Anamorphic chaetosphaeriaceous fungi from China

Chaetosphaeriaceae is one of the largest families in Sordariomycetes with its members commonly found on decaying leaf,fruit,branch,bark and wood in both terrestrial and submerged environment in nature.This paper reports our research result of diversity,taxonomy and phylogeny of anamorphic Chaetosphaeriaceae in China,which is based on a systematic study with an integrated approach of morphological observation and phylogenetic analysis for a large collection(>1300 herbarium specimens and 1100 living strains).The family Chaetosphaeriaceae is expanded to accommodate 89 accepted genera,including 22 new genera and 10 newly assigned genera.Most of these genera(except for Chaetosphaeria and several other relatively large genera)are delimitated as monophyletic genera with well-defined diagnostic characters in morphology.The phylogenetic connection of non-phialidic Sporidesmium-like fungi is further confirmed and expanded to 10 different genera.The polyphyletic Codinaea/Dictyochaeta/Tainosphaeria complex is further resolved with a taxonomic framework of 28 monophyletic genera by redelimitation of Codinaea and Dictyochaeta with narrower concept,acceptance of the 16 established genera,and finally introduction of 10 new genera.Chloridium is phylogenetically redefined as monophyletic genus with narrower concept as typified by the type species,but a systematic review in both generic and species level is still needed.For biodiversity of chaetosphaeriaceous fungi,a total of 369 species in 76 genera,including 119 new species,47 new combinations,and one new name,are documented.The identification keys are provided for most genera,especially the large genera such as Codinaea s.str.,Codinaeella,Stilbochaeta,Cryptophiale,Thozetella,Dinemasporium and Pseudolachnella.In addition,ten known species were excluded from the family and reclassified.Systematic revision of several relatively large polyphyletic genera should be conducted in future studies,including Bahusutrabeeja,Ellisembia,Stanjehughesia,Cacumisporium,Chaetosphaeria,Chloridium,Craspedodidymum,Cryptophiale,Cryptophialoidea,Dictyochaetopsis,Minimidochium,and many published species of Codinaea and Dictyochaeta.

Identification of Anamorph Yeast of Tremella aurantialba and Optimization of Medium Composition for Production of Exopolysaccharides

A yeast-like fungus strain B1 isolated from wild fungus Tremella aurantialba was identified and initially characterized. Two phylogenetic trees were generated based on the sequences of large subunit ribosomal RNA gene D1/D2 regions and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of related fungi, respectively. The analysis of D1/D2 regions and ITS sequences showed that fungus B1 was clustered together with T. aurantialba, T. aurantia and T. microspore in the phylogenetic trees. Both the morphological characteristic and phylogenetic analysis established that fungus B1 was one of the anamorph strains of T. aurantialba and belongs to Tremella genus. A fermentation medium for exopolysaccharides (EPS) production by T. aurantialba B1 . Plackett-Burmen design was used to evaluate the effects of different components in the culture medium. Glucose and yeast extract have significant influence on the EPS production. The concentrations of two factors were optimized subsequently using central composite design and response surface analysis. The results showed that 49.2 g/L glucose and 10.4 g/L yeast extract could lead to the maximum production of EPS (4.99 g/L). The optimized medium led to a 1.5-fold enhancement of the production of EPS by T. aurantialba B1 , as compared with that without optimization.

Dynamic aberrations correction of Roll-Nod conformal seeker based on the diffraction surface and anamorphic asphere surface

Traditional optical domes are spherical, which have a large air resistance coefficient. In order to reduce the coefficient of air resistance, conformal optical technology was proposed, which used a streamlined design of the outer surface of the dome. However, conformal domes generate dynamic aberrations varying significantly with look angles in the field of regard(FOR). Thus, correcting the dynamic aberrations is the core task of conformal optics. This Letter presented a correcting method of dynamic aberrations based on the diffraction surface and anamorphic asphere surface. This method is derived from the arch corrector and can only be used on the Roll-Nod gimbal. For the seeker with a Roll-Nod gimbal, the arch corrector is replaced with a diffractive surface superimposed on the inner surface of the conformal dome. To correct astigmatism, which is the main aberration that needs to be corrected, anamorphic asphere surfaces are used in the imaging system. Compared with the arch corrector, this method can reduce the size of the correction element while retaining sufficient design freedom. Design results show that this method can well correct the dynamic aberrations in a larger FOR. With a simpler form in structure, this method can improve the reliability of conformal optical systems and promote the application of conformal optical technology.

The chalara-like anamorphs of Leotiomycetes

The chalara-like anamorphs of Leotiomycetes are phialidic hyphomycetes with cylindrical collarettes and deeply seated sporulating loci,and hyaline,aseptate or septate,cylindrical conidia.They are commonly found on plant litters in both terrestrial and submerged environments,and with broad geographical distribution.This paper reports our research result of diversity,taxonomy and phylogeny of these fungi in China,which is based on a systematic study by using an integrated approach of literature study,morphological observation and phylogenetic analyses of 153 chalara-like fungal species with diversified morphology in conidiomata,setae,conidiophores,phialides and conidia.The phylogenetic analyses employing different datasets of SSU,LSU and ITS sequences of 116 species showed that these chalara-like fungi were paraphyletic and scattered in 20 accepted genera belonging to five families of Leotiomycetes:Arachnopezizaceae,Hamatocanthoscy-phaceae,Helotiaceae,Neolauriomycetaceae and Pezizellaceae.Additional six genera,Ascoconidium,Bioscypha,Chalaro-dendron,Didonia,Phaeoscypha and Tapesina,all reported with chalara-like anamorphs in literatures,are also accepted as members of Pezizellaceae or Leotiomycetes genera incertae sedis.Among of these 26 accepted genera of chalara-like fungi in Leotiomycetes,17 genera are asexually typified genera(Ascoconidium,Bloxamia,Chalara,Chalarodendron,Constric-tochalara,Cylindrochalara,Cylindrocephalum,Leochalara,Lareunionomyces,Minichalara,Neochalara,Neolauriomyces,Nagrajchalara,Parachalara,Stipitochalara,Xenochalara and Zymochalara),and 9 are sexually typified genera(Bioscypha,Bloxamiella,Calycellina,Calycina,Didonia,Hymenoscyphus,Mollisina,Phaeoscypha and Tapesina).The phylogenetic significance of conidial septation in generic delimitation was further confirmed;while other morphologies such as conidi-omata,setae,conidiophores,phialides,conidial length,and conidial ornamentation have little phylogenetic significance,but could be used for species delimitation.The polyphyletic genus Chalara s.lat.is revised with monophyletic generic concepts by redelimitation of Chalara s.str.in a narrow concept,adaption of the emended Calycina to also include asexually typified chalara-like fungi,reinstatement of Cylindrocephalum,and introduction of six new genera:Constrictochalara W.P.Wu&Y.Z.Diao,Leochalara W.P.Wu&Y.Z.Diao,Minichalara W.P.Wu&Y.Z.Diao,Nagrajchalara W.P.Wu&Y.Z.Diao,Parachalara W.P.Wu&Y.Z.Diao and Stipitochalara W.P.Wu&Y.Z.Diao.Chaetochalara becomes a synonym of Chalara s.str.,and the known species are disassembled into Chalara s.str.and Nagrajchalara.The polyphyletic genus Bloxamia is also redefined by introducing the new genus Bloxamiella W.P.Wu&Y.Z.Diao for B.cyatheicola.Five existing species of Chalara s.lat.were excluded from Leotiomycetes and reclassified:Chalara breviclavata as Chalarosphaeria breviclavata W.P.Wu&Y.Z.Diao gen.et sp.nov.in Chaetosphaeriaceae,C.vaccinii as Sordariochalara vaccinii W.P.Wu&Y.Z.Diao gen.et sp.nov.in Lasiosphaeriaceae,and three other Chalara species with hyaline phialides,C.hyalina,C.schoenoplecti and C.siamense as combinations of Pyxidiophora in Pyxidiophoraceae.For biodiversity of these fungi in China,a total of 80 species in 12 genera,including 60 new species,17 new records and 1 new name,were discovered and documented in this paper.In addition,five species including three new species are reported from Japan.In connection to this revision,a total of 44 new combinations are made.The identification keys are provided for most of these genera.Future research area of these fungi should be the phylogenetic relationship of several sexually typified genera such as Bioscypha,Calycellina,Calycina,Didonia,Phaeoscypha,Rodwayella and Tapesina,and systematic revision of existing names under the genera Bloxamia,Chaetochalara and Chalara.

First Report of Powdery Mildew Caused by Erysiphe euonymicola on Euonymus japonicum in Uzbekistan

A new powdery mildew fungus named Erysiphe euonymicola was discovered in the mycobiota of Uzbekistan as a result of a mycological study conducted in the city of Samarkand. This fungus was found on the bush Euonymus japonicum and a brief description along with photographs of Erysiphe euonymicola have been provided. Erysiphe euonymicola is a phytopathogenic fungus that infects 80% - 90% of the leaves and young branches of Euonymus japonicum. The first symptoms of the disease are round, weeping spots on the leaves;later the spots form white mycelium over the entire surface of the leaves. When the plant is heavily infected, both sides of the leaves are completely covered with mycelium. The fungus Erysiphe euonymicola, parasitizing Euonymus japonicum, seriously inhibits the development of the host plant. The mycelium of Erysiphe euonymicola is formed on the surface of the leaf of the host plant and is a cluster of hyphae that form a dense covering in the form of a round spot. Conidiophores are erect, unbranched, and of Pseudoidium type, very variable in shape and size. Conidiophores consist of 2 - 3 cylindrical cells growing vertically from the hyphae;the sizes of conidiophores are given relative to the average length and width of selected conidiophores (n = 15). According to scanning electron microscopy, ellipsoidal-cylindrical conidia are single, scattered among conidiophores, ranging in size from 23.97 to 24.51 × 11.5 to 12.47 µm (n = 15). Conidial stalk cells are usually straight or slightly curved, ranging in size from 23.5 to 23.91 × 7.17 to 7.47 µm (n = 15).

折反式变形光学系统偏振像差分析及其对点扩散函数的影响

变形光学系统是一种具有双平面对称性的相对特殊的光学系统,其结构会引入非旋转对称的偏振像差。针对这一问题,本文构建一个折反式变形光学系统,并对该系统的偏振像差及其对点扩散函数的影响进行系统分析。基于三维偏振光线追迹对折反式变形光学系统进行仿真计算,获得偏振像差的详细数据,并计算各个表面的二向衰减、相位延迟分布特性以及系统的琼斯瞳、振幅响应矩阵、点扩散函数和偏振串扰对比度。结果表明:最大二向衰减为0.145,最大相位延迟为1.46×10^(-2)rad,均出现在次镜位置。2∶1变形比的光学系统的振幅响应函数在长焦端和短焦端方向的偏振串扰项存在40.6%的差异,偏振串扰将该变形光学系统的对比度限制在10^(-6)量级。高精度变形光学系统中的偏振像差不可忽略,可采用膜层设计和折反式结构等方法降低偏振像差影响。该研究结论可为变形光学系统在深空探测、相干通信系统等领域的设计提供参考。

从《流浪地球2》谈数字电影超大画幅变形宽银幕技术在国内的成功应用

诞生于上世纪50年代的70mm变形宽银幕技术,在《流浪地球2》中以数字电影的形式重新回归观众视野,昔日胶片电影史中2.76∶1的经典画幅比例,在中国电影史上进行了首次尝试。本文致力于梳理70mm变形宽银幕的发展历史和技术原理,从胶片电影演进到数字电影,以《流浪地球2》为例,从数字底片、变形宽银幕镜头和放映形式三个方面详细阐述了该技术的数字化应用,力图探究超大画幅变形宽银幕的技术前景和未来发展趋势。

冬虫夏草及其相关类群的分子系统学分析

为了探明冬虫夏草及其相关类群的亲缘关系,以冬虫夏草、中国被毛孢及中华束丝孢(=冬虫夏草头孢=蝙蝠蛾多毛孢)共6株菌种作为内群和一株蛹草拟青霉作为外群进行了DNA随机多态型(RAPD)分析。此外,基于上述供试材料又在内群中增加了一株蝙蝠蛾拟青霉,并对内群和外群样品的nrDNA间隔区(ITS)碱基序列进行了测定;对于测定的8条序列连同来自GenBank中的4条相关序列进行了分子系统学分析。结果表明:中华束丝孢和中国被毛孢均系冬虫夏草菌的无性型。按照国际植物命名法规,中国被毛孢应为冬虫夏草菌无性型的正确名称。而蝙蝠蛾拟青霉为不同于冬虫夏草菌的另一种真菌;该名称由于不合格发表而不被国际植物命名法规所承认。

西藏冬虫夏草无性型的分子生物学研究

从西藏采集的冬虫夏草子实体中分离出 3个菌株C3、C4、C5,通过培养特征的研究以及采用分子生物学方法 ,以rDNAITS区为分子指标 ,与冬虫夏草 [Cordycepssinensis(Berk .)Sacc.) ]的有性世代及中国被毛孢 (HirsutellasinensisLiu ,Guo,Yu&Zeng)进行比较分析 ,发现C4的培养特征与C3、C5 完全不同 ,其序列与冬虫夏草的相似率为 93 %,与中国被毛孢的相似率为 94%,而C3、C5 与冬虫夏草的相似率很低 (分别为 5 5 %和 6 9%) ,从而证明C4是西藏冬虫夏草的无性型 ,为中国被毛孢。

确证冬虫夏草无性型的分子生物学证据I.中国被毛孢与冬虫夏草之间的关系

从青海的冬虫夏草子实体上分离出中国被毛孢［Ｃｏｒｄｙｃｅｐｓ ｓｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ（Ｂｅｒｋ．）Ｓａｃｃ．］，并利用ＲＡＰＤ－ＰＣＲ技术，筛选出８种引物，获得了冬虫夏草和中国被毛抱相应的基因组ＤＮＡ指纹图谱，两者相似率高达９６％，从而表明冬虫夏草的无性型为中国被毛孢。

核糖体DNA ITS区应用于虫草属无性型鉴定的初步研究

虫草无性型鉴定是困扰学术界的一个难题 .本文检索了互联网上报道的虫草及可能的无性型序列 ,应用相关软件构建进化树 ,研究了它们的同源性 .从总体上看 。

轻型大视场自由曲面棱镜头盔显示器的设计

轻型大视场头盔显示器(HMD)在虚拟现实、增强现实、军事和反恐等领域具有广阔的应用前景。传统的目镜结构形式难以满足头盔显示器对系统视场、体积和重量的苛刻要求。通过采用自由曲面(FFS)棱镜实现了大视场轻型头盔显示器目视光学系统,讨论了FFS头盔显示系统的设计方法并给出了设计结果。

高雄山虫草及其细脚拟青霉无性型

报道采自安徽省天堂寨自然保护区的高雄山虫草Cordyceps takaomontana及其无性型细脚拟青霉Paecilomyces tenuipes ,应用单子囊孢子分离鉴定和微循环产孢的方法确证了两者的对应关系,并修订了高雄山虫草的原始描述。双梭孢虫草C．bifusispora可能为高雄山虫草的同物异名。同时采集的具数个红色子座且有双梭形子囊孢子的虫草不是同一个种。

根足虫草琅琊山变种新变种及其无性型被毛孢新种(英文)

报道采自安徽省滁州市琅琊山林场的一种虫草及其无性型,经鉴定为根足虫草琅琊山变种Cordycepsheteropodavar.langyashanensis新变种。多批次收集弹射的子囊孢子分离得到其无性型,经鉴定为一被毛孢新种,命名为根足被毛孢Hirsutellaheteropoda。模式标本及其无性型菌株干培养物保存在安徽农业大学虫生菌研究中心(RCEFAAU)。

江西虫草菌丝体化学成分研究

目的:研究江西虫草菌丝体的化学成分。方法:以深层发酵的方法制备江西虫草菌丝体;运用硅胶柱、凝胶柱、制备薄层层析等多种色谱方法进行分离纯化;利用常规理化分析以及1H-NMR、13C-NMR和MS等波谱技术鉴定其化学结构。结果:从江西虫草菌丝体的甲醇提取物中石油醚和乙酸乙酯两个萃取部位,分离得到9个化合物,分别鉴定为:尿嘧啶(Ⅰ)、腺嘌呤(Ⅱ)、腺嘌呤核糖核苷(Ⅲ)、尿嘧啶核苷(Ⅳ)、3′-甲氧基尿嘧啶核苷(Ⅴ)、丁二酸(Ⅵ)、烟酸(Ⅶ)、十八烷酸-α-单甘油酯(Ⅷ)、二十四烷酸(Ⅸ)。结论:首次对江西虫草菌丝体进行了较系统的分离纯化,从中获得9个化合物,其中化合物Ⅴ、Ⅶ、Ⅷ、Ⅸ为首次从虫草属真菌中分离得到。

几种虫草无性型及其相关真菌SOD比较研究

采用氮蓝四唑光照法比较了几种虫草无性型及其相关真菌的SOD酶比活力及粗酶含量，同时应用聚丙烯酰胺凝肢电泳法进行了活性显示。结果表明，不同菌种，SOD酶谱差别较大，而分离自冬虫夏草的HS系列菌株和虫草簇孢SIN-1菌株图谱较接近；蝉拟青霉（PC-1）干重的SOD酶比活力最高，达874．3U·g^-1，其次是细脚拟青霉（PT-1）干重的为537．6U·g^-1，HS-1菌株干重的SOD酶比活力为466．9U·g^-1。供试菌株的粗酶含量占干重的百分比在0．73％～2．50％之间。综合酶比活力和含量考虑，蝉拟青霉和HS-1菌株在抗氧化方面具有较好的开发应用前景。

一株竹黄无性型菌株液态发酵产竹红菌素的初步研究

从野生竹黄子座中分离获得能产生竹红菌素的无性型菌株ZH-5-1,经液态发酵培养及摇瓶正交试验确定最佳培养基配方和培养条件:葡萄糖30g/L,蛋白胨5g/L,NaNO310g/L,KCl 1.5g/L,MgSO41.5g/L,KH2PO42g/L,pH值6.0,装液量100/250 mL(V/V),接种量10%(V/V),培养温度28℃,摇床转速130 r/min,培养周期96h。

4种虫草无性型真菌中核苷类成分比较分析

以已知核苷为标准品,并与冬虫夏草生药作对比,采用反相高效液相色谱法对蝉拟青霉RCEF1081、蛹草拟青霉RCEF0845、戴氏绿僵菌RCEF0772、长座被毛孢RCEF0717菌丝体中主要核苷类化学成分进行了比较分析。结果表明,蝉拟青霉中虫草素和鸟苷含量较高,分别为0.5752mg/g、0.2225mg/g;长座被毛孢中尿苷和肌苷含量较高,分别为3.8024mg/g、4.5146mg/g;戴氏绿僵菌中胸苷和腺苷含量较高,分别为4.9514mg/ g、3.9360mg/g,且均远远高于对照品冬虫夏草生药中的同种核苷含量。

被毛孢属一新种──长座虫草的无性型

报道长座虫草 Ｃｏｒｄｙｃｅｐｓ ｌｏｎｇｉｓｓｉｍａ Ｋｏｂａｙａｓｉ的无性型为长座被毛孢新种Ｈｉｒｓｕｔｅｌｌａ ｌｏｎｇｉｓｓｉｍａ Ｓｐ． ｎｏｖ．。用子囊孢子分离得到的无性型与子座柄部粘片所见的被毛孢相同；用分离菌在米饭培养基上人工诱发出的子座与天然子座相似，这表明长座被毛孢为长座虫草的无性型。