Centuries-Old Villages in Southern Anhui:Xidi and Hongcun

Xidi and Hongcun are two of the most representative ancient villages in the southern part of Anhui Province.Dating back to the Song Dynasty,they still preserve hundreds of residential buildings from the Ming and Qing Dynasties.

Species and Control Techniques of Main Diseases and Insect Pests of Camellia oleifera in Anhui Province

[Objectives]The paper was to master the species,incidence regularity and control techniques of main diseases and insect pests of Camellia oleifera in Anhui Province.[Methods]The species of main diseases and insect pests of C.oleifera in major C.oleifera afforestation bases and seedling bases in Anhui Province were investigated through field survey and literature search.Afterwards,the symptom characteristics,occurrence regularity and harms of diseases and insect pests were analyzed,and scientific and reasonable control techniques were put forward.[Results]The main diseases of C.oleifera in Anhui Province were soft rot disease,blister blight,anthracnose,sooty blotch,etc.,and the main insect pests were Euproctis pseudoconspersa,Biston marginata,Hypomeces squamosus,Curculio chinensts,Chrenoma atritarsis,etc.The control techniques mainly included ecological regulation,physical prevention and control,chemical prevention and control,and biological prevention and control.[Conclusions]The results will promote the high-quality development of C.oleifera industry in Anhui Province,and contribute to the improvement of China s edible vegetable oil supply and national grain and oil security.

Anhui Flying Tiger Automobile Group Corporation(Huaihai Machinery Factory,Anhui Province)

The Anhui Flying Tiger(Feihu)Automobile Group Corporation is composedof 81 enterprises and institutions forproduction and coordination.The AnhuiHuaihai Machinery Factory—the coreenterprise—is the key national automobilemanufacturer.The factory has total assets ofRMB480 million,staff of 3,400,including500 medium-to-senior technical people,annual production capacity of 50,000 forautomobiles,with their quality proven to beClass A for seven years running.Since1992,the factory has been aiming at theinternational market,exporting more

SHRIMP U-Pb Zircon Geochronology of the Xiaotongguanshan and Shatanjiao Intrusions and Its Petrological Implications in the Tongling Area, Anhui

This paper determines the crystallization ages of the Xiaotongguanshan quartz monzodiorite and Shatanjiao quartz monzonitc porphyry from the Tongling area using the SHRIMP zircon U-Pb method. The crystallization age of the former is 142.8±1.8 Ma; that of the latter is 151.8±2.6 Ma. These data indicate that they were formed during the Late Jurassic （142.8 to 151.8 Ma）. Zoned magma chamber was formed because of double diffusive convection. Therefore, the intrusive sequence of magma is generally from quartz monzonite through quartz monzodiorite to pyroxene monzodiorite, i.e. an inverted sequence.

Lower Triassic Inorganic Carbon Isotope Excursion in Chaohu, Anhui Province, China

This paper reports a Lower Triassic inorganic carbon isotope profile from the North Pingdingshan Section in Chaohu, Anhui Province, China, which was situated in a deep part of the Lower Yangtze carbonate ramp. The δ ( 13 C) excursion shows two periods from the Permian Triassic boundary to the lower Spathian substage, corresponding to the ecosystem undergoing evolution and recovery after the end Permian mass extinction and related events. The first period starts at the δ ( 13 C) depletion caused by the mass extinction and evolves with a gradual δ ( 13 C) increase resulting from the development of some disaster taxa during the Induan. The strong Smithian δ ( 13 C) depletion in the second period might be formed by the collapse of the disaster ecosystem and the biotic recovery occurred with the explosive increase of bioproductivity in the Spathian. Thus the δ ( 13 C) excursion in the Lower Triassic expresses patterns of biotic evolution and recovery during the erratic ecosystem that followed the great end Permian mass extinction.

Multifractal Analysis of Element Distribution in Skarn-type Deposits in the Shizishan Orefield,Tongling Area,Anhui Province,China

A series of element concentrations sampled from four drill cores with a length about 1000 m into different skarn-type deposits were selected from the Shizishan orefield, central Tongling, southeastern part of Anhui Province. Using the multifractal method, the distribution and migration characteristics of the major and trace elements are analyzed. The multifractal spectrum of the major elements is left-skewed, whereas the spectrum of the trace elements is right-skewed, which shows that in the process of skarn formation, the trace elements were enriched only locally, and major elements transported within a much larger range. The correlation coefficients of the multifractal parameters Aa （width of the multifractal spectrum） of the four drill cores are relatively low, but the correlation coefficients of the multifractal parameters R （spectrum symmetry parameter） and Af are relatively higher, indicating that although the non-homogeneous intensity of the distribution of elements is inconsistent, their spatial accumulation patterns are almost the same during the ore-forming process. The statistics of the mnltifractal parameters of various elements in the different locations show that the ore-forming processes and element migration pattern in the Shizishan orefield are consistent, and that the migrations of trace elements and major elements exhibit some differences.

Underplating of Mesozoic Mantle-derived Magmas in Tongling, Anhui Province: Evidence from Megacrysts and Xenoliths

Lithological observations and mineralogical analyses on pyroxene and hornblende megacrysts and pyroxene and hornblende cumulates in xenoliths in the Mesozoic plutons of the Tongling region, Anhui Province, provide evidence for the magmatic underplating of mantle-derived alkali-olivine basalt at circa 140 Ma. The pyroxene and hornblende megacrysts and cumulates were formed through the AFC process at depths ranging from 27 to 35 km.

Geochemistry of Rare Earth Elements in Xikeng Ag-Pb-Zn Ore Deposit, South Anhui, China

In this paper, a comparative study is done on the geochemical charateristics of REE in ore, ore-hosted rocks of Lantian group, granite related to ore deposit, and altered rocks for tracing origin of ore-forming materials. The result indicates that the ore-forming fluid and ore-forming materials for Xikeng silver-polymetallic ore deposit were derived from Yixian granite's magmatic activity. Water-rock reaction of the hydrothermal fluid with the carbonate-rich stratum led the altered rock to relatively enrich in HREE.

Genetic Types and Metallogenic Model for the Polymetallic Copper–Gold Deposits in the Tongling Ore District, Anhui Province, Eastern China

The Tongling ore district is one of the most economically important ore areas in the Middle–Lower Yangtze River Metallogenic Belt, eastern China. It contains hundreds of polymetallic copper–gold deposits and occurrences. Those deposits are mainly clustered(from west to east) within the Tongguanshan, Shizishan, Xinqiao, Fenghuangshan, and Shatanjiao orefields. Until recently, the majority of these deposits were thought to be skarn-or porphyry–skarn-type deposits; however there have been recent discoveries of numerous vein-type Au, Ag, and Pb-Zn deposits that do not fall into either of these categories. This indicates that there is some uncertainty over this classification. Here, we present the results of several systematic geological studies of representative deposits in the Tongling ore district. From investigation of the ore-controlling structures, lithology of the host rock, mineral assemblages, and the characteristics of the mineralization and alteration within these deposits, three genetic types of deposits(skarn-, porphyry-, and vein-type deposits) have been identified. The spatial and temporal relationships between the orebodies and Yanshanian intrusions combined with the sources of the ore-forming fluids and metals, as well as the geodynamic setting of this ore district, indicate that all three deposit types are genetically related each other and constitute a magmatic–hydrothermal system. This study outlines a model that relates the polymetallic copper–gold porphyry-, skarn-, and vein-type deposits within the Tongling ore district. This model provides a theoretical basis to guide exploration for deep-seated and concealed porphyry-type Cu(–Mo, –Au) deposits as well as shallow vein-type Au, Ag, and Pb–Zn deposits in this area and elsewhere.

A New Idea of Sinian Doushantuo'an Metaphyte Fossils from Xiuning, Anhui Province

This paper gives a summary of the fossil data from the Sinian Doushantuo' an Lantian Formation in the Xiuning area, Anhui Province, China, and reports the genital butt structure comparable to that of some modern advanced algae and the fossil structure comparable to the dehiscence of sporangia as well as the ontogenetic phenomenon occurring possibly from the formation of embryos by zygote germination to the production of sessile benthonic algal adults. This phenomenon furnishes a useful clue to the further study of the life history of alternate generations in advanced algae and provides megafossil evidence for the sex differentiation of metaphytic algae.

Geochemical Characteristics of Sedimentary Manganese Deposit of Guichi, Anhui Province, China

The sedimentary manganese deposits occurring in Gufeng formation of the Permian in Guichi area, south Anhui Province, include manganese carbonate deposit formed by sedimentation, and manganese oxide deposit made by later oxidation. The total REE contents of these samples are relatively low （ 〈 250 × 10^- 6）, belonging to LREE-enriched type, showing LREE enrichment during the process of formation of Mn deposit, especially during Mn-oxidizing process. Three normalized REE patterns and SCNA-normalized trace elements spider diagrams of the Mn-bearing sequence rocks and ores in this area reflect their same origin of ore sources, which is similar to rock-forming and ore-forming conditions. The Mnforming materials primarily came from the continent with higher mature degree and single material source. The δEu and δCe negative anomaly and Ce anomaly （ 〈 - 0.1） manifest that Mn-bearing sequence of the Permian was mostly formed in marine basin and oxidative environment. The Sr and Ba anomaly, Sr/Ba and Co/Ni values reflect the Mn deposit environment was of deep water and high-salinity of marine facies. Although the Ce/La （mean 1.05）, Y/Ho （25 - 41.5） and trace metals show a variety of correlations with Mn in the ten rock samples, which show multiple sources for the manganese, the analysis of geochemical characteristics indicate that the material sources of Mn deposit have been primarily terrestriallyderived. Another source of the manganese probably comes from the seafloor volcanism in this area. Analysis of sedimentary features and geohistoric evolvement reveals that the maximum transgression of the Qixia Period, ore district is then in deep shelf-basin sedimentary setting and the Mn-bearing sequence is deposited.

An investigation of weed seed banks reveals similar potential weed community diversity among three different farmland types in Anhui Province, China

Crop type is one of main factors influencing weed community structure. However, the identity of weed communities associated with the cultivation of different crops in farmlands remains largely unclear. A field survey of weed seed banks was conducted in 2 280 fields at 228 sites of 62 locations representing three different types of farmland(95 paddy, 73 summer-ripe, and 60 autumn-ripe farmlands) along the bank of the Yangtze River in Anhui Province, China. A total of 43 families and 174 species of weeds were found in these weed seed banks. A comparison of the composition of weed groups in the seed banks showed that the species number and density percentage of grass, sedge and broadleaf weed groups were similar among the different types of farmland. The seed banks of all three farmland types shared 71 common weed species, accounting for 40.80% of the total number of species. These common weeds, which were both associated and not associated with crops, accounted for 91.71% of the total dominance degree among all farmland types. The crop-associated weed species were distributed in all soil layers of each farmland type. The Shannon-Wiener index H′(description of species diversity which is more sensitive to dense species) and Pielou's evenness index J(description of species evenness) in summer-ripe farmland were similar to those in autumn-ripe farmland but differed from those in paddy farmland. However, the Simpson's index D(description of species diversity which is more sensitive to sparse species) was similar among all three farmland types. The results of similarity comparison indicated that although the aboveground weed community differed among the different cropping patterns, the weed species composition in the soil seed bank was still similar. Consequently, our results demonstrate that after the implementation of long-term monoculture patterns, weed species compositions in the soil seed bank in different farmlands become homogenized regardless of the crop type.

Discussion on Induan-Olenekian Boundary in Chaohu, Anhui Province, China

This paper proposes a scheme for the definition of the Lower Triassic Induan Olenekian boundary (IOB) based on investigation of sections in Chaohu, Anhui Province, China as well as data accumulated from other studies elsewhere. The conodont Neospathodus waageni is suggested as the index fossil of the boundary. According to the FAD of N. waageni , the IOB is at the base of bed 25 2 of the West Pingdingshan Section in Chaohu, 42.19 m above the Permian Triassic boundary, and it is slightly higher than the base of the Flemingites Euflemingites Ammonoid Zone at the section.

Impact of Holocene environmental change on temporal-spatial distribution of Neolithic sites in Huaihe River Basin, Anhui Province

The Huaihe River basin of Anhui is not only a transitional zone of physical geography, but also a convergent area of many cultures in China. It is one of the sensitive ecotones to global changes and the birthplace of Chinese civilization. Using the field archaeological data and the sporo-pollens and the age data of the drilling cores, we analysed Neolithic cultural development and environmental evolution in the Huaihe River basin of Anhui. According to the combination of some research results in archaeology with environmental evolution research, this paper discusses the relationship between culture and environment in the Huaihe River basin of Anhui. The Neolithic cultural development was strongly impacted by the environmental change. The primitive culture （Shishanzi） was developed in the beginning of the Holocene Megathermal Period with distinct regional feature of the culture. From 6.5 kaBP to 5.5 kaBP, the climate changed warmer and wetter. The frequent occurrence of flood and waterlog due to such a climate regime and high sea level caused the earth＇s surface environment deteriorated in the Huaihe River basin of Anhui and the interruption of the Neolithic cultural development, hence a lack of archaeological sites. From 5.5 kaBP to 4.0 kaBP, the climate changed from wet to dry, the natural environment was propitious to human survival. Dawenkou Culture and Longshan Culture flourished in this period. The Neolithic cultural development, the number of the sites and their distribution characteristics of the sites in the study area differed apparently from those in Central China and Shandong Province.

Study of the Emplacement Mechanism of the Fenghuangshan Granite Pluton and Related Cu-Au Mineralization in Tongling, Anhui Province

The Fenghuangshan Pluton is located in the Tongling polymineral-cluster district in the middle-lower section of the Yangtze metallogenic belt. In tectonic terms, it is in the middle of the Guichi-Fanchang faulted fold bundle of the lower Yangtze Platform fold belt between the Dabie Orogenic Belt and the Jiangnan Massif. Analyses of the structural deformation characteristics of both the contact zone and the interior of the pluton are used to explain its emplacement mechanism. The foliation and lineation of the pluton, consisting of the oriented distribution of dark minerals and xenoliths, mainly concentrate along the margin of the pluton. Toward the center of the pluton, the foliation structure becomes weak, showing intense compression formation at the margin, and reflecting the conformable intrusion of the pluton. The relatively gentle lineation is evidence of a rotatory emplacement mechanism. Relatively steep marginal foliation reflects compression expanding. Affected by the thermal power of the pluton, the metamorphism of the contact zone has zonation. Both the strike of the axial plane of fold at the contact zone and that of the flow cleavage of the ductile shear zone are consistent with the boundary of the pluton, which reflects the speciality of conformable intrusion. The hinges of the folds are mostly inclined and erect, reflecting both the rotation of the pluton and its upward spiraling emplacement mechanism. Boudins developed in both the contact zone and the steep strata indicate the emplacement characteristic of the ballon expanding. The surrounding rock of the contact zone shortens horizontally. The average percentage of shortening is 39.7%, which further proves the mechanism of the pluton expanding, and the space occupied by the active expanding intrusion was provided by the shortening of the surrounding rock. The left-lateral shear shown by the ductile shear zone and the rheomorphic fold reveals that the pluton emplacement and the deformation of surrounding rock are controlled by a NNE-striking left-lateral shear stress field. These characteristics of pluton structures provide a mechanism of emplacement. In the deep, the pluton apirally rose left lateral, and in the shallow, the one forcefully emplaced balloningly.

Geological and Geochemical Characteristics and Genesis of the Shaxi Porphyry Copper (Gold) Deposits, Anhui Province

The Shaxi porphyry copper (gold) deposits are a typical example of porphyry copper deposits associated with diorite in eastern China. Quartz diorite, which hosts the deposits, has a Rb-Sr isochron age of 127.9 ± 1.6 Ma. Geochemically, the rock is rich in alkalis (especially sodium), light rare earth elements (LREE) and large-ion lithophile elements (LILE), and has a relatively low initial strontium isotopic ratio (Isr=0.7058); thus it is the product of differentiation of crust-mantle mixing source magma. The model of alteration and mineralization zoning is similar to the Hollister (1974) diorite model. The ore fluids have a relatively high salinity and contain significant amounts of CO2, Ca2+, Na+ and ***CI?. The homogenization temperatures of fluid inclusions for the main mineralization stage range from 280 to 420°C, the δ18O values of the ore fluids vary from 3.51 to 5.52 %, the δD values are in the range between ?82.4 and ?59.8 %, the δ34S values of sulphides vary from ?0.3 to 2.49 %, and the δ13C values of CO2 in inclusions range between ?2.66 and ?6.53 %. Isotope data indicate that the hydrothermal ore fluids and ore substances of the Shaxi porphyry copper (gold) deposits were mainly derived from magmatic systems.

Ore-forming Fluid Systems and Mineralization in the Eastern Jiangnan Uplift in the Border Area of Anhui and Jiangxi Provinces, China

Obvious differences in mineralization characteristics exist between the southern and northern parts of the eastern part of the Jiangnan Uplift in northern Jiangxi Province and southern Anhui Province. The regional metallogeny is discussed, and the ore-forming fluid systems are classified in this article. It is proposed that the fluid ore-forming activities in the Jiangnan Uplift both in northern Jiangxi and southern Anhui have close relationships with the crust-mantle interaction and magmatic-tectonic activities. The types and scales of the mineralization on the both sides of the eastern Jiangnan Uplift were determined by fluid ore-forming systems and geological backgrounds.

Granulite-facies Middle-Lower Crustal Xenoliths from Nushan Alkali Basalt in Northeastern Anhui Province,China

Metamorphic xenoliths within the Nushan alkali basalt of northeastern Anhui (NEA),China ,are from the middle-lower crust.They could be divided into two end-members:basic and acid.Interme-diate xenoliths are scarcely found.Basic two-pyroxene granulites(pyriclasites) were formed at 720-810℃ and 7-8kb.Petrological and geochemical studies indicate that the primary magma of the protoliths of basic granulites was derived from the metasomatized upper mantle, while the pa-rental magma of the acid end-member was probably produced by partial melting of the basic rocks. The protoliths of charnockites and grey gneisses represent respectively the early and late crystallization products of the granitic magma.The Nushan granulites are much different in many aspects from the granulites exposed in the northern part of North China ,which implies the inhomogeneity regarding to the early evolution of the North China terranc.

3-D shear wave velocity structure in the shallow crust of the Tan-Lu fault zone in Lujiang,Anhui,and adjacent areas,and its tectonic implications

The Tan-Lu fault zone is a large NNE-trending fault zone in eastern China.Investigations of the structures of the fault zone and its surrounding areas have attracted much attention.In this study,we used dense-array ambient noise tomography to construct a threedimensional shear wave velocity model of shallow crust in an area about 80km×70km in Lujiang,Anhui Province,eastern China.For approximately one month we collected continuous ambient noise signals recorded by 90 short-period seismographs in the region,and obtained the short-period Rayleigh wave empirical Green's functions between stations by the cross-correlation method;we also extracted 0.5–8 s fundamental mode Rayleigh wave group velocity and phase velocity dispersion curves.Based on the direct surface wave tomography method,we jointly inverted the group velocity and phase velocity dispersion data of all paths and obtained the 3-D shear wave velocity structure in the depth range of 0–5 km.The results revealed important geological structural features of the study area.In the north region,the sedimentary center of the Hefei Basin—the southwestern part of the Chaohu Lake—shows a significant low-velocity anomaly to a depth of at least 5 km.The southwestern and southeastern regions of the array are the eastern margin of the Dabie orogenic belt and the intrusion area of Luzong volcanic rocks,respectively,and both show obvious high-speed anomalies;the sedimentary area within the Tan-Lu fault zone(about 10 km wide)shows low-velocity anomalies.However,the volcanic rock intrusion area in the fault zone is shown as high velocity.Our shallow crustal imaging results reflect the characteristics of different structures in the study area,especially the high-speed intrusive rocks in the Tan-Lu fault zone,which were probably partially derived from the magmatic activity of Luzong volcanic basin.From the Late Cretaceous to Early Tertiary,the Tan-Lu fault zone was in a period of extensional activity;the special stress environment and the fractured fault zone morphology provided conditions for magma in the Luzong volcanic basin to intrude into the Tan-Lu fault zone in the west.Our 3-D model can also provide important information for deep resource exploration and earthquake strong ground motion simulation.

Geology, Geochemistry, and Geochronology of the Fenghuangshan Skarn-type Copper Deposit in the Tongling Ore Cluster, Anhui Province, East China

The Fenghuangshan skarn-type Cu deposit, Tongling Ore Cluster, Anhui Province, is an important component in the Middle-Lower Yangtze River ore-forming belt. To better understand magmatism and its relationship to mineralization, we investigated geochemical features, ore-forming fluids, and geochronology of the Xinwuli intrusion and the related Fenghuangshan Cu deposit. Lithogeochemical characteristics show that the Xinwuli quartz monzodiorite is formed by mixing magma derived from upper mantle alkaline basalt that has been contaminated by crust materials. C, H and O isotopes indicate that ore-forming fluids mainly come from the magma, with minor amounts of meteoric fluids involved at the late stage. S and Pb isotopic components indicate that ore-forming materials are derived from the mantle. Molybdenite Re-Os isotopic dating yields Re-Os model ages ranging from 139.1±2.4 Ma to 142.0±2.2 Ma, with an isochronal age of 141.1±1.4 Ma, which is consistent with sensitive, high-resolution ion microprobe （SHRIMP） zircon U-Pb ages of quartz monzodiorite and granodiorite in the mining area. Dating analysis yields ages from 136.0±2.0 Ma to 143.0±2.4 Ma for the quartz monzodiorite （a weighted average of 139.4±1.2 Ma） and ages from 136.7±2.0 Ma to 145.3±2.4 Ma for granodiorite （a weighted average of 141.0±1.1 Ma）.