A Tentative Review of the Studies on the Environmental History of Ancient China

The existing research findings of our environmental history fail to attach due importance to the environmental history of ancient China. The studies of China's environmental history should extend the time scope further to more ancient times and raise interdisciplinary research awareness. Such studies can help us trace our sources of culture and ecology, and better understand the current world and humanity itself. Studies on the environmental history of ancient China also need to be equipped with corresponding research concepts, orientation and approaches.

Ancient River in the Houjiayao Site, Nihewan Basin and Its Environmental Archaeological Significance

Lying on the northwest of Nihewan Basin, Houjiayao Site was discovered 40 years ago. But there is still a controversy about the existence age and the living environment of Houjiayao ancient human. Based on the geological investigations, electrical resistivity sounding and altitude measuring, authors of this paper attempt to do a research on stratigraphic structure and the development of the ancient river in Houjiayao Site, and to interpret the above problems. The results are as follows:(1) An ancient river, which came from Xionger Mountain in the north of the Site, developed in Houjiayao Site, and its width was more than 1 km. The ancient river formed before 240 ka B.P., and disappeared in the early stage of the late Pleistocene, and its developing history ran through the entire living stage of Houjiayao ancient human.(2) The Site cultural relics were not buried in the lacustrine facies, but in the oxbow lake sediments of the ancient river and clay layer which laid on the oxbow lake sediments unconformably during the period of 224-161 ka B.P., and it indicated that the Houjiayao ancient people lived here for as long as 60 ka years.(3) The Site looked like a wide armchair faced southeast, and it provided a relatively mild and comfortable environment for the ancient. The ancient river provided the ancient human with water, and the superior eco-environment also provided plentiful food for the ancient human. Xionger Mountain was not only the source of the ancient river, but also the producing area for high quality stone materials. The old river carried stone materials to the Site, making it easier to make stone implements. Hence, the ancient human, who lived in cold weather, were more likely to choose better habitats such as the Houjiayao Site near the ancient river.(4) The old river embedded in the lacustrine facies, so the content of silt was high, and it was feculent. And the water of the oxbow lake near Houjiayao Site was clear and slow. What's more, with plentiful plants, the oxbow lake was a preferred place for all kinds of animals to get food and water. But the geomorphologic features of this oxbow lake made it hard for animals to escape when faced with dangerous situations. So ancient human had a better chance to get food from hunting near the oxbow lake than in other areas.

Carrying Capacity of Water Leisure Environment in Eco-cities-A Case Study of Ancient Canal Scenic Area in Yangzhou City

Water leisure tourism is an emerging theme in urban planning, and its planning mode and operation level directly influence the eco-cycle degree of urban development. Tourism activities inevitably impact environmental quality of urban water spaces, and the research on the environmental carrying capacity of such spaces has also become an important prerequisite of tourism planning. Taking the Yangzhou Ancient Canal Scenic Area for an example, the paper constructed the estimated indicators of water leisure tourism environmental carrying capacity on the basis of analyzing scenic geographical resources and tourism economic conditions, and calculated the scenic area's water leisure tourism environmental integrated carrying capacity by the method of barrel extrapolation, providing a reasonable foundation for evaluating the planning conditions in the eco-cycle urban water leisure tourism planning.

Analysis of Water Environmental Space in Ancient Villages in Huizhou in China

By taking the design of water system and water environment of ancient residences in Huizhou as the research objects and applying relevant theories,the paper has deeply discussed and analyzed components of the water environment of Huizhou ancient residences from the perspective of the design of environmental art.It considers that the water environment of Huizhou ancient villages is composed of linear factors,spot factors and surface factors,and each factor is related with each other.By combining with comparative researches on water environmental spaces in Huizhou ancient residences,it aims to explore some reference for characteristic,ecological and sustainable development of the design of modern residential water environmental space.

Ancient Cultural Relics in Cities and Environmental Art Design: Series I of Urban Public Environment Design

Buildings and spatial environment left by history record evolution traces of cities and significant events related to the cities, and as a particular carrier of culture, they are witnesses of city development, and show the later generations memories of the city history. In urban planning, historical images must be respected, the relation between ancient cultural relics and urban planning handled properly, city brand established, and city image improved. The author, on the basis of exploring signifi cance of urban ancient cultural relics, used practical cases to fi gure out approaches of preserving urban ancient cultural relics in urban planning.

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE RISE AND DECLINE OF ANCIENT LOULAN TOWN AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGES

Located in the central Asia, ancient Loullan Town was a place of strategic importance to the ancient SilkRoad. According to the historical records, it was flourishing during the period from the second century B. C. to the thirdcentury A. D. However, it was disrecorded suddenly 1400 years ago. Until 1900 it was discovered by a Swedish exploration party. The ruins of Loulan is situated on the west bank of Lop Nur Lake and the delta of the Tarim River (40°29’55’’N, 89°55’22"E), and occupies an area of 108 240 m2. Two main tributaries of the Tarim River passed by its northernand southern sides respectively and converged into Lop Nur Lake about 100 km eastward. Human civilization of the Loulan Town had been developed in the Stone Age, which was revealed by a lot of stone implements found in the ration, andthe discovery of the corpse of "Loulan Beauty" proved the continuity of economic development. During several centuriesaround the Christian era, Loulan had become a place of strategic importance on the Silk Road because its superior geographical position and natural conditions. The decline of ancient Loulan Town was caused by natural change of the rivercourses and rapid environmental deterioration.

基于环境因子优化TSES法选择负样本及其在滑坡易发性评价中的应用

滑坡易发性评价是滑坡灾害防治的重要手段之一,而不合理的滑坡负样本会影响滑坡易发性评价,从而影响到滑坡灾害的防治,因此提供一种合理的负样本选取方法变得尤为关键。以西藏米林市的古滑坡为例,选择高程、坡度、坡向、坡位、距道路距离、距断层距离、距水系距离、地形起伏度、地层岩性、土地利用类型10类环境因子,使用Relief算法计算环境因子的贡献值并依据贡献值优化选择环境因子;基于环境因子优化的目标空间外向化采样法(target space exteriorization sampling,简称TSES)选择负样本,作为性能优异的随机森林模型的输入变量;之后结合优化的环境因子和正或负样本预测米林市的滑坡易发性,并用混淆矩阵和ROC曲线评价构建模型的性能。为检验环境因子优化的TSES法的有效性和先进性,采用耦合信息量法和TSES法选择滑坡负样本并构建随机森林模型,与环境因子优化的TSES法构建的随机森林模型进行对比研究。结果表明,环境因子优化的TSES法构建的随机森林模型的评价效果较好,其ACC为93.7%、AUC为0.987,均高于耦合信息量、TSES法构成的模型。环境因子优化的TSES法能够提高模型的精度,解决多因子作为约束条件取样中因子选取的问题,为滑坡易发性评价采集负样本提供了新的思路。

风水环境观对古村落空间的形塑——以浙江省芙蓉村为例

风水环境观强调自然元素和地理空间布局的协调,在传统村落空间的构建过程中扮演着重要角色。浙江芙蓉村是典型风水古村落,在择址、空间布局和空间秩序的构建过程中深受风水环境观念的影响。从历史背景、空间建构及文化传统视角出发,分析芙蓉村的风水营建实践,深挖古村落风水营建背后的发生机制,可以进一步辨明风水环境观潜藏的天人观与和谐共生的民族文化心理。在当下城市化发展和文化遗产保护的双重语境下,芙蓉村的案例可以为现代聚落规划、古村落保护和开发及地域性人文发展提供新的思路和启示。

兰张三四线铁路环保选线及设计研究

兰张三四线铁路走行于河西走廊,区内遗留有数目众多的古遗址、古墓葬及古长城,且沿线居民区密布,饮用水水源保护区众多,走廊两侧大面积分布有自然保护区、沙化土地封禁保护区等生态环境敏感区。针对铁路走廊区域的人文历史、自然环境特点,明确工程面临的主要环境问题,制定环保选线及设计原则;针对工程涉及的自然保护区、饮用水水源保护区、文物保护单位等环境敏感区,通过优化设计方案、细化工程布置、创新环保措施等手段,确保工程环境保护措施可行,环境影响可控,实现工程建设与生态环境保护的协调统一,为其他铁路工程涉及同类环境问题提供基础理论依据和实践参考。

基于环境监测的南京上坊孙吴墓环境风险评估

半地下砖石建筑遗产在发掘后,温度、含水量等环境条件的波动关联了包括干缩开裂、盐析、微生物生长等在内的诸多病害,使得半地下砖石建筑遗产加速劣化的风险上升,不利于文物价值的有效保护。为明确半地下砖石建筑遗址的依存环境与本体病害特征之间的关联性,本研究以南京上坊孙吴墓为研究对象,进行了现场调研测绘与病害勘察,并对上坊孙吴墓进行了为期一年的室内外环境监测,获取了室外气候、保护大棚内及各墓室内的温湿度等参数,分析了不同病害与依存环境的关联性,并基于环境监测数据评估了墓室内不同区域对应的本体材料劣化风险等级。结果表明,相比于前墓室,覆顶不存的后墓室会表现出更复杂的病害特征,即砖石类遗址在长期的环境波动状态下可能会比在较稳定的高湿环境中面临更高的保存风险。研究结果可为上坊孙吴墓以及同类型半地下砖石建筑遗址保护措施的科学制定提供有价值的参考。

沉积物古DNA揭示水生态系统中群落演变的进展与展望

识别和预测环境变化下生物群落演变特征是水生态保护策略制定的关键前提.由于缺乏长时间序列的生态监测数据,如何有效揭示生态系统中物种与群落演变是目前面临的难题.利用沉积物古DNA中封存的物种历史自然资源档案,检测并解译古DNA信息,将提高人们对环境变化驱动的物种迁移与灭绝、群落演变动态、生态系统结构和功能变化的理解.本研究首先介绍了沉积物古DNA技术的原理,并简要概括了从古DNA提取到现有的四大分析方法,以及数据分析等一系列操作流程;随后综述了沉积物古DNA在物种入侵与定殖、物种遗传进化、群落演变和揭示环境压力下生态系统长时间序列变化特征等领域的应用;最后针对沉积物古DNA技术目前存在的问题与缺陷,如古DNA降解、古DNA污染、与其他替代物数据有差异等,整理并总结了目前潜在的解决方案,如统计学模型、多数据源结合、人工智能联用,以期为建立基于沉积物古DNA的水生态系统中生物群落重建提供新技术和思路.

环境适应性视野下龙脊古壮寨水文化景观的可持续发展研究

水文化是中华文化的重要组成部分,也是我国水利事业不可或缺的重要内容。水文化景观更是乡土景观中重要的一环,对于乡村生态文明建设也具有重要意义。龙脊古壮寨因其特殊的自然因素和地域人文因素形成了以“梯田盛景”为根本的水文化景观,为乡村振兴背景下的乡土水文化景观研究提供了典型案例。从环境适应性视角去剖析龙脊古壮寨水利景观和水文景观的自然适应性、文化适应性和经济适应性,归纳总结其中蕴含的生存智慧和发展模式,旨在为探讨水文化景观在新时代的可持续发展奠定良好的理论基础,并在此基础上提出“保护农业遗产,留住传统技艺;传承历史文脉,培育文化自信;倡导共生理念,建设生态文明;营造智慧龙脊,助力乡村振兴”的4点发展建议,也为推进乡村生态文明建设提供相应的策略参考。

古代环境哲学思想重构居住环境设计策略研究

中国古代环境哲学思想涉及到人、环境与自然之间的耦合关联,是人们认识世界、适应自然环境、推进社会进步智慧的结晶。随着社会的不断进步发展,人们的居住环境观念日益增强,但部分民居建筑改造过程造成人文景观缺失、乡愁记忆淡忘,直接影响传统文化的传承和社会的进步发展。本文通过梳理中国城市与住宅建筑的历史演变与发展,研究挖掘古代环境哲学内涵,在民居建筑改造中应用古代环境哲学思想的自然观、空间观及礼制观设计重构居住环境策略,描绘人居环境未来图景,为加快社会文明进步提供发展思路。

美丽中国建设背景下古代环境立法的梳理与反思

党的二十大提出,2035年我国要基本实现美丽中国的目标。在此背景下,推进现代环境立法的发展与改革变得尤为重要。现代环境立法离不开古代环境立法的经验与教训。在梳理古代环境立法的基础上,分析得出古代环境立法具有以保障经济发展为目的、以儒家道家思想为指导、以严厉的处罚为保障的特点,存在环境立法与经济发展不匹配、缺乏统一法律指导的问题,最终导致古代环境立法走向衰败。现代环境立法吸取古代环境立法的经验与教训,应当以强有力的惩罚作为支撑、以《环境法典》作为统一指导、以经济社会的发展作为物质基础、以习近平生态文明法治理论作为思想基础、并以与时俱进作为环境立法的导向。

The determination of sedimentary environment and associated energy in deep-buried marine carbonates:insights from natural gamma ray spectrometry log

It has always been challenging to determine the ancient sedimentary environment and associated energy in deep-buried marine carbonates.The energy represents the hydrodynamic conditions that existed when the carbonates were deposited.The energy includes light and chemical energies in compounds and kinetic energy in currents and mass flow.Deep-buried marine carbonates deposited during the Ordovician depositional period in the eastern Tarim Basin result from a complex interplay of tectonics,sedimentation,and diagenesis.As a result,determining the ancient sedimentary environment and associated energy is complex.The natural gamma-ray spectrometry(GRS)log(from 12 wells)is used in this paper to conduct studies on the sedimentary environment and associated energy in deep-buried marine carbonates.The findings show that the values of thorium(Th),uranium(U),potassium(K),and gamma-ray without uranium(KTh)in a natural GRS log can reveal lithological associations,mineral composition,diagenetic environment,stratigraphic water activity,and ancient climatic change.During the Ordovician,quantitative analysis and determination of sedimentary environment energy are carried out using a comprehensive calculation of natural GRS log parameters in typical wells(penetrating through the Ordovician with cores and thin sections)of well GC4,well GC6,well GC7,and well GC8.The results show that GRS log can determine different lithology associations in typical wells than a sieve residue log.Furthermore,cores and thin sections can be used to validate the determination of lithology associations.Based on the determination of lithology associations,the lithology associations that reflect the sedimentary environment and associated energy can be analyzed in a new approach.Furthermore,the sedimentary environment energy curve derived from a natural GRS log can reveal hydrodynamic fluctuations during depositional periods,which will aid in the discovery of carbonate reservoirs,establishing sequence stratigraphic frameworks,and the reconstruction of sea-level changes in the future.

生态视角下的衡山萱洲古镇环境设计探究

文中以衡山萱州古镇为例,探讨了生态文明理念应用于生态性环境艺术设计过程的问题,以期达到改善生态环境,提升环境品质,彰显地域生态特色的目的,同时也为生态视角下的环境艺术设计的和谐发展提供一定参考和借鉴。

吴江大运河古纤道公园环境提升设计探究

针对城市更新背景下公园休闲的新需求,对吴江大运河古纤道公园周边环境提出“一个古纤道遗址、两个入口通廊、多个文化节点”的设计策略,对古纤道进行重点保护,对周边绿地环境提升并增加休闲服务设施,增加标示系统,完善文化节点,增加休闲的配套设施,新增夜间灯光照明,营造文化内涵丰富且有活力的文化公园休闲空间。

山东小清河流域湖泊的环境变迁

小清河流域为西起济南 ,东至渤海湾 ,南缘泰鲁沂山地北麓 ,北界黄河之间的区域。在史前及历史时期 ,小清河流域湖泊广布 ,在地层沉积记录和古文献记载中均得以证明。这些湖泊形成于早全新世 ,在中全新世达到鼎盛 ,晚全新世以来湖泊逐渐衰退与消亡 ,如原来存在的鹊山湖、浒山湖、清水泊等湖泊 ,这在古文献中也多有记载 ,现已在平原上消失。本文着重对麻大湖、锦秋湖、白云湖等的历史演变进行了探讨。通过查阅历史文献、地层剖面分析、地名考证等多种途径和方法对小清河流域的湖泊消失的原因进行了研究和分析。认为在气候变干的大背景下 ,湖泊消失的原因主要有两个 :一是黄河泛滥所造成的小清河流域的泥沙淤积 ;二是疏浚河道、围湖造田、过渡利用水资源等人类活动的影响。研究本区湖泊的形成与消亡 ,对恢复古环境。

山东沂沭河流域2000BC前后古文化兴衰的环境考古

龙山文化早、中期(2600BC￣2300BC),沂沭河流域气候暖湿,以水稻种植为主的农业十分发达,社会全面繁荣,聚落遗址的数量得到了极大的扩展。2260BC前后开始的降温,对龙山文化中、晚期(2300BC￣2000BC)的面貌造成了显著影响。气温下降,使得水稻产量大幅度下降甚至绝产,加剧了人口与资源之间的矛盾,随之而来的便是人口的大量减少和文化面貌的改变。2000BC前后龙山文化被较为落后古朴的岳石文化所取代。

古村落旅游地旅游环境容量初探——以世界文化遗产西递古村落为例

作为传统历史文化旅游地,古村落正备受关注,旅游发展势头迅猛。近年来由于游客量增长迅猛、客流时间分布极不均匀以及古民居容纳能力有限等原因,造成景区超载、旅游污染现象日益严重,对古村落历史文化遗产的保护压力逐渐增大,古村落旅游环境容量问题日益凸现。本文以世界文化遗产西递古村落为研究案例,进行了实地调研工作,在旅游环境容量静态模型的基础上,对西递景区旅游环境容量状态展开分析,计算了西递景区不同季节旅游环境容量值,最后提出了古村落旅游环境容量调控的基本对策。