Variations and relations between chlorophyll concentrations and physical-ecological processes near the West Antarctic Peninsula

The West Antarctic Peninsula(WAP)region is one of the most productive marine ecosystems in the Southern Ocean that support the food web for phytoplankton,krill spawning or recruitment and several krill consumers at higher-trophic level like penguins and Antarctic fur seals.Characterized by channels and islands,the complex topography of the WAP generates interconnected circulation patterns,strongly influencing vertical stratification,nutrient availability and distribution of marine organisms.Additionally,rapid climate change associated with major climate modes like the Southern Annular Mode(SAM)and El Niño-Southern Oscillation(ENSO)has significant effects on long-term variations of physical environments and biological production.The objective of this study is to reveal the spatial-temporal variations of phytoplankton biomass in the WAP region and the modulating physical-ecological processes.By using 9-year hydrographic and ecological data of five transects collected by the Palmer Long-Term Ecosystem Research,the horizontal and vertical distributions of several physical and ecological properties,with a particular focus on chlorophyll(Chl)concentration were explored.Regression analysis among area-averaged properties and properties at single stations was performed to reveal the relationship between the interannual variations of physical and ecological processes.The correlation results showed that Chl concentration exhibited a positive relationship with both the circumpolar deep water(CDW)intrusion and vertical stratification,but showed a negative correlation with SAM at some specific stations.However,certain processes or mechanisms may only be dominant for specific stations and not applicable to the entire region.No single physical or ecological factors have been found to significantly influence the Chl distribution throughout the WAP region,which may be attributed to the heterogeneity of sea ice conditions,geometry and hydrodynamic features as well as variations in nutrient sources.

Inferring trophic variation for Antarctic krill(Euphausia superba) in the Antarctic Peninsula from the austral fall to early winter using stable isotope analysis

The Antarctic krill（Euphausia superba） is a key species in the Southern Ocean ecosystem and an important link in the food web of the Antarctic ecosystem. The trophic information for this species during the transition from the austral fall to the winter is important to understand its poorly known overwintering mechanisms. However, the few studies on the topic differ in their results, in terms of both spatial and temporal variables. We investigated the size dependence and monthly and regional variation in δ^（13） C and δ^（15） N values of adult krill in the Antarctic Peninsula, in the austral fall（April to May） and the early winter（June）. We aimed to examine the trophic variations of krill occurred during this period, and the relationship between krill and their feeding environment in the Antarctic marine ecosystem. The following results were obtained：（1） no significant relationship was observed between size and the δ13 C value of krill, but the δ15 N value of krill presented a remarkable association with size;（2）the δ13 C values of krill increased during the austral fall, but no remarkable variation existed at the onset of winter,and the δ15 N values were not significant different during this period;（3） mean δ15 N values of krill differed significantly between the Bransfield Strait and the South Shetland Islands. Our data imply that adult krill present size-, season-, and region-dependent trophic variation during the transition from austral fall to early winter in the Antarctic Peninsula.

Distributions of surface sediments surrounding the Antarctic Peninsula and its environmental significance

We analyzed grain size composition to provide information on the types and distributions as well as depositional varieties of marine surface sediments from the area surrounding the Antarctic Peninsula. The samples retrieved from the study area contain gravel, sand, silt and clay. As suggested by bathymetry and morphology, the study area is characterized by neritic, hemipelagic and pelagic deposits. The glacial-marine sediments can be divided into two types, residual paratill and compound paratill, which are primarily transported by glaciers and as ice-rafted debris. Ocean current effects on deposition are more obvious, and the deposit types are distributed consistently with terrain variations.

Environmental drivers of phytoplankton crops and taxonomic composition in northeastern Antarctic Peninsula adjacent sea area

The ecosystem of the sea region adjacent to the Antarctic Peninsula is undergoing remarkable physical and biological changes, in the context of global warming. However, understanding of the dynamics of phytoplankton taxonomic composition in this marginal ice zone remains unclear. In this study, seawater samples collected from 36 stations in the northeastern Antarctic Peninsula were analyzed for nutrients and phytoplankton pigments.Combining with CHEMTAX analysis, remote sensing data, and physicochemical measurements, we investigated the relationships between phytoplankton crops, taxonomic composition, and marine environmental drivers.Integrated chlorophyll a(Chl a) concentrations(200 m) varied from 8.9 mg/m^(2)to 64.2 mg/m^(2), with an average of(23.2±12.0) mg/m^(2)and higher phytoplankton biomass concentrated in the coastal region of South Orkney Island and South Shetland Island. Diatoms were the dominant functional group(63%±21%). Higher proportions of diatoms were associated with higher Chl a(r=0.40, p<0.01), stable water columns(r=0.20, p<0.01), higher Si/P ratios(r=0.34, p<0.01), higher photosynthetically active radiation intensity(r=0.64, p<0.01), and higher sea ice melt water contributions(MWC, r=0.20, p<0.01). Conversely, Phaeocystis antarctica contributed a smaller overall proportion(31%±18%) and was more concentrated in the offshore water masses(e.g., Philip Ridge and South Scotia Ridge) with lower light levels(r=-0.58, p<0.01), deeper mixed layer depths(r=0.17, p<0.05), higher nutrient concentrations(e.g., N, P, and Si, r>0.35, p<0.01), and lower MWC(r=-0.20, p<0.01). In comparison, the total contribution from green flagellates(4%±5%), cryptophyta(1%±3%), dinoflagellates(1%±4%), and cyanobacteria(1% ± 5%) was only 6%. In offshore regions with well-mixed water, less varied taxonomic composition and lower crops with a higher proportion of nanophytoplankton were observed. In contrast, significantly decreasing crops below the mixed layer depth was observed in water columns with strong stratification, where the dominant phytoplankter changed from diatoms to P. antarctica. These findings have important implications for better understanding the future dynamics of marine ecosystems in the sea area adjacent to the Antarctic Peninsula.

The distribution of phytoplankton size and major influencing factors in the surface waters near the northern end of the Antarctic Peninsula

The waters near the Antarctic Peninsula have always been a study hot spot because of their variable and unique oceanographic conditions.To determine the distribution and possible influencing factors on phytoplankton size and abundance near the Antarctic Peninsula,a large-scale survey was conducted during the austral summer of2018.Samples were collected in 27 stations located in the Drake Passage(DP),South Shetland Islands(SSI),and South Orkney Islands(SOI).Phytoplankton communities were described using chlorophyll a(Chl a),flow cytometry and light microscopy to cover a size range from pico-to microphytoplankton.Nanophytoplankton,especially small nanophytoplankton(2-6μm)with abundance ranging from 0.66×10^(3) cells/mL to 8.46×10^(3) cells/mL,was predominant throughout the study area.Among different regions,there was an obvious size shift.The proportion of picophytoplankton near the Elephant Island(EI)and DP was higher than other regions,and larger cells were found mainly in east of SOI.The distribution of phytoplankton abundance detected by flow cytometry was not completely consistent with Chl a concentrations due to the contribution of larger cells to Chl a.Possible influencing factors on the phytoplankton size distribution were discussed.The properties of water masses such as temperature and salinity can influence the phytoplankton size distribution.Correlation analysis revealed that only picophytoplankton is significantly correlated with salinity.Light and Fe availability might affect phytoplankton abundance and size distribution especially near the waters of SSI and EI in this study.It was also speculated that the abundance of cryptophytes is possibly related to ice melting.

Biomarker records of D5-6 columns in the eastern Antarctic Peninsula waters:responses of planktonic communities and bio-pump structures to sea ice global warming in the past centenary

Molecular biomarkers(e.g.,isoprenoid glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers(iGDGTs)and proxies,such as di-unsaturated to tri-unsaturated highly branched isoprenoids(D/T)ratio,total organic carbon,δ^(13)C and ice-rafted debris(IRD))were used to reconstruct the dominant phytoplankton(diatoms,dinoflagellates and coccolithophores),phytoplankton and zooplankton productivity,biological pump structure,and archaea assemblage(Euryarchaeota and Crenarchaeota)from a marine sediment core(D5-6)dated with^(210)Pb(1922–2012).We characterized the environmental response to sea ice variations/global warming off the eastern Antarctic Peninsula.The results showed that(1)the biomarkers brassicasterol(average=519.79 ng·g^(-1)),dinosterol(average=129.68 ng·g^(-1))and C37 alkenones(average=40.53 ng·g^(-1))reconstructed phytoplankton(average=690.00 ng·g^(-1))and zooplankton(cholesterol average=669.25 ng·g^(-1))productivity.The relative contribution to productivity by different phytoplankton groups was diatoms>dinoflagellates>coccolithophores.This is consistent with field surveys showing that diatoms dominate the phytoplankton in waters adjacent to the Antarctic Peninsula.(2)The relative abundances of different highly branched isoprenoids reflected the contributions of sea ice algae and open water phytoplankton(D/T=1.2–30.15).Phytoplankton productivity and sea ice showed a good linear relationship with a negative correlation,indicating that more open water during periods of warming and reduced sea ice cover led to an enhanced biological pump.(3)Over the past 100 years,phytoplankton productivity and zooplankton biomass increased.This trend was particularly evident in the last 50 years,corresponding to increased global warming,and showed a negative correlation with IRD and D/T.This suggests that with decreasing sea ice coverage in a warming climate,diatom biomass greatly increased.Coccolithophore/diatom values and the ratio of C37 alkenones to total phytoplankton productivity decreased,indicating the proportion of coccolithophores in the phytoplankton community decreased.The reduction in coccolithophores changes the phytoplankton assemblage and affects the overall efficiency of the biological pump and carbon storage.(4)The results also showed that the abundance of iGDGTs and archaea phyla(Euryarchaeota and Crenarchaeota)showed consistent changes over the past 100 years in response to global warming.Since 1972,trends in archaea,phytoplankton and zooplankton showed variations but a consistent decline.Whether their response to the changing climate off the Antarctic Peninsula involves interactions and influence among different marine biological groups remains an open question.As a result of global warming and reductions in Antarctic sea ice,the relative effectiveness of the Antarctic biological pump can significantly affect global ocean carbon storage.

Late Maastrichtian–Paleocene chronostratigraphy from Seymour Island,James Ross Basin,Antarctic Peninsula:Eustatic controls on sedimentation

The Paleocene(66–56 Ma)was a critical time interval for understanding the geological history in high palaeolatitudes after the end of Cretaceous event(recovery from mass extinction,palaeoclimate,global sea level changes,among others).The sedimentary succession from Seymour Island(Antarctic Peninsula)provides key reference material from this important phase of the early Cenozoic.A detailed age model is proposed for the López de Bertodano Formation(LBF),Sobral Formation(SF)and Cross Valley–Wiman Formation(CVWF)based on a new magnetostratigraphic section which integrates previous dinoflagellate cyst biostratigraphy,Iridium anomaly(K-Pg boundary),U-Pb zircon dating(airfall tuff)and strontium isotope values from macrofossils.The new composite magnetostratigraphic section,which includes the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary,has been correlated to the GPTS from C29r up to C24r.The top of the LBF is confirmed as latest Maastrichtian to earliest Danian(~65.4 Ma)in age.The overlying SF is mostly Danian in age(~65.2–~63 Ma)and CVWF is Selandian–Thatenian(~61.3–56.9 Ma).LBF,SF and CVWF are unconformity-bounded units(alloformations)that record the geological evolution of the James Ross Basin during a period of relative decreasing tectonism but coeval with volcanic activity.Unconformity based internal units have been recognized,dividing each formation into allomembers(LBF:Molluscan and Cenozoic;SF:A,B and C;CVWF:Díaz,Ara?ado,Bahía Pingüino).The new age model allows correlation of base-level changes with eustatic sea-level fluctuations.The bases of the SF and CVWF are correlated with the 65.3 and 61.5 Ma sea level lowstands.

MATHEMATICAL STATISTICS OF HEAVY MINERALS AND THEIR REE AND TRACE ELEMENTS IN THE NORTHWESTERN SEA AREA OF ANTARCTIC PENINSULA

Based on the analysis and mathematical statistics of quantitative data on both the heavy minerals and their REE (La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Tb, Yb, Lu), trace (Zr, Hf, Th, Ta, U, Rb, Sr, Zn, Co, Ni, Cr, As, Sc) and major (Fe) elements in the surface sediments in the northwestern sea area of Antarctic Peninsula, the authors find that the heavy minerals as the carriers of REE and trace elements should not be overlooked.Q-mode factor analysis of the heavy minerals provides a 3-factor model of the heavy mineral assemblages in the study area, which is mainly controlled by the origin of materials and sea currents. The common factor P1, composed mainly of pyroxene and metal minerals, and common factor P2, composed of hornblende, epidote and accessory minerals, represent two heavy mineral assemblages which are different from each other in both lithological characters and origin of materials. And common factor P3 probably results from mixing of two end members of the above-mentioned assemblages. R-mode group analysis of the heavy minerals indicates that there are two heavy mineral groups in the sea area, which are different from each other in both genesis and origin of materials. With the help of R-mode analysis, 22 elements are divided into 3 groups and 9 subgroups. These element assemblages show that they are genetically related and that they are different in geochemical behaviors during diagenesis and mineral-forming process. In addition, the relationship between the heavy mineral assemblages and the element subgroups is also discussed.

A note on crustal structure between Antarctic Peninsula and East Antarctic craton across the shelf of southern Weddell Sea

Analysis of gravity data based on the Airy isostasy, magnetic depth estimates and few seismic refraction data taken together indicates a thinning of the crust between the Antarctic Peninsula and the East Antarctic craton below the Filchner and Ronne ice shelves.

Early Triassic Legoupil Formation in Schmidt Peninsula,Antarctic Peninsula:Provenance and Depositional Settings

Geochemical compositions can be used to determine the tectonic setting of sedimentary basins,while where the link of source to sink is no longer preserved,detrital zircon age patterns can aid in resolving the original basin setting.The metasedimentary Legoupil Formation,located at Cape Legoupil and the Schmidt Peninsula,could give a hint for the tectonic evolution of Antarctic Peninsula.In this contribution,we constrain the sedimentary provenance of the Legoupil Formation through geochemistry and detrital zircon U-Pb geochronology.The petrography and geochemical features indicate that the provenance of the Legoupil Formation could be felsic rocks.Detrital zircon grains record a steady supply of Permian and Ordovician material into the Legoupil Formation.The youngest concordant zircon ages of 262 Ma suggest that the depositional time of Legoupil Formation is no older than Late Permian.The detrital zircon age spectrum of Legoupil Formation suggests that the Legoupil Formation sediments should be derived from regional sources endemic to western Gondwana prior to its breakup.Together with the previous studies,geochemistry and detrital zircons reflect an active continental margin tectonic setting and the detrital zircon spectra of Legoupil Formation are similar to the ones deposited in forearc tectonic setting.

Spatiotemporal variations in glacier area and surface velocity of the northern Antarctic Peninsula during 2018-2022

Ice sheet serves as a crucial indicator for assessing climate change.Mass loss in recent remote sensing-based studies indicated that the Antarctic Peninsula has rapid rates of glacier retreat and speed up of surface velocity.However,observations of seasonal variability of ice speed are limited,and glacier-area changes require multi-temporal monitoring.This study investigated the changes in area and surface velocities of∼375 glaciers on the northern Antarctic Peninsula(NAP)utilizing satellite images acquired by the Sentinel 1&2 satellites during 2018-2022.The results indicate that the glacier area reduced by approximately 166.1±44.2 km^(2)(-0.2%±0.1%per year)during the study period,with an acceleration after 2020(-0.4%±0.3%per year),and the most dramatic reduction happened on the eastern NAP.The maximum annual ice speeds on the NAP generally exceeded 3500 m per year,while the ice speeds in 2021 were the highest(exceeded 4210 m per year).The ice speed variability in austral autumn was higher than in other seasons,meanwhile the summer ice speeds showed an increasing trend.The glacier G012158E47018N,McNeile Glacier,glacier G299637E64094S and Drygalski Glacier showed the most remarkable ice speed variations represented by high daily velocities and strong fluctuations on their termini.Our results demonstrated that the variations in glacier area and seasonal ice speed on the NAP were responsive to the ice-ocean-atmosphere processes.Therefore,seasonal velocity and area variations should be considered when conducting accurate mass balance calculations,model validations and change mechanism analyses under climate warming scenarios.

High-resolution spatio-temporal analysis of snowmelt over Antarctic Peninsula ice shelves from 2015 to 2021 using SAR images

Ice shelves play an essential role in the dynamics of the Antarctic ice sheet.The surface meltwater is important,as it can irreversibly weaken ice shelves by exerting additional hydrostatic pressure.Therefore,high-resolution snowmelt products are urgently needed to accurately analyze melting patterns of ice shelves and further estimate mass loss.In this study,a new high-resolution(40 m)snowmelt dataset over all of the Antarctic Peninsula ice shelves larger than 100 km^(2) was developed based on the modified snowmelt detection framework by using a co-orbit normalization method.The dataset provides detailed snowmelt information on each ice shelf,including the image coverage,melting area and melting ratio every 5 days.The melting patterns of three typical ice shelves(George VI,Wilkins and Larsen C Ice Shelves)and the spatio-temporal melting distribution of the Antarctic Peninsula(AP)were further analyzed.The snowmelt information indicates that both the extent and duration of snowmelt have been increasing in the Antarctic Peninsula from 2015 to 2021,and we found that the snowmelt on the Antarctic Peninsula showed a spatial pattern of significantly intense snowmelt on the western side.We believe this study will provide essential data for ice shelf investigation to support otherfields of polar research.

Review of the Cretaceous avian diversity of Antarctica:a changing scenario for the evolution of early Neornithine birds

The worldwide record of Cretaceous Neornithes and Neornithine-like birds is both controversial and poorly understood.However,in recent years,the Antarctic continent has yielded a substantial number of Maastrichtian avian specimens,contributing significantly to our understanding of the early evolution of this group.Simultaneously,the keen interest and collaborative efforts of various paleornithologists have resulted in a wealth of knowledge,which we have thoroughly reviewed,updated,and discussed in the context of recent discoveries.

A new look at the first dinosaur discovered in Antarctica:reappraisal of Antarctopelta oliveroi(Ankylosauria:Parankylosauria)

The first dinosaur discovered in the Antarctic continent was the ankylosaur Antarctopelta oliveroi in the 1980s.Nevertheless,since then several hypotheses of phylogenetical relationships have been proposed because these have been depended on how the skeletal remains have been interpreted.The main obstacle for clarifying its phylogenetic position is that many portions of the skeleton remain unknown,in addition to the presence of unknown characters in typical ankylosaurs.Considered an ankylosaurid,nodosaurid,or even a chimaera,a recent proposal based on mostly complete material of a new ankylosaur from Chilean Patagonia provided support for a novel phylogenetic hypothesis:Antarctopelta and other southern ankylosaurs are an early branching clade,the Parankylosauria,whose origin probably dates to the Late Jurassic.In the light of this new view,a redescription of the available skeletal remains is provided together with a new reconstruction of the first Antarctic dinosaur known to the science community.

Modeling Study of Foehn Wind Events in Antarctic Peninsula with WRF Forced by CCSM

Significant changes have occurred in the Antarctic Peninsula(AP) including warmer temperatures, accelerated melting of glaciers, and breakup of ice shelves. This study uses the Weather Research and Forecasting model(WRF)forced by the Community Climate System Model 4(CCSM) simulations to study foehn wind warming in AP. Weather systems responsible for generating the foehn events are two cyclonic systems that move toward and/or cross over AP. WRF simulates the movement of cyclonic systems and the resulting foehn wind warming that is absent in CCSM. It is found that the warming extent along a transect across the central AP toward Larsen C Ice Shelf(LCIS) varies during the simulation period and the maximum warming moves from near the base of leeward slopes to over 40 km away extending toward the attached LCIS. Our analysis suggests that the foehn wind warming is negatively correlated with the incoming air temperature and the mountain top temperature during periods without significant precipitation, in which isentropic drawdown is the dominant heating mechanism. On the other hand, when significant precipitation occurs along the windward side of AP, latent heating is the major heating mechanism evidenced by positive relations between the foehn wind warming and 1) incoming air temperature, 2) windward precipitation, and 3)latent heating. Foehn wind warming caused by isentropic drawdown also tends to be stronger than that caused by latent heating. Comparison of WRF simulations forced by original and corrected CCSM data indicates that foehn wind warming is stronger in the original CCSM forced simulation when no significant windward precipitation is present.The foehn wind warming becomes weaker in both simulations when there is significant windward precipitation. This suggests that model’s ability to resolve the foehn warming varies with the forcing data, but the precipitation impact on the leeward warming is consistent.

A group velocity of seismic love surface wave and lithosphere structure in Antarctic Peninsula

This paper is based on the surface wave seismogram of South Sandwich Island earthquake(Ms=6.4) recorded by Antarctic General Bernardo O'Higgins Station. We computed a group velocity dispersion of Love surface wave and obtained lithosphere structure by using the method of the matchedfilter frequencytime analysis and grid dispersion inversion. Our result shows that crust structure below Antarctic Peninsula may be divided into three layers and their thickness are respectively 5 km,8 km and 10 km. Upper mantle velocity is 5.32 km/s and gradually changes into 5.11 4.9 km/s below 53 km.The mininum velocity is 4.8 km/s. It can be referred that Antarctic mantle is also of layered structure.

GRACE RL05-based ice mass changes in the typical regions of antarctica from 2004 to 2012

The Antarctic ice sheet is the largest block of ice on Earth, a tiny change of its ice sheet will have a significant impact on sea level change, so it plays an important role in global climate change. The Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment （GRACE） mission, launched in 2002, provides an alternative method to monitor the Antarctic ice mass variation. The latest Release Level 05 （ RL05 ） version of GRACE time-variable gravity （TVG） data, derived from GRACE observations with improved quality and time-span over 10 years, were released by three GRACE data centers （CSR, JPL and GFZ） in April 2012, which gives us a chance to re-estimate the ice mass change over Antarctic more accurately. In this paper, we examine ice mass changes in regional scale, including Antarctic Peninsula （AP, West Antarctica）, Amundsen Sea Embayment （ASE, West Antarctica）, Lambert-Amery System （LAS, East Antarctica） and 27 drainage basins based on three data sets. The AP mass change rates are -12.03±0.74 Gt/a （CSR, 2004-2012）, -13.92±2.33 Gt/a （JPL, 2004 -2012） , -12.28±0.76 Gt/a （GFZ, 2005-2012） , with an acceleration of -1.50±0.25 Gt/a^2, -1.54±0.26 Gt/a^2, -0. 46±0.28 Gt/a^2 respectively, the ASE mass change rates are -89.22±1.93 Gt/a, -86.28± 2.20 Gt/a, -83.67±1.76 Gt/a with an acceleration of -10. 03±0. 65 Gt/a^2, -8.74±0. 74 Gt/a^2 and -5.69 ±0.68 Gt/a^2, and the LAS mass ehange rates are -4.31±1.95 Gt/a, -7.29±2. 84 Gt/a, 1.20±1.35 Gt/a with an acceleration of -0. 18±0.62 Gt/a^2, 3.55±0.95 Gt/a^2 and 0.97±0.49 Gt/a^2. The mass change rates derived from the three RL05 data are very close to each other both in AP and ASE with the uncertainties much smaller than the change rates, and mass losses are significantly accelerated since 2007 in AP and 2006 in ASE, respectively. However, the mass change rates are significantly different in LAS, negative rate from CSR and JPL data, but positive rate from GFZ data, the uncertainties are even larger than the correspondent change rates. With regard to the 27 drainage basins, seven basins （basin 3-9） located in the east Antarctica show positive mass change rates, and the rest twenty basins are characterized by negative mass change rates during the time span of the three RL05 data.

WINERALOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND CONTROL FACTORS OF SURFACE SEDIMENTS IN THE SEA AREA NORtHWEST OF THE ANTARCTIC RENINSULA

Analysis and study of clastic and clay minerals of surface sediments and their chemical composition in the sea area northwest of the Antarctic Peninsula enable the authors to divide this area basically into four mineralogical provinces : (1) the mineral ogical province of coast and island shelf of the Southern Shetland Islands, (2) the mineral ogical province of the eastern Bransfield Strait, (3) the mineral ogical province of the western Bransfield Strait, and (4) the mineral ogical province of the western Antarctic Peninsula. Finally, the relationships between the mineral distribution and geologic ,structure, material sources, glaciers, currents, and environments are briefly described.

The identification and comparison of the bio-elements of the penguin ornithogenic sediments sample from Davis Station and Great Wall Station

During CHINARE-22 in austral summer of 2005-2006, a lake sediment core named DG4, which is impacted by penguin droppings, was retrieved from a lake catchment in Gardner Island of Vestfold Hills, East Antarctica. In this study, the concentrations of characteristic elements in the core, local bedrocks and fresh penguin guanos were determined. P, Se, F, S, As, Sr and Cu in DG4 were identified as the bio-element assemblage by R-clustering analysis and compared with those in the local bedrocks and fresh guanos, the results are similar to Y2 in Ardley Island, Antarctic Peninsula. On this basis, P and Se were identified as the optimum bio-elements in DG4 and F, P and S were identified in Y2, respectively. This work will provides the foundation for reconstructing the past penguin populations in Gardner Island of Vest- fold Hills, East Antarctica and comparing the penguin population dynamics between East Antarctica and Antarctic Peninsula.

Snow algal blooms in Antarctic King George Island in 2017-2022 and their future trend based on CMIP6 projection

Snow algal blooms have a remarkable climatic or environmental effect through influencing the snow-albedo feedback,accelerating the melting of surface snow,and amplifying global warming.Snow algal blooms occurred frequently on King George Island,Antarctic,during the recent six austral summers(December to next February)through 2017-2022.Based on an assessment of satellite images,this study found that the range and amount of snow algal blooms in the summers of 2018,2020,2021 and 2022 are relatively larger than in the summers of 2017 and 2019.Whether meteorological conditions have shaped the year-to-year variation of algal bloom intensities is analyzed through observational composite.The results suggest that during the strong bloom summers there exist prevailing northerly or northwesterly wind anomalies which advect warm and humid airmass from the southern ocean into the island,increasing surface air temperature and humidity;the warmer and more humid surface favors melting of snow and an increase of low cloud cover,subsequently enhancing the atmospheric downward long-wave radiation and amplifying surface warmth;the increased low cloud cover reflects more ultraviolet rays back to space and weakens the short-wave radiation reaching the surface.All these factors together favor to a stronger bloom.In comparison,during 2017 and 2019 there exist weak southerly wind anomalies which induce the northward advection of cold and dry air from the Antarctic Continent and favor the cooler surface.Consequently,it is unfavorable for the snow algal bloom.Based on these results,a snow algal bloom potential index(API)integrating the meteorological conditions is constructed,and its future trend is projected based on the EC-Earth3 run attending the CMIP6 under SSP245 and SSP585.A significant increasing trend is projected especially under SSP585.Thus snow algal bloom on King George Island will become more frequent and stronger in future.This implies a potential accelerate melting of ice shelf over Antarctic Peninsula.