High-amylose maize starch has great pote ntial for widespread in dustrial use due to its ability to form strong gels and film and in the food processi ng field,thus servi ng as a resista nt starch source.However,there...High-amylose maize starch has great pote ntial for widespread in dustrial use due to its ability to form strong gels and film and in the food processi ng field,thus servi ng as a resista nt starch source.However,there is still a substa ntial shortage of high-amylose maize due to the limitation of natural germplasm resources,although the well-known amylose extender(ae)gene mutants have bee n found to produce high-amylose maize lines since 1948.In this con text,high-amylose maize lines(13 inbreds and 18 hybrids)originating from a natural amylose mutant in our testing field were utilized to study the correlation between amylose content(AC)and phenotypic traits(kernel morphology and endosperm glossiness),grain filling characteristics,gene expression,and amylose inheritanee.Our results showed that AC was negatively correlated with total starch con tent but was not correlated with grain phe no types,such as kernel full ness,kernel morphology and endosperm glossiness.Maize lines with higher amylose had a greater grain filling rate than that of the controI(B73)during the first 20 days after pollination(DAP).Both starch debranching enzyme(DBE)groups and starch branching enzyme lib(SBEIIb)groups showed a greater abundance in the control(B73)than in the high-amylose maize lines.Male parents directly predicted AC of Fv which was moderately positively correlated with the F2 generation.展开更多
Anther culture pure lines with antisense Wx gene were generated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated co-transformation followed by anther culture in transgenic rice (Oryza sativa L. ssp. japonica). The antisense Wx...Anther culture pure lines with antisense Wx gene were generated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated co-transformation followed by anther culture in transgenic rice (Oryza sativa L. ssp. japonica). The antisense Wx transgenic pure lines were used to analyze the differences and the relationship between RVA eigenvalues among the lines with different amylose contents. 77 pure lines of anther culture having antisense Wx gene were studied for the amylose content of its offspring cultivar, Wuyunjing 7. It was found that levels ofamylose content were similar to the control in 19 lines (16.0%); 1-5% lower than control in 50 lines, of which, within 11.0-13.9% in 40 lines; and 3.1-4.0% in 8 lines. The effect of the amylose content on RVA eigenvalue was analyzed through the RVA profile graphic comparison and test of significance for RVA eigenvalues. The analysis of RVA profiles with different amylose contents indicated that there were two kinds of RVA profiles within genetically similar cultivars. The lines with 3.1-4.0% of amylose content were distinctly different from other lines and conventional glutinous rice. The comparison of the similarity curve of RVA profile of the lines with different amylose contents showed that the lines with lower amylose content had a distinguished RVA profile with the curve increasing gradually, but not exceeding the first apex. The test of significance for eigenvalues of the RVA profile in the lines with different amylose contents indicated that there were five eigenvalues remarkably different among the lines with 3.1-4.0% of amylose content compared with other two groups. Further, there were three eigenvalues remarkably different among the lines with 11.0-13.5% of amylose content compared with control group. An optimized mathematical model, which characterizes the relationships between the amylose content and RVA eigenvalue, has been established in this study. From this model, it was clearly indicated that the parameters PeT and SBV were more related to amylose content. It was concluded that the differences in amylose content not only affected the eigenvalues of RVA but also caused different RVA profiles within genetically similar cultivars. The introduction of antisense Wx gene could lead to reduce the amylose content and lay theoretical foundation for quality improvement in rice breeding programs.展开更多
Physicochemical properties of endosperm starches in milled rice determine its cooking and eating quality.Amylose is synthesized by granule-bound starch synthase I(GBSSI),whilst amylopectin is synthesized by the synerg...Physicochemical properties of endosperm starches in milled rice determine its cooking and eating quality.Amylose is synthesized by granule-bound starch synthase I(GBSSI),whilst amylopectin is synthesized by the synergistic activities of starch synthases(SSs),branching enzymes(BEs)and debranching enzymes(DBEs).However,the complexes formed by starch biosynthetic enzymes are not well characterized.Gene expression profiles and protein complexes were determined in white-core(GM645)and waxy(GM077)mutants derived from a high amylose indica rice Guangluai 4(GLA4).In GM645,genes including AGPS1,GBSSI,SSIIa,BEI,BEIIa,BEIIb,PUL,ISA1 and SP were significantly downregulated during seed development.In GM077,the expression levels of AGPL2,AGPS1,AGPS2b,SSIIIa,BEI,PUL and ISA1 were significantly upregulated.Co-immunoprecipitation assays revealed interactions of SSs-BEs,SSs-PUL and BEs-PUL in developing seeds.However,weak SSI-SSIIa interaction was detected in GM077,whilst SSI-PUL interaction was absent.Weak interaction signals for SSI-SSIIa,SSIIa-BEI,SSIIa-BEIIb,BEI-BEIIb and SSI-BEI were also observed in GM645.These results suggest that the protein-protein interactions for starch biosynthesis are modified in mutants,which provides insight into the mechanisms of starch biosynthesis,particularly in indica rice.展开更多
Rice samples were scanned with a Foss Tecator Infratec and their amylose content was determinedusing a standard wet chemical method.Calibration software along with several mathematicaltreatments of the sample spectra ...Rice samples were scanned with a Foss Tecator Infratec and their amylose content was determinedusing a standard wet chemical method.Calibration software along with several mathematicaltreatments of the sample spectra and several regression methods was used to optimize a nearinfrared transmittance spectroscopy equation for determining rice amylose content. The standarderror of calibration, standard error of cross-validation and regression squared of thecalibration were 1.489, 1.761 and 0.885,respectively.展开更多
Amylose content is a key determinant of eating quality of rice. With the characteristics offluffy texture, glossy appearance when cooked, remaining soft when cooled and excellentpuffing ability, the low-amylose rice w...Amylose content is a key determinant of eating quality of rice. With the characteristics offluffy texture, glossy appearance when cooked, remaining soft when cooled and excellentpuffing ability, the low-amylose rice with amylose content 5-15% could be served as not onlycooked rice directly, but also good material for convenience, mixed rice and puffing foods.Current status on characterization, inheritance, molecular mechanism and breeding of low-amylose content rice was reviewed in this paper, strategy of related researches in the era ofglymics was mainly discussed furthermore. The future research should focus on screening andenhancing the germplasm, further elucidating the molecular mechanism on mutation of lowamylose content, utilizing the genes independent of Wx on low-amylose content rice breedingprogram, and developing high quality functional rice cultivars for special usage throughpyramiding low amylose gene and other special quality genes.展开更多
This study evaluated the effects of the dietary starch amylose/amylopectin ratio on growth performance,rumen fermentation and blood parameters,carcass characteristics and marbling score,and meat fatty acid profiles an...This study evaluated the effects of the dietary starch amylose/amylopectin ratio on growth performance,rumen fermentation and blood parameters,carcass characteristics and marbling score,and meat fatty acid profiles and transcriptional changes in the genes involved in the gluconeogenesis pathway in Chinese Qinchuan cattle.Forty-five cattle were randomly divided into three groups.The bulls were fed a control diet(middle amylose/amylopectin ratio=0.47)or diets with either waxy corn starch(WS)inclusion(low amylose/amylopectin ratio=0.23)or pea starch(PS)inclusion(high amylose/amylopectin ratio=0.60)for 90 days.The bulls were individually allowed to receive the diets at the daily amount of at least 2.1%of their individual BW twice daily.The bulls were weighed at 45-day intervals,and blood and rumen fluid samples were also collected at 45-day intervals.The bulls were slaughtered and longissimus thoracis(LT)samples were collected for meat quality measurements.Compared with PS,the average daily gain(ADG)and feed efficiency in control and WS were increased(P<0.05)during d 0 to 45.However,the feed efficiency in PS was increased(P<0.05)compared with the control and WS during d 46 to 90.During the whole feeding trial,the ADG in control and WS showed trends that were higher(0.05<P<0.1)than that of PS,while other growth performance measures and feed intake did not differ(P>0.05)among the three groups.Compared with PS,the serum insulin concentration in WS was increased(P<0.05)at d 45,but not at d 90.Compared with control and WS,the serum SOD and T-AOC concentrations in PS were increased(P<0.05)at d 45,but not at d 90.Compared with control,the rumen microbial crude protein contents in WS and PS were increased(P<0.05)at d 0,while those of control and WS were higher(P<0.05)than that of PS at d 45,but not at d 90.Compared with PS,the backfat thickness in control and WS were increased(P<0.05),however,the marbling score and expression of genes related to the gluconeogenesis pathway in liver of the three groups did not differ(P>0.05).Chemical and physio-chemical compositions of LT did not differ(P>0.05)among the three groups.In conclusion,diets with low or middle amylose/amylopectin ratios increased the backfat thickness,and tended to improve ADG,but had no effect on other carcass characteristics,fat content in the LT,or the expression of hepatic genes related to the gluconeogenesis pathway in Chinese Qinchuan cattle.展开更多
The near infrared spectra of 178 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) from the cross of Ⅱ-32B/Yuezaoxian 6 (YZX6) and 511 varieties in rice were acquired. A total of 80 RILs and 96 cultivars were selected as modeling ...The near infrared spectra of 178 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) from the cross of Ⅱ-32B/Yuezaoxian 6 (YZX6) and 511 varieties in rice were acquired. A total of 80 RILs and 96 cultivars were selected as modeling samples by comparing the spectra similarity primarily. Three partial least square (PLS) regression models were developed, based on the RILs (RIL-model), the varieties (Var-model) and their mixture (Mix-model), for protein content (PC) and amylose content (AC), respectively. Cross validation and outer prediction showed that the models were largely influenced by the range and distribution of modeling samples. The regression model of PC based on the cultivars and the model of AC based on RILs had higher coefficient of determination (r^2 ≥ 0.9) and lower root mean square error of cross validation (RMSECVs). The disadvantages of RIL samples for PC model and variety samples for AC model were probably caused by the narrow range of variance. Aberrant predictions were obtained for outer sample with PC or AC outside the range or within the distribution gap of modeling samples. The Mix-models gave more reliable prediction as the distribution of RIL and variety modeling samples were complementary to each other.展开更多
There exists a single nucleotide polymorphism, G or T, at the first base of the donor splice site of waxy gene intron 1 in rice. In order to study the relationship between the first base of the donor splice site of wa...There exists a single nucleotide polymorphism, G or T, at the first base of the donor splice site of waxy gene intron 1 in rice. In order to study the relationship between the first base of the donor splice site of waxy gene intron 1 and amylose content in rice, the one-step PCR method was used to determine whether it is G or T in 220 Yunnan indigenous rice varieties from 14 districts, 55 towns/counties of Yunnan Province, and 101 varieties of which were validated by the PCR-Acc I method. According to the G/T polymorphism, 164 rice varieties showed GG-genotype, while the other 56 fell into TT- genotype, accounting for 74.5% and 25.5% of all the test varieties, respectively. When all the rice varieties were divided into indica and japonica subspecies, it was found that 80.5% of indica rice and 67.0% of japonica rice belonged to GG-genotype. The rice varieties with GG-genotype had significantly higher amylose content (18.95% on average) than those with TT- genotype (all below 16%), but 33 rice varieties with GG-genotype still had low amylose content ranging from 3.91% to 15.93%, and most of them came from the Dai minority area in the Southwest of Yunnan Province. However, there was no significant difference in the mean amylose content of the same GG or TT genotypes between indica and japonica rice, suggesting that different genetic backgrounds, indica or japonica, had no effect on amylose content. The coefficient of correlation between the genotype and amylose content was 0.733 (P〈0.01).展开更多
Cross-linked pectin/high amylose mixtures were evaluated as a new excipient for matrix tablets formulations,since the mixing of polymers and cross-linking reaction represent rational tools to reach materials with modu...Cross-linked pectin/high amylose mixtures were evaluated as a new excipient for matrix tablets formulations,since the mixing of polymers and cross-linking reaction represent rational tools to reach materials with modulated and specific properties that meet specific therapeutic needs.Objective:In this work the influence of polymer ratio and cross-linking process on the swelling and the mechanism driving the drug release from swellable matrix tablets prepared with this excipient was investigated.Methods:Cross-linked samples were characterized by their micromeritic properties(size and shape,density,angle of repose and flow rate)and liquid uptake ability.Matrix tablets were evaluated according their physical properties and the drug release rates and mechanisms were also investigated.Results:Cross-linked samples demonstrated size homogeneity and irregular shape,with liquid uptake ability insensible to pH.Cross-linking process of samples allowed the control of drug release rates and the drug release mechanism was influenced by both polymer ratio and cross-linking process.The drug release of samples with minor proportion of pectin was driven by an anomalous transport and the increase of the pectin proportion contributed to the erosion of the matrix.Conclusion:The cross-linked mixtures of high amylose and pectin showed a suitable excipient for slowing the drug release rates.展开更多
Rice ratooning,or the production of a second rice crop from stubble after the harvest of the main crop,is considered to be a green and resource-efficient rice production system.The present study was conducted to exami...Rice ratooning,or the production of a second rice crop from stubble after the harvest of the main crop,is considered to be a green and resource-efficient rice production system.The present study was conducted to examine variance in amylose content(AC),grain morphology,crystal structure,and thermal properties of starch between main-and ratoon-season rice of seven varieties.Ratoon-season rice grains had higher ACs and significantly lower transition gelatinization temperatures(To,Tp,and Tc)than did main-season rice grains.The relative crystallinity and lamellar peak intensity of ratoon-season rice starch were 7.89%and 20.38%lower,respectively,than those of main-season rice starch.In addition,smaller granules with smoother surfaces and lower thermal parameters were observed in the starch of ratoon-season rice.The relative crystallinity and lamellar peak intensity of starch correlated negatively with the AC and positively with transition gelatinization temperatures.These results suggest that the superior cooking quality of ratoon-season rice is attributable to the moderate increase of grain AC,which reduces the relative crystallinity,weakens the crystal structure,and lead to a decrease in the gelatinization temperature.展开更多
The waxy(Wx)gene of rice encodes the granule-bound starch synthase(GBSS),which was required in the synthesis of amylose in endosperm.Theamylose content(AC)of rice endosperm played an important role in grain yield,pala...The waxy(Wx)gene of rice encodes the granule-bound starch synthase(GBSS),which was required in the synthesis of amylose in endosperm.Theamylose content(AC)of rice endosperm played an important role in grain yield,palatability,and processing quality.Our previous researehes showed that en-dosperm AC and GBSS contents were correlated with the ability of excising intron1 from the leader sequence of the Wx transcript.Cultivars with high endosperm展开更多
To lower the amylose content (AC) of the indica rice restorer line 057 with high AC, backcrosses were made respectively by using four indica varieties (R367, 91499, Yanhui 559, Hui 527) as low AC donor parents and...To lower the amylose content (AC) of the indica rice restorer line 057 with high AC, backcrosses were made respectively by using four indica varieties (R367, 91499, Yanhui 559, Hui 527) as low AC donor parents and 057 as the recurrent parent. A molecular marker (PCR-Acc Ⅰ) was used to identify the genotypes (GG, TT and GT) of the waxy (Wx) gene. Plants with GT genotype were selected and used as female parent and crossed with 057 to advance generation. The ACs of rice grains harvested from plants with different Wx genotypes were measured and compared to analyze the efficiency of marker-assisted selection. The ACs of the rice grain, harvested from the plants of Wx genotypes GG, GT and TT, were higher than 20%, in the range of 17.7-28.5%, and less than 18%, respectively. The PCR-Acc Ⅰ marker could be used for efficiently lowering the AC of 057 through backcrossing, and there were some influence of parental genetic background on the AC of rice grains with the same Wx genotype.展开更多
Amylose content and starch granule size in grains influence rice quality,which differs between the early(ES)and late season(LS).The objective of this study was to determine the variation of amylose content and starch ...Amylose content and starch granule size in grains influence rice quality,which differs between the early(ES)and late season(LS).The objective of this study was to determine the variation of amylose content and starch granule size between seasons and find the main reasons(e.g.,temperature and solar radiation)for the observed variation.Field experiments with six rice varieties(three high and three low amylose content rice)planted in the ES and LS were conducted in 2016 and 2017,respectively.The mean temperatures during the filling stage were higher in ES,however,the daily temperatures at 7-10 days after flowering(DAF)in 2016,and at 5-10,13-14 DAF in 2017 were higher in LS.The results showed that amylose content in LS was lower than in ES with high amylose content rice varieties(HACV);the opposite trend occurred with low amylose content rice varieties(LACV).The mean starch granule diameter was higher in LS than ES in 2016,but the opposite result occurred in 2017 with all rice.Our results suggest that higher temperatures increased and decreased the amylose content in HACV and LACV,respectively.Temperatures at 5-15 DAF were important for the formation of starch granules:lower temperatures during 10-14 DAF increased the proportion of larger starch granules(d>6.21μm,some with d>13.3μm),and higher temperatures at 5-6 DAF increased the proportion of starch granules with diameter 4.24-6.21μm.展开更多
The research aims to help reduce the enormous post-harvest losses of rice or bananas in Cote d’Ivoire. It focuses on the breakdown mechanism of their starch. This process contributes to their decay. This study wants ...The research aims to help reduce the enormous post-harvest losses of rice or bananas in Cote d’Ivoire. It focuses on the breakdown mechanism of their starch. This process contributes to their decay. This study wants to elucidate it;to do this, it analyzes the tetra or penta saccharide reactions with the water or dioxide carbon. It calculates the geometric, energetic and spectroscopic parameters at the ONIOM level (B3LYP/6-311++G [d, p]: AM1). These quantities allow establishing that oxygen <img src="Edit_7761c26d-f67d-4826-ab0e-8bff55d6faa3.png" alt="" /> represents the privileged hydrogen bond (HB) site for amylose with four or five D-glucose building blocks. They suggest <img src="Edit_ecd55400-653e-43d0-986d-9814259ebda7.png" alt="" /> and <img src="Edit_048b683f-5690-4078-b8ad-88fa25c5875c.png" alt="" /> are respectively those of amylopectin when the latter consists of four and five D-glucose synthons. They prove that amylose deteriorates before it;the degradation of starch begins with its alteration into disaccharides. It continues with that of amylopectin into tri or tetra-saccharides with four or five building blocks.展开更多
A new and enantioselective liquid chromatographic method was developed for estimation of S-Linagliptin in Linagliptin (LINA) drug substances. The desired enantiomeric separation was achieved on Chiralpak AD-H (250*4.6...A new and enantioselective liquid chromatographic method was developed for estimation of S-Linagliptin in Linagliptin (LINA) drug substances. The desired enantiomeric separation was achieved on Chiralpak AD-H (250*4.6 mm*5 μm) column with the mobile phase composition of ethanol, methanol and diethylamine in a ratio of 90:10:0.1 (v/v/v) with flow rate of 0.5 mL·min<sup>-</sup><sup>1</sup> and column oven temperature 30°C and the eluted compounds were monitored at 225 nm. In the proposed chiral method, USP resolutions between both the enantiomers were more than 5.0. Limit of detection and Limit of quantitation of S-LINA was found to be 0.03 μg·mL<sup>-1</sup> and 0.10 μg·mL<sup>-1</sup> respectively. Linearity study was conducted from LOQ to 150% and correlation coefficient found to be 0.9997. Accuracy was within the range of 98.6% to 101.5%. To prove selectivity power of the method specificity study was conducted by subjecting drug substance to acid, base, hydrolysis, oxidation and photolysis and ensured the peak purity of analyte in degraded samples. Moreover, the method has been fully validated as per ICH guidelines. The proposed method is precise, accurate, linear, rugged, robust and suitable for accurate quantification of S-LINA in LINA drug substance.展开更多
An understanding of the genetic effects of em-bryo genes for rice quality traits is of impor-tance for rice quality improvement. Analysisof embryo, endosperm, cytoplasmic, and ma-ternal genetic effects and genotype...An understanding of the genetic effects of em-bryo genes for rice quality traits is of impor-tance for rice quality improvement. Analysisof embryo, endosperm, cytoplasmic, and ma-ternal genetic effects and genotype×environ-展开更多
This study explored the variation of ileal endogenous amino acid(IEAA)losses and its influencing factors in chickens offered nitrogen-free diets(NFD)containing different ratios of amylose to amylopectin(AM/AP).A total...This study explored the variation of ileal endogenous amino acid(IEAA)losses and its influencing factors in chickens offered nitrogen-free diets(NFD)containing different ratios of amylose to amylopectin(AM/AP).A total of 252 broiler chickens at 28 d old were randomly allocated into 7 treatment groups for a 3-d trial.The dietary treatments included a basal diet(control),a NFD containing corn starch(CS),and 5NFD with AM/AP ratios of 0.20,0.40,0.60,0.80,and 1.00,respectively.As the AM/AP ratio increased,the IEAA losses of all AAs,starch digestibility and maltase activity linearly decreased(P<0.05),but the DM digestibility linearly and quadratically decreased(P<0.05).Compared with the control,the NFD increased the number of goblet cells and its regulatory genes mucin-2 and krüppel-like factor 4(KLF-4)while decreasing serum glucagon and thyroxine concentrations,ileal villus height,and crypt depth(P<0.05).Additionally,NFD with lower AM/AP ratios(0.20 and 0.40)decreased the ileal microbiota species richness(P<0.05).In all NFD groups,the number of Proteobacteria increased whereas the abundance of Firmicutes dropped(P<0.05).However,the broilers in the AM/AP 0.60 group were closer to the digestive physiological state of chickens fed the control diet,with no significant change in maltase activity and mucin-2 expression(P<0.05).In conclusion,increasing AM/AP ratio in a NFD decreased the IEAA losses and the apparent ileal digestibility of starch but inevitably resulted in malnutrition and disruption of gut microbiota homeostasis.This study recommends AM/AP in NFD at 0.60 to measure IEAA of broiler chickens.展开更多
Amylose content(AC) is the main factor determining the palatability, viscosity, transparency, and digestibility of rice(Oryza sativa)grains. AC in rice grains is mainly controlled by different alleles of the Waxy(Wx) ...Amylose content(AC) is the main factor determining the palatability, viscosity, transparency, and digestibility of rice(Oryza sativa)grains. AC in rice grains is mainly controlled by different alleles of the Waxy(Wx) gene. The AP2/EREBP transcription factor OsEBP89 interacts with the MYC-like protein OsBP5 to synergistically regulate the expression of Wx.Here, we determined that the GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE KINASE 5(OsGSK5, also named SHAGGY-like kinase 41 [OsSK41]) inhibits the transcriptional activation activity of OsEBP89 in rice grains during amylose biosynthesis. The loss of OsSK41 function enhanced Wx expression and increased AC in rice grains. By contrast, the loss of function of OsEBP89 reduced Wx expression and decreased AC in rice grains. OsSK41 interacts with OsEBP89 and phosphorylates four of its sites(Thr-28,Thr-30, Ser-238, and Thr-257), which makes OsEBP89 unstable and attenuates its interaction with OsBP5. Wx promoter activity was relatively weak when regulated by the phosphomimicvariantOsEBP89E–OsBP5but relatively strong when regulated by the nonphosphorylatable variant OsEBP89A–OsBP5.Therefore, OsSK41-mediated phosphorylation of OsEBP89 represents an additional layer of complexity in the regulation of amylose biosynthesis during rice grain development. In addition, our findings provide four possible sites for regulating rice grain AC via precise gene editing.展开更多
Twenty-four rice genotypes were examined to assess genetic variability,heritability,and correlations for seven-grain quality traits,eight nutritional elements,and protein.ANOVA revealed significant differences for the ...Twenty-four rice genotypes were examined to assess genetic variability,heritability,and correlations for seven-grain quality traits,eight nutritional elements,and protein.ANOVA revealed significant differences for the quality traits studied.For every trait under study,the phenotypic coefficient of variation was higher than the correspon-dence genotypic coefficient of variation.Heritability in a broad sense varied from 29.75%for grain length to 98.31%for the elongation trait.Hulling percentage recovery had a highly significant positive correlation with milling and head rice percentage.Consequently,milling percentage had a highly positive correlation with head rice percentage.In amylose percentage,all the genotypes belonged to low amylose except the Hassawi-1 variety,which had intermediate amylose content.Mineral nutrition contents of magnesium(Mg),sodium(Na),potas-sium(K),calcium(Ca),copper(Cu),manganese(Mn),zinc(Zn),iron(Fe),or protein percentage gave different variations for 24 rice genotypes under all the nutritional elements.Among the 24 genotypes,ten rice genotypes–HighNutrient-1,HighNutrient-2,HighNutrient-9,HighNutrient-8,HighNutrient-3,Hassawi-2,HighNutrient-7,HighNutrient-6,Hassawi-1,and HighNutrient-4–had the highest heist value for all nutritional and protein con-tents,and could be used as a donor to improving new varieties.There was a positive and significant correlation between magnesium Mg,K,Zn and Fe.Consequently,K had a positive correlation with zinc Zn,Fe,and protein percentage.Clustering analysis was divided into two groups:thefirst group included all genotypes rich in nutri-ents,while the remaining genotypes with low nutritional content were included in the second group.展开更多
Biodegradable plastics have attracted considerable attention in recent years due to their biodegradability,biocompatibility and non-toxicity.In this study,normal maize starch(containing 25%amylose)and high-amylose mai...Biodegradable plastics have attracted considerable attention in recent years due to their biodegradability,biocompatibility and non-toxicity.In this study,normal maize starch(containing 25%amylose)and high-amylose maize starch(containing 80%amylose)were served as model materials to prepare starch/polyvinyl alcohol(PVA)blends.To comprehensively study the effects of amylose contents on the film performances,the mechanical properties,water resistance and anaerobic biodegradability of the two films were examined.Moreover,the processes of anaerobic degradation were investigated by evolutions of biogas production,pH in reactors and the changes of film structures and compositions.The results indicated that amylose content played an important role in the microstructures of starch film as well as mechanical properties and water resistance,whereas it had no significant influence on anaerobic biodegradability of the films.Nonetheless,the structure of high-amylose maize starch/PVA film was more suitable and beneficial to the anaerobic biodegradation than that of the normal maize starch/PVA film,because it could effectively avoid accumulation of volatile fatty acids,which contributed to the stable biogas production,short fermentation period and non-souring in the reactor.展开更多
基金This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFD0300304),the Sci-Tech Project of Yangling City,China(2014NY-01),the Tang Foundation,China(A212021205),and the Shaanxi Science&Technology Co-ordination&Innovation Project,China(2015KTZDNY01-01-01).
文摘High-amylose maize starch has great pote ntial for widespread in dustrial use due to its ability to form strong gels and film and in the food processi ng field,thus servi ng as a resista nt starch source.However,there is still a substa ntial shortage of high-amylose maize due to the limitation of natural germplasm resources,although the well-known amylose extender(ae)gene mutants have bee n found to produce high-amylose maize lines since 1948.In this con text,high-amylose maize lines(13 inbreds and 18 hybrids)originating from a natural amylose mutant in our testing field were utilized to study the correlation between amylose content(AC)and phenotypic traits(kernel morphology and endosperm glossiness),grain filling characteristics,gene expression,and amylose inheritanee.Our results showed that AC was negatively correlated with total starch con tent but was not correlated with grain phe no types,such as kernel full ness,kernel morphology and endosperm glossiness.Maize lines with higher amylose had a greater grain filling rate than that of the controI(B73)during the first 20 days after pollination(DAP).Both starch debranching enzyme(DBE)groups and starch branching enzyme lib(SBEIIb)groups showed a greater abundance in the control(B73)than in the high-amylose maize lines.Male parents directly predicted AC of Fv which was moderately positively correlated with the F2 generation.
基金supported by the grants from the Ministry of Science and Technology,China(ZJY-A-02-02)the Shanghai Science Committee Program Fund,China(013912019)Natural Science Fundation of Jiangsu Province,China(BK2007510)
文摘Anther culture pure lines with antisense Wx gene were generated by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated co-transformation followed by anther culture in transgenic rice (Oryza sativa L. ssp. japonica). The antisense Wx transgenic pure lines were used to analyze the differences and the relationship between RVA eigenvalues among the lines with different amylose contents. 77 pure lines of anther culture having antisense Wx gene were studied for the amylose content of its offspring cultivar, Wuyunjing 7. It was found that levels ofamylose content were similar to the control in 19 lines (16.0%); 1-5% lower than control in 50 lines, of which, within 11.0-13.9% in 40 lines; and 3.1-4.0% in 8 lines. The effect of the amylose content on RVA eigenvalue was analyzed through the RVA profile graphic comparison and test of significance for RVA eigenvalues. The analysis of RVA profiles with different amylose contents indicated that there were two kinds of RVA profiles within genetically similar cultivars. The lines with 3.1-4.0% of amylose content were distinctly different from other lines and conventional glutinous rice. The comparison of the similarity curve of RVA profile of the lines with different amylose contents showed that the lines with lower amylose content had a distinguished RVA profile with the curve increasing gradually, but not exceeding the first apex. The test of significance for eigenvalues of the RVA profile in the lines with different amylose contents indicated that there were five eigenvalues remarkably different among the lines with 3.1-4.0% of amylose content compared with other two groups. Further, there were three eigenvalues remarkably different among the lines with 11.0-13.5% of amylose content compared with control group. An optimized mathematical model, which characterizes the relationships between the amylose content and RVA eigenvalue, has been established in this study. From this model, it was clearly indicated that the parameters PeT and SBV were more related to amylose content. It was concluded that the differences in amylose content not only affected the eigenvalues of RVA but also caused different RVA profiles within genetically similar cultivars. The introduction of antisense Wx gene could lead to reduce the amylose content and lay theoretical foundation for quality improvement in rice breeding programs.
基金National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2016YFD0400104)the Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.31800640 and 31871531).
文摘Physicochemical properties of endosperm starches in milled rice determine its cooking and eating quality.Amylose is synthesized by granule-bound starch synthase I(GBSSI),whilst amylopectin is synthesized by the synergistic activities of starch synthases(SSs),branching enzymes(BEs)and debranching enzymes(DBEs).However,the complexes formed by starch biosynthetic enzymes are not well characterized.Gene expression profiles and protein complexes were determined in white-core(GM645)and waxy(GM077)mutants derived from a high amylose indica rice Guangluai 4(GLA4).In GM645,genes including AGPS1,GBSSI,SSIIa,BEI,BEIIa,BEIIb,PUL,ISA1 and SP were significantly downregulated during seed development.In GM077,the expression levels of AGPL2,AGPS1,AGPS2b,SSIIIa,BEI,PUL and ISA1 were significantly upregulated.Co-immunoprecipitation assays revealed interactions of SSs-BEs,SSs-PUL and BEs-PUL in developing seeds.However,weak SSI-SSIIa interaction was detected in GM077,whilst SSI-PUL interaction was absent.Weak interaction signals for SSI-SSIIa,SSIIa-BEI,SSIIa-BEIIb,BEI-BEIIb and SSI-BEI were also observed in GM645.These results suggest that the protein-protein interactions for starch biosynthesis are modified in mutants,which provides insight into the mechanisms of starch biosynthesis,particularly in indica rice.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(39893350)Guangdong Natura1 Science Foundation(020384)funds from the"948"Project of the Ministry of Agriculture,China.
文摘Rice samples were scanned with a Foss Tecator Infratec and their amylose content was determinedusing a standard wet chemical method.Calibration software along with several mathematicaltreatments of the sample spectra and several regression methods was used to optimize a nearinfrared transmittance spectroscopy equation for determining rice amylose content. The standarderror of calibration, standard error of cross-validation and regression squared of thecalibration were 1.489, 1.761 and 0.885,respectively.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(30270811).
文摘Amylose content is a key determinant of eating quality of rice. With the characteristics offluffy texture, glossy appearance when cooked, remaining soft when cooled and excellentpuffing ability, the low-amylose rice with amylose content 5-15% could be served as not onlycooked rice directly, but also good material for convenience, mixed rice and puffing foods.Current status on characterization, inheritance, molecular mechanism and breeding of low-amylose content rice was reviewed in this paper, strategy of related researches in the era ofglymics was mainly discussed furthermore. The future research should focus on screening andenhancing the germplasm, further elucidating the molecular mechanism on mutation of lowamylose content, utilizing the genes independent of Wx on low-amylose content rice breedingprogram, and developing high quality functional rice cultivars for special usage throughpyramiding low amylose gene and other special quality genes.
基金the major Scientific and Technological Projects of Ningxia(2018GYYQ0002,China)the Beijing Natural Science Foundation(6194042)+1 种基金the Earmarked Fund for the Beijing Dairy Industry Innovation Consortium of the Agriculture Research System(BAIC06-2020,China)the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program(CAAS-ASTIP-2017-FRI-04,China).
文摘This study evaluated the effects of the dietary starch amylose/amylopectin ratio on growth performance,rumen fermentation and blood parameters,carcass characteristics and marbling score,and meat fatty acid profiles and transcriptional changes in the genes involved in the gluconeogenesis pathway in Chinese Qinchuan cattle.Forty-five cattle were randomly divided into three groups.The bulls were fed a control diet(middle amylose/amylopectin ratio=0.47)or diets with either waxy corn starch(WS)inclusion(low amylose/amylopectin ratio=0.23)or pea starch(PS)inclusion(high amylose/amylopectin ratio=0.60)for 90 days.The bulls were individually allowed to receive the diets at the daily amount of at least 2.1%of their individual BW twice daily.The bulls were weighed at 45-day intervals,and blood and rumen fluid samples were also collected at 45-day intervals.The bulls were slaughtered and longissimus thoracis(LT)samples were collected for meat quality measurements.Compared with PS,the average daily gain(ADG)and feed efficiency in control and WS were increased(P<0.05)during d 0 to 45.However,the feed efficiency in PS was increased(P<0.05)compared with the control and WS during d 46 to 90.During the whole feeding trial,the ADG in control and WS showed trends that were higher(0.05<P<0.1)than that of PS,while other growth performance measures and feed intake did not differ(P>0.05)among the three groups.Compared with PS,the serum insulin concentration in WS was increased(P<0.05)at d 45,but not at d 90.Compared with control and WS,the serum SOD and T-AOC concentrations in PS were increased(P<0.05)at d 45,but not at d 90.Compared with control,the rumen microbial crude protein contents in WS and PS were increased(P<0.05)at d 0,while those of control and WS were higher(P<0.05)than that of PS at d 45,but not at d 90.Compared with PS,the backfat thickness in control and WS were increased(P<0.05),however,the marbling score and expression of genes related to the gluconeogenesis pathway in liver of the three groups did not differ(P>0.05).Chemical and physio-chemical compositions of LT did not differ(P>0.05)among the three groups.In conclusion,diets with low or middle amylose/amylopectin ratios increased the backfat thickness,and tended to improve ADG,but had no effect on other carcass characteristics,fat content in the LT,or the expression of hepatic genes related to the gluconeogenesis pathway in Chinese Qinchuan cattle.
文摘The near infrared spectra of 178 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) from the cross of Ⅱ-32B/Yuezaoxian 6 (YZX6) and 511 varieties in rice were acquired. A total of 80 RILs and 96 cultivars were selected as modeling samples by comparing the spectra similarity primarily. Three partial least square (PLS) regression models were developed, based on the RILs (RIL-model), the varieties (Var-model) and their mixture (Mix-model), for protein content (PC) and amylose content (AC), respectively. Cross validation and outer prediction showed that the models were largely influenced by the range and distribution of modeling samples. The regression model of PC based on the cultivars and the model of AC based on RILs had higher coefficient of determination (r^2 ≥ 0.9) and lower root mean square error of cross validation (RMSECVs). The disadvantages of RIL samples for PC model and variety samples for AC model were probably caused by the narrow range of variance. Aberrant predictions were obtained for outer sample with PC or AC outside the range or within the distribution gap of modeling samples. The Mix-models gave more reliable prediction as the distribution of RIL and variety modeling samples were complementary to each other.
文摘There exists a single nucleotide polymorphism, G or T, at the first base of the donor splice site of waxy gene intron 1 in rice. In order to study the relationship between the first base of the donor splice site of waxy gene intron 1 and amylose content in rice, the one-step PCR method was used to determine whether it is G or T in 220 Yunnan indigenous rice varieties from 14 districts, 55 towns/counties of Yunnan Province, and 101 varieties of which were validated by the PCR-Acc I method. According to the G/T polymorphism, 164 rice varieties showed GG-genotype, while the other 56 fell into TT- genotype, accounting for 74.5% and 25.5% of all the test varieties, respectively. When all the rice varieties were divided into indica and japonica subspecies, it was found that 80.5% of indica rice and 67.0% of japonica rice belonged to GG-genotype. The rice varieties with GG-genotype had significantly higher amylose content (18.95% on average) than those with TT- genotype (all below 16%), but 33 rice varieties with GG-genotype still had low amylose content ranging from 3.91% to 15.93%, and most of them came from the Dai minority area in the Southwest of Yunnan Province. However, there was no significant difference in the mean amylose content of the same GG or TT genotypes between indica and japonica rice, suggesting that different genetic backgrounds, indica or japonica, had no effect on amylose content. The coefficient of correlation between the genotype and amylose content was 0.733 (P〈0.01).
基金Coordenac¸a˜o de Aperfei-c¸oamento de Pessoal de Nı´vel Superior(CAPES)and Fundac¸a˜o de Amparo a`Pesquisa do Estado de Sa˜o Paulo(FAPESP)is acknowledged.F.M.C.thanks FAPESP for a M.Sci.scholarship.
文摘Cross-linked pectin/high amylose mixtures were evaluated as a new excipient for matrix tablets formulations,since the mixing of polymers and cross-linking reaction represent rational tools to reach materials with modulated and specific properties that meet specific therapeutic needs.Objective:In this work the influence of polymer ratio and cross-linking process on the swelling and the mechanism driving the drug release from swellable matrix tablets prepared with this excipient was investigated.Methods:Cross-linked samples were characterized by their micromeritic properties(size and shape,density,angle of repose and flow rate)and liquid uptake ability.Matrix tablets were evaluated according their physical properties and the drug release rates and mechanisms were also investigated.Results:Cross-linked samples demonstrated size homogeneity and irregular shape,with liquid uptake ability insensible to pH.Cross-linking process of samples allowed the control of drug release rates and the drug release mechanism was influenced by both polymer ratio and cross-linking process.The drug release of samples with minor proportion of pectin was driven by an anomalous transport and the increase of the pectin proportion contributed to the erosion of the matrix.Conclusion:The cross-linked mixtures of high amylose and pectin showed a suitable excipient for slowing the drug release rates.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(No.2018YFD0301002)the Earmarked Fund for China Agriculture Research System(No.CARS-01-26).
文摘Rice ratooning,or the production of a second rice crop from stubble after the harvest of the main crop,is considered to be a green and resource-efficient rice production system.The present study was conducted to examine variance in amylose content(AC),grain morphology,crystal structure,and thermal properties of starch between main-and ratoon-season rice of seven varieties.Ratoon-season rice grains had higher ACs and significantly lower transition gelatinization temperatures(To,Tp,and Tc)than did main-season rice grains.The relative crystallinity and lamellar peak intensity of ratoon-season rice starch were 7.89%and 20.38%lower,respectively,than those of main-season rice starch.In addition,smaller granules with smoother surfaces and lower thermal parameters were observed in the starch of ratoon-season rice.The relative crystallinity and lamellar peak intensity of starch correlated negatively with the AC and positively with transition gelatinization temperatures.These results suggest that the superior cooking quality of ratoon-season rice is attributable to the moderate increase of grain AC,which reduces the relative crystallinity,weakens the crystal structure,and lead to a decrease in the gelatinization temperature.
文摘The waxy(Wx)gene of rice encodes the granule-bound starch synthase(GBSS),which was required in the synthesis of amylose in endosperm.Theamylose content(AC)of rice endosperm played an important role in grain yield,palatability,and processing quality.Our previous researehes showed that en-dosperm AC and GBSS contents were correlated with the ability of excising intron1 from the leader sequence of the Wx transcript.Cultivars with high endosperm
文摘To lower the amylose content (AC) of the indica rice restorer line 057 with high AC, backcrosses were made respectively by using four indica varieties (R367, 91499, Yanhui 559, Hui 527) as low AC donor parents and 057 as the recurrent parent. A molecular marker (PCR-Acc Ⅰ) was used to identify the genotypes (GG, TT and GT) of the waxy (Wx) gene. Plants with GT genotype were selected and used as female parent and crossed with 057 to advance generation. The ACs of rice grains harvested from plants with different Wx genotypes were measured and compared to analyze the efficiency of marker-assisted selection. The ACs of the rice grain, harvested from the plants of Wx genotypes GG, GT and TT, were higher than 20%, in the range of 17.7-28.5%, and less than 18%, respectively. The PCR-Acc Ⅰ marker could be used for efficiently lowering the AC of 057 through backcrossing, and there were some influence of parental genetic background on the AC of rice grains with the same Wx genotype.
基金This work was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2016YFD0300509)the Earmarked Fund for China Agriculture Research System(CARS-01).
文摘Amylose content and starch granule size in grains influence rice quality,which differs between the early(ES)and late season(LS).The objective of this study was to determine the variation of amylose content and starch granule size between seasons and find the main reasons(e.g.,temperature and solar radiation)for the observed variation.Field experiments with six rice varieties(three high and three low amylose content rice)planted in the ES and LS were conducted in 2016 and 2017,respectively.The mean temperatures during the filling stage were higher in ES,however,the daily temperatures at 7-10 days after flowering(DAF)in 2016,and at 5-10,13-14 DAF in 2017 were higher in LS.The results showed that amylose content in LS was lower than in ES with high amylose content rice varieties(HACV);the opposite trend occurred with low amylose content rice varieties(LACV).The mean starch granule diameter was higher in LS than ES in 2016,but the opposite result occurred in 2017 with all rice.Our results suggest that higher temperatures increased and decreased the amylose content in HACV and LACV,respectively.Temperatures at 5-15 DAF were important for the formation of starch granules:lower temperatures during 10-14 DAF increased the proportion of larger starch granules(d>6.21μm,some with d>13.3μm),and higher temperatures at 5-6 DAF increased the proportion of starch granules with diameter 4.24-6.21μm.
文摘The research aims to help reduce the enormous post-harvest losses of rice or bananas in Cote d’Ivoire. It focuses on the breakdown mechanism of their starch. This process contributes to their decay. This study wants to elucidate it;to do this, it analyzes the tetra or penta saccharide reactions with the water or dioxide carbon. It calculates the geometric, energetic and spectroscopic parameters at the ONIOM level (B3LYP/6-311++G [d, p]: AM1). These quantities allow establishing that oxygen <img src="Edit_7761c26d-f67d-4826-ab0e-8bff55d6faa3.png" alt="" /> represents the privileged hydrogen bond (HB) site for amylose with four or five D-glucose building blocks. They suggest <img src="Edit_ecd55400-653e-43d0-986d-9814259ebda7.png" alt="" /> and <img src="Edit_048b683f-5690-4078-b8ad-88fa25c5875c.png" alt="" /> are respectively those of amylopectin when the latter consists of four and five D-glucose synthons. They prove that amylose deteriorates before it;the degradation of starch begins with its alteration into disaccharides. It continues with that of amylopectin into tri or tetra-saccharides with four or five building blocks.
文摘A new and enantioselective liquid chromatographic method was developed for estimation of S-Linagliptin in Linagliptin (LINA) drug substances. The desired enantiomeric separation was achieved on Chiralpak AD-H (250*4.6 mm*5 μm) column with the mobile phase composition of ethanol, methanol and diethylamine in a ratio of 90:10:0.1 (v/v/v) with flow rate of 0.5 mL·min<sup>-</sup><sup>1</sup> and column oven temperature 30°C and the eluted compounds were monitored at 225 nm. In the proposed chiral method, USP resolutions between both the enantiomers were more than 5.0. Limit of detection and Limit of quantitation of S-LINA was found to be 0.03 μg·mL<sup>-1</sup> and 0.10 μg·mL<sup>-1</sup> respectively. Linearity study was conducted from LOQ to 150% and correlation coefficient found to be 0.9997. Accuracy was within the range of 98.6% to 101.5%. To prove selectivity power of the method specificity study was conducted by subjecting drug substance to acid, base, hydrolysis, oxidation and photolysis and ensured the peak purity of analyte in degraded samples. Moreover, the method has been fully validated as per ICH guidelines. The proposed method is precise, accurate, linear, rugged, robust and suitable for accurate quantification of S-LINA in LINA drug substance.
文摘An understanding of the genetic effects of em-bryo genes for rice quality traits is of impor-tance for rice quality improvement. Analysisof embryo, endosperm, cytoplasmic, and ma-ternal genetic effects and genotype×environ-
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31772620)。
文摘This study explored the variation of ileal endogenous amino acid(IEAA)losses and its influencing factors in chickens offered nitrogen-free diets(NFD)containing different ratios of amylose to amylopectin(AM/AP).A total of 252 broiler chickens at 28 d old were randomly allocated into 7 treatment groups for a 3-d trial.The dietary treatments included a basal diet(control),a NFD containing corn starch(CS),and 5NFD with AM/AP ratios of 0.20,0.40,0.60,0.80,and 1.00,respectively.As the AM/AP ratio increased,the IEAA losses of all AAs,starch digestibility and maltase activity linearly decreased(P<0.05),but the DM digestibility linearly and quadratically decreased(P<0.05).Compared with the control,the NFD increased the number of goblet cells and its regulatory genes mucin-2 and krüppel-like factor 4(KLF-4)while decreasing serum glucagon and thyroxine concentrations,ileal villus height,and crypt depth(P<0.05).Additionally,NFD with lower AM/AP ratios(0.20 and 0.40)decreased the ileal microbiota species richness(P<0.05).In all NFD groups,the number of Proteobacteria increased whereas the abundance of Firmicutes dropped(P<0.05).However,the broilers in the AM/AP 0.60 group were closer to the digestive physiological state of chickens fed the control diet,with no significant change in maltase activity and mucin-2 expression(P<0.05).In conclusion,increasing AM/AP ratio in a NFD decreased the IEAA losses and the apparent ileal digestibility of starch but inevitably resulted in malnutrition and disruption of gut microbiota homeostasis.This study recommends AM/AP in NFD at 0.60 to measure IEAA of broiler chickens.
基金financially supported by the Innovation Program of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission (2023ZKZD05)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31971918, 32172043)+1 种基金the Agriculture Research System of Shanghai, China (Grant No. 202203)the Shanghai Science and Technology Innovation Action Plan Project (22N11900200)。
文摘Amylose content(AC) is the main factor determining the palatability, viscosity, transparency, and digestibility of rice(Oryza sativa)grains. AC in rice grains is mainly controlled by different alleles of the Waxy(Wx) gene. The AP2/EREBP transcription factor OsEBP89 interacts with the MYC-like protein OsBP5 to synergistically regulate the expression of Wx.Here, we determined that the GLYCOGEN SYNTHASE KINASE 5(OsGSK5, also named SHAGGY-like kinase 41 [OsSK41]) inhibits the transcriptional activation activity of OsEBP89 in rice grains during amylose biosynthesis. The loss of OsSK41 function enhanced Wx expression and increased AC in rice grains. By contrast, the loss of function of OsEBP89 reduced Wx expression and decreased AC in rice grains. OsSK41 interacts with OsEBP89 and phosphorylates four of its sites(Thr-28,Thr-30, Ser-238, and Thr-257), which makes OsEBP89 unstable and attenuates its interaction with OsBP5. Wx promoter activity was relatively weak when regulated by the phosphomimicvariantOsEBP89E–OsBP5but relatively strong when regulated by the nonphosphorylatable variant OsEBP89A–OsBP5.Therefore, OsSK41-mediated phosphorylation of OsEBP89 represents an additional layer of complexity in the regulation of amylose biosynthesis during rice grain development. In addition, our findings provide four possible sites for regulating rice grain AC via precise gene editing.
基金supported and funded by Deanship of Scientific Research,Vice Presidency for Graduate Studies and Scientific Research,King Faisal University,Saudi Arabia,grant number(Grant A410).
文摘Twenty-four rice genotypes were examined to assess genetic variability,heritability,and correlations for seven-grain quality traits,eight nutritional elements,and protein.ANOVA revealed significant differences for the quality traits studied.For every trait under study,the phenotypic coefficient of variation was higher than the correspon-dence genotypic coefficient of variation.Heritability in a broad sense varied from 29.75%for grain length to 98.31%for the elongation trait.Hulling percentage recovery had a highly significant positive correlation with milling and head rice percentage.Consequently,milling percentage had a highly positive correlation with head rice percentage.In amylose percentage,all the genotypes belonged to low amylose except the Hassawi-1 variety,which had intermediate amylose content.Mineral nutrition contents of magnesium(Mg),sodium(Na),potas-sium(K),calcium(Ca),copper(Cu),manganese(Mn),zinc(Zn),iron(Fe),or protein percentage gave different variations for 24 rice genotypes under all the nutritional elements.Among the 24 genotypes,ten rice genotypes–HighNutrient-1,HighNutrient-2,HighNutrient-9,HighNutrient-8,HighNutrient-3,Hassawi-2,HighNutrient-7,HighNutrient-6,Hassawi-1,and HighNutrient-4–had the highest heist value for all nutritional and protein con-tents,and could be used as a donor to improving new varieties.There was a positive and significant correlation between magnesium Mg,K,Zn and Fe.Consequently,K had a positive correlation with zinc Zn,Fe,and protein percentage.Clustering analysis was divided into two groups:thefirst group included all genotypes rich in nutri-ents,while the remaining genotypes with low nutritional content were included in the second group.
基金the Natural Science Foundation of Higher Education Institutes of Anhui Province,China(Grant No.KJ2014A073)Anhui Province Natural Sciences Foundation,China(Grant No.1508085SQE213).
文摘Biodegradable plastics have attracted considerable attention in recent years due to their biodegradability,biocompatibility and non-toxicity.In this study,normal maize starch(containing 25%amylose)and high-amylose maize starch(containing 80%amylose)were served as model materials to prepare starch/polyvinyl alcohol(PVA)blends.To comprehensively study the effects of amylose contents on the film performances,the mechanical properties,water resistance and anaerobic biodegradability of the two films were examined.Moreover,the processes of anaerobic degradation were investigated by evolutions of biogas production,pH in reactors and the changes of film structures and compositions.The results indicated that amylose content played an important role in the microstructures of starch film as well as mechanical properties and water resistance,whereas it had no significant influence on anaerobic biodegradability of the films.Nonetheless,the structure of high-amylose maize starch/PVA film was more suitable and beneficial to the anaerobic biodegradation than that of the normal maize starch/PVA film,because it could effectively avoid accumulation of volatile fatty acids,which contributed to the stable biogas production,short fermentation period and non-souring in the reactor.