, we analyzed 97 blocks of data for amount smoked, 35 for duration of smoking, and 27 for age started. Pseudo-numbers of cases and controls(or at risk) estimated from RRs by dose level formed the data modelled. We fitted various models relating loge RR to dose(d), including βd, βdY and βloge(1 + Wd),and investigated goodness-of-fit and heterogeneity between studies. RESULTS: The best-fitting models for loge RR were0.833 loge [1 +(8.1c/10)] for cigarettes/d(c), 0.792(y/10)0.74 for years smoked(y) and 0.176 [(70- a)/10]1.44 for age of start(a). Each model fitted well overall, though some blocks misfitted. RRs rose from 3.86 to 22.31 between c = 10 and 50, from 2.21 to 13.54 between y = 10 and 50, and from 3.66 to 8.94 between a = 30 and 12.5. Heterogeneity(P < 0.001) existed by continent for amount, RRs for 50 cigarettes/d being 7.23(Asia), 26.36(North America) and 22.16(Europe). Little heterogeneity was seen for duration of smoking or age started. CONCLUSION: The models describe the dose-relationships well, though may be biased by factors including misclassification of smoking status and dose.