Ecotourism encourages an environmentally friendly exploration of the world＇s natural habitats. Tourists often engage in wildlife photography, an activity that is generally not considered disturbing to animals. We inv...Ecotourism encourages an environmentally friendly exploration of the world＇s natural habitats. Tourists often engage in wildlife photography, an activity that is generally not considered disturbing to animals. We investigated the effects of cam- era-related stimuli to determine whether shutter noise and/or flash affected the immediate behavior of female crested anoles Ano- lis cristaellus. Anoles decreased their display rate following stimuli that included shutter noises, but did not change their behavior in response to flash or silence treatments. To determine the relative importance of this response, we observed anole behavior fol- lowing playbacks of calls from kestrels Falco sparverius, a predator, and bananaquits Coereba flaveola, a non-predator. Anoles decreased display rates following kestrel calls when compared to their response to bananaquit calls. Furthermore, anoles spent a greater proportion of time displaying following bananaquit calls compared to both kestrel calls and silence. The magnitude of response to shutter noises was about the same as that to predator calls. This demonstrates that photography may not be as benign as commonly believed, and we should consider whether restrictions on camera noises should be implemented to reduce ani- mal disturbance展开更多
Abstract Multiple studies have focused on the importance of single modalities （visual, auditory, olfactory） in eliciting anti-predator behavior, however multiple channels are often engaged simultaneously. While exam...Abstract Multiple studies have focused on the importance of single modalities （visual, auditory, olfactory） in eliciting anti-predator behavior, however multiple channels are often engaged simultaneously. While examining responses to multiple cues can potentially reveal more complex behavioral responses, little is known about how multimodal processing evolves. By contrasting response to familiar and novel predators, insights can be gained into the evolution of multimodal responses. We studied brown anoles＇ （Anolis sagrei） response to acoustic and visual predatory cues of a common potential predator, the great-tailed grackle Quiscalus mexicanus and to the American kestrel Falco sparverius, a species found in other populations but not present in our study population. We observed anole behavior before and after a stimulus and quantified rates of looking, display, and locomotion. Anoles increased their rate of locomotion in response to grackle models, an effect modulated by grackle vocalizations. No such response or modulation was seen when anoles were presented with kestrel stimuli. This suggests that the degree of sophistication of anole response to predators is experience dependent and that relaxed selection can result in reduced anti-predator response following loss of predators.展开更多
通过调控合成配方,以水热合成法制备一系列不同粒径及硅铝比的SSZ-13沸石,考察沸石孔道结构、酸性质与催化性能之间的关系。采用XRD、SEM、XRF、N2吸附-脱附以及27Al MAS NMR对沸石样品进行详细的表征,并评价其甲醇制烯烃反应(MTO)催化...通过调控合成配方,以水热合成法制备一系列不同粒径及硅铝比的SSZ-13沸石,考察沸石孔道结构、酸性质与催化性能之间的关系。采用XRD、SEM、XRF、N2吸附-脱附以及27Al MAS NMR对沸石样品进行详细的表征,并评价其甲醇制烯烃反应(MTO)催化性能。结果表明,小晶粒SSZ-13沸石相对结晶度高、晶粒尺寸均一;在MTO中,小晶粒SSZ-13沸石的MTO催化寿命大幅高于大晶粒SSZ-13沸石;减小晶粒尺寸可改善分子扩散效率,在此基础上提高沸石的酸密度可增加其活性稳定性。展开更多
文摘Ecotourism encourages an environmentally friendly exploration of the world＇s natural habitats. Tourists often engage in wildlife photography, an activity that is generally not considered disturbing to animals. We investigated the effects of cam- era-related stimuli to determine whether shutter noise and/or flash affected the immediate behavior of female crested anoles Ano- lis cristaellus. Anoles decreased their display rate following stimuli that included shutter noises, but did not change their behavior in response to flash or silence treatments. To determine the relative importance of this response, we observed anole behavior fol- lowing playbacks of calls from kestrels Falco sparverius, a predator, and bananaquits Coereba flaveola, a non-predator. Anoles decreased display rates following kestrel calls when compared to their response to bananaquit calls. Furthermore, anoles spent a greater proportion of time displaying following bananaquit calls compared to both kestrel calls and silence. The magnitude of response to shutter noises was about the same as that to predator calls. This demonstrates that photography may not be as benign as commonly believed, and we should consider whether restrictions on camera noises should be implemented to reduce ani- mal disturbance
文摘Abstract Multiple studies have focused on the importance of single modalities （visual, auditory, olfactory） in eliciting anti-predator behavior, however multiple channels are often engaged simultaneously. While examining responses to multiple cues can potentially reveal more complex behavioral responses, little is known about how multimodal processing evolves. By contrasting response to familiar and novel predators, insights can be gained into the evolution of multimodal responses. We studied brown anoles＇ （Anolis sagrei） response to acoustic and visual predatory cues of a common potential predator, the great-tailed grackle Quiscalus mexicanus and to the American kestrel Falco sparverius, a species found in other populations but not present in our study population. We observed anole behavior before and after a stimulus and quantified rates of looking, display, and locomotion. Anoles increased their rate of locomotion in response to grackle models, an effect modulated by grackle vocalizations. No such response or modulation was seen when anoles were presented with kestrel stimuli. This suggests that the degree of sophistication of anole response to predators is experience dependent and that relaxed selection can result in reduced anti-predator response following loss of predators.
文摘通过调控合成配方,以水热合成法制备一系列不同粒径及硅铝比的SSZ-13沸石,考察沸石孔道结构、酸性质与催化性能之间的关系。采用XRD、SEM、XRF、N2吸附-脱附以及27Al MAS NMR对沸石样品进行详细的表征,并评价其甲醇制烯烃反应(MTO)催化性能。结果表明,小晶粒SSZ-13沸石相对结晶度高、晶粒尺寸均一;在MTO中,小晶粒SSZ-13沸石的MTO催化寿命大幅高于大晶粒SSZ-13沸石;减小晶粒尺寸可改善分子扩散效率,在此基础上提高沸石的酸密度可增加其活性稳定性。
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81202031)Scientific Program of Health and Family Planning Commission of Jilin Province+7 种基金China(No.2014Z103)Scientific Program of Education Department of Jilin ProvinceChina(No.2013-351)Project of Undergraduate Innovation and Entrepreneurship of Jilin ProvinceChina(20132014)Undergraduate Science Foundation of Jilin Medical CollegeChina(No.2012-12)
