The effectiveness of China’s anti-money laundering policies

Finding the best method to assess the effectiveness of Anti-Money Laundering(AML)policies is a controversial issue. Based on about 9,000 questionnaires circulated to AML professionals and other related staff at the People's Bank of China and other banking institutions,this study acquired first-hand data from respondents and has resulted in the following key findings:The effectiveness of the whole AML system is rated as"largely effective"in respect to China’s legislation,regulation and supervision,suspicious transaction monitoring and analyses and administrative investigation;the system is rated as"basically effective"in respect to money-laundering prosecutions and convictions and international cooperation.Financial institutions'compliance with AML regulations is rated as"largely effective"in respect to internal control,customer identification,large-value transaction and suspicious transaction reporting,and the record-keeping of ID information and transactions.Statistically,58.48%of respondents said they think that China’s AML regime is"completely effective"or"largely effective;"35.21%say it is"basically effective,"and the remaining 4.68% call it"largely ineffective"or"completely ineffective."The authors conclude by proposing some policy recommendations to enhance the effectiveness of AML policy.

Research on the Prevention and Control of Self-Money-Laundering in the Digital Age

The development of virtual currencies,network banking,and artificial intelligence technologies facilitates the implementation and completion of self-money laundering in crimes involving embezzlement and bribery.Amendment XI to the Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China lists self-money laundering as a separate money laundering crime,breaking the restrictive framework that it must be committed by someone else.This is reflective of the specific interest that China has in anti-money laundering.The criminalization of self-money laundering has been adopted as a powerful legal weapon against money laundering.However,it has confronted a series of dilemmas in terms of specific judicial applications.To gradually address the dilemmas in applying the clause,a comprehensive consideration of Chinese judicial and anti-money laundering practices,as well as international anti-money laundering regulations and practices,is carried out.Moreover,the following recommendations are given:that the protection of legal interests concerning self-money laundering should be expanded appropriately;that a penalty and cooperation system should be established for the crime of self-money laundering;and that the scope of the means of self-money laundering should be extended.

Applying Internal Control Procedures for Detecting and Preventing Money Laundering Operations in Banks＂ A Field Study in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan

This study aimed at identifying the role and importance of internal control procedures for detecting and preventing money laundering operations in banks through defining the internal control procedures which contribute to detecting money laundering operations. These procedures include the guide and policies issued by the administration of banks in order to combat laundering money operations as well as to train employees on matters pertaining to the money laundering operations. The study showed the role of the internal control procedures in detecting practically the money laundering through the automated programs and the system of saving the files and records. Furthermore, the study showed the factors affecting the internal control procedures to anti-money laundering operations. The researcher used an analytical descriptive approach for collecting data which relate to the main elements of the study, analyzing and explaining them. This study aimed at building the theoretical framework depending on audit literature which addressed internal control system, anti-money laundering systems, and control procedures of anti-money laundering. Through the theoretical framework, a questionnaire related to the application of internal control procedures and its relation to anti-money laundering operations was designed. It was distributed to the population of the study which includes internal and external auditors and the head of anti-money laundering operations unit in the Jordanian banks. The study found that applying internal control procedures is important for detecting and preventing money laundering operations in the Jordanian banks and that there are factors affecting the nature and the extent of internal control standards pertaining to anti-money laundering operations in the Jordanian banks.

The Research of an Incremental Conceptive Clustering Algorithm and Its Application in Detecting Money Laundering

Considering the constantly increasing of data in large databases such as wire transfer database, incremental clustering algorithms play a more and more important role in Data Mining （DM）. However, Few of the traditional clustering algorithms can not only handle the categorical data, but also explain its output clearly. Based on the idea of dynamic clustering, an incremental conceptive clustering algorithm is proposed in this paper. Which introduces the Semantic Core Tree （SCT） to deal with large volume of categorical wire transfer data for the detecting money laundering. In addition, the rule generation algorithm is presented here to express the clustering result by the format of knowledge. When we apply this idea in financial data mining, the efficiency of searching the characters of money laundering data will be improved.

Using Link Analysis Technique with a Modified Shortest-Path Algorithm to Fight Money Laundering

Effective link analysis techniques are needed to help law enforcement and intelligence agencies fight money laundering. This paper presents a link analysis technique that uses a modified shortest-path algorithms to identify the strongest association paths between entities in a money laundering network. Based on two-tree Dijkstra and Priority＇First-Search （PFS） algorithm, a modified algorithm is presented. To apply the algorithm, a network representation transformation is made first.

Money Laundering in the Central and Eastern Europe

The purpose of this paper is to provide an economic overview of the costs and benefits of anti-money laundering （AML） rules. After defining and explaining the three stages of money laundering, the paper provides an insight into the volume and development of money laundering activities in the Central and Eastern Europe. It relies on international, comparative studies outlines the impact of AML measures on banks and other financial intermediaries Conditions of reporting suspicious activity and government agencies, which use these reports to identify investigation targets, are also analysed. Moreover, the paper discusses possible reasons for the failure of AML rules to fight against the crimes and collateral damage caused by AML. These figures, which are presented in this scientific research, give an indication of how important the money laundering problem and the level of organized crime are.

The Correlation and Linear Regression Analysis between Annual GDP Growth Rate and Money Laundering in Albania during the Period 2007-2011

This study is the first attempt to investigate the relationship between the annual GDP growth rate and money laundering in the Republic of Albania during the period 2007-2011. The main result of the study: there is a negative correlation between money laundering process and economic growth rate in Albania during the specified period;there is a negative correlation between money laundering and import, but there is a positive correlation between money laundering and the government expenditure, as well a positive correlation between money laundering and export.

Investigation into the Effect of Extended Laundering on the KES-F Mechanical Properties of an Easy Care Treated Cotton Fabric

The effect of extended laundering on cotton fabric treated with Dimethylol dihydroxyethyleneurea (DMDHEU) easy care finish was investigated and the fabric characterised by crease recovery performance and the Kawabata Evaluation System for Fabrics (KES-F). The KES-F results indicated that the mechanical handle properties of the DMDHEU treated cotton fabrics were affected by both the levels of application of the DMDHEU easy care finishes and the stress relaxation of the fabrics in aqueous conditions.

Identifying Money Laundering Process Using Indicators： The Case of Albania

The main purpose of this study is to develop a mathematical model for calculating the probability of money laundering process, by monitoring the behavior of the client using 70 indicators of money laundering. The scientific method used in this study （received from the Modern Criminology） has great investigative power and it is widely applicable. Hopefully the practical application of this study will increase greatly the probability of detection and punishment of the clients who are implicated in the process of money laundering. In particular, this study will be useful for banks, Financial Intelligence Unit （FIU） of Albania, Department of Economic Crime at the Ministry of Domestic Affairs and Albanian State Intelligence Service （SIS）. Also, the investigation of money laundering will be a useful tool to detect other crimes, such as drug trafficking, human trafficking, illegal arms trade, etc. The prevention of money laundering is simultaneously a powerful strike against terrorism both on national and international levels.

Effects of Home Laundering on Electrical Resistance of Signal Transmission Lines on Colored E-Textiles

The aim of this work was to investigate the electrical resistance change of electro-textiles manufactured using cotton fabrics with stainless steel and silver plated PA yarns incorporation after being subjected to home laundering, i.e. detergent washing and silicone softening. Electrical resistances of conductive yams inside the fabric structure were compared and discussed statistically before and after washing and softener application. Greatest changes in electrical resistances were observed with samples including silver plated PA yams. After five washing cycles with detergent, silicone softening agent is removed from yarns by washing, and thus conductivity increases. Further washing of e-textiles with detergent for five more cycles causes decrease in conductivity, because of chemical effects of detergent and mechanical effects of washing process such as abrasion due to friction. Detergent which has negative reactive sites bonds with metal ions reduces conductivity.

洗钱罪不法的规范判断

洗钱罪不法的规范判断及其法理研究,应在借鉴吸纳传统的立法事实论和法教义学方法论的基础上转向金融领域刑法论范式路径。通过金融领域刑法论及累积犯论、集体法益论,可证立洗钱罪的不法实质是侵犯了金融安全和司法秩序双重保护法益。以“金融领域掩隐行为定型论”及其限定论的新法理塑造,能够有效解释洗钱罪不法的规范类型,合理确定洗钱罪与我国《刑法》第312条、第349条的不法竞合关系及其处断原则。

洗钱罪中两类犯罪所得及其收益的界定与区分

洗钱罪上游犯罪和洗钱罪的犯罪所得性质不同,对其没收应当区分开来。但当前部分洗钱罪的判决书对两类犯罪所得进行“一股脑”没收,混淆了两者的界限。洗钱罪上游犯罪的犯罪所得是通过实施该犯罪所获得的资产和财产性利益,与该罪的实行行为具有因果关系,在产生的时间上不能早于实行行为的实施;洗钱罪的犯罪所得是指实施洗钱行为所获得的报酬或对价。为了推动完善洗钱罪中两类犯罪所得的没收,建议删除《刑法》第191条“没收实施以上犯罪的所得及其产生的收益”的规定,厘清上游犯罪和洗钱罪两类犯罪所得的处置方向,在判决书中对两类犯罪所得的没收分别予以表述,进而将没收后的犯罪所得分别上缴国库或者返还上游犯罪被害人。

NFT系统中的洗钱风险及其法律规制

随着数字时代的发展,NFT技术应运而生,NFT产品自虚拟货币圈向数字艺术领域转变。然而,在蓬勃发展的同时,NFT系统的技术特性也导致了许多法律风险。NFT产品的价值波动成为洗钱行为的最好遮掩;去中心化对监管作用的削弱,也为洗钱行为提供了更为便利的条件。为了遏制NFT市场的违法行为,促进相关市场合规发展,需要对国内的NFT交易平台进一步监管规制。同时,我国也要积极参与国际合作,打击国际市场中存在的洗钱风气,落实反洗钱全球化监管。

论洗钱罪的犯罪构成

正确理解洗钱罪的犯罪构成对于正确定罪具有重要的基础性作用。对现行刑法规定的研究表明,该罪的犯罪客体要件既包括国家的金融管理秩序,又包括司法活动秩序;客观要件是刑法明文规定的五类洗钱行为;犯罪主体包括具有刑事责任能力的自然人与有关单位,值得注意的是,《刑法修正案(十一)》把上游犯罪主体纳入了洗钱罪的主体范围;关于主观要件,其认识因素即行为人明知其掩饰、隐瞒毒品犯罪、黑社会性质的组织犯罪、恐怖活动犯罪等上游犯罪的违法所得及其产生的收益的行为具有社会危害性,意志因素即希望或者放任其洗钱行为实施的心理态度。

数字经济时代的若干新型犯罪与刑法应对

面对数字经济迅猛发展所伴生的新型犯罪,刑事立法和司法适用必须予以回应。数字人民币是央行发行的法定货币,在理论上可以适用现行货币罪名体系,但数字人民币的技术特征决定了以实物货币为对象的罪刑规范难以规制侵害数字货币的行为,这有待在立法层面适时跟进。在我国,虚拟货币不具有法定货币地位,对于利用虚拟货币洗钱的行为,应当适用刑法第191条第1款第五项,并以兑换虚拟货币实际支付的资金数额计算洗钱数额。若资金数额无法查清,则应当将用于洗钱的虚拟货币数额作为量刑情节予以考虑。此外,无论是以虚拟货币等数字资产作为贿赂对象,还是在表现形式上将红包、礼品卡等实体物电子化,此类新型腐败没有改变贿赂犯罪的行为对象与行为本质,应当纳入贿赂犯罪的规制范围。

NFT洗钱犯罪模式与反洗钱监管

随着NFT交易规模、交易平台和交易网络的逐渐扩大,NFT被用于进行洗钱犯罪的风险也逐渐增长。NFT具有实体关联匿名性、交易成本费用较低、市场价格不确定性等特性,加之法律政策监管不确定和监管制度漏洞,使其可以天然地替代传统艺术品,成为洗钱犯罪市场的新宠。犯罪人员利用NFT进行的“自买自卖”清洗交易模式成为当前洗钱犯罪的一般模式,其中蕴含着洗钱犯罪、操纵证券期货市场犯罪、帮助信息网络犯罪和虚拟货币违法交易等刑事风险,亟须监管和治理方明确监管政策导向并建立法律合规框架,探索分类监管体系和规范二级市场治理,通过强化客户身份调查和多部门反洗钱协作,实现NFT市场的合规治理和监管。

区块链欺诈行为识别技术综述

近年来,区块链技术和产业的迅速发展为经济和技术创新注入了新的活力,但随之而来的是不断涌现的欺诈行为。这些欺诈行为不仅对用户造成了经济损失,也对区块链技术的信誉和发展带来了威胁。因此,识别和预防欺诈行为对于保障区块链技术和产业创新的良性发展至关重要。另一方面,区块链欺诈行为变化快、匿名性强,具有多样性和复杂性,给识别工作带来了巨大挑战,针对这些挑战,目前已提出了相当多的技术方法。本文整理归纳了近五年来的相关文献,清晰呈现区块链欺诈行为识别技术的最新进展。考虑到识别技术的多样性,本文采用了两层的分类框架对其进行归纳。首先从业务场景出发,划分出不同类型的欺诈行为,涉及区块链洗钱、非法代币发行、庞氏骗局和钓鱼诈骗等八种行为。进而,再针对每一类欺诈行为,分析讨论对应的识别技术。通过对识别技术解析与归纳,本文将识别技术从具体场景中抽象出来,构建出一般化的识别技术体系。并基于这一体系对识别技术展开详细讨论,包括:区块链交易图构建技术、特征工程方法以及欺诈行为识别方法与模型。在识别方法上,本文重点关注了近年流行的区块链去中心化生态下的一些反欺诈识别工作,包括:跨链洗钱识别、去中心化平台的代币骗局识别等,此类欺诈行为具有较高的复杂性和识别难度,与之相关的识别技术还较少,亟待得到更多的关注。最后,本文依据当前区块链欺诈行为识别工作所面临的挑战和困难,分析了未来技术趋势。

论洗钱罪与赃物犯罪的协调适用

长期以来,我国洗钱罪司法适用率畸低、构成要件认定失范,与实务和理论通说对洗钱罪的体系定位偏差、洗钱罪与赃物犯罪逻辑关系紊乱紧密相关。破解该困局须在准确界定洗钱罪保护法益的基础上,妥当划定洗钱罪与赃物犯罪的界限,并协调它们之间的罪数关系。洗钱罪的保护法益不涉及司法机关的正常活动,其阻挡层法益是特定上游犯罪所得及其收益不被合法化的金融监管秩序,背后层法益是金融安全或金融稳定。相较于金融监管秩序法益,洗钱罪是实害犯;相较于金融安全法益,洗钱罪属于具有“累积性危险”的抽象危险犯。洗钱罪构成要件行为的认定及其与赃物犯罪的界限,是一体两面的问题。应从两个方面对洗钱罪的构成要件行为予以限定:在形式层面,洗钱行为须违反金融监管等法律法规,实现七类上游犯罪的所得及其产生的收益的“合法化”;在实质层面,洗钱行为须对金融安全法益构成抽象危险,实践中应按照上游犯罪分类设置入罪的数额标准。《刑法》第一百九十一条与第三百一十二条、第三百四十九条不是法条竞合关系,只可能形成想象竞合,应从一重罪处罚。

区块链3.0时代虚拟货币洗钱犯罪情报分析研究

[研究目的]提出针对虚拟货币洗钱犯罪的情报分析工具和方法,以增强执法机关打击此类犯罪的能力,旨在响应区块链技术快速发展背景下,虚拟货币洗钱犯罪日益增多且侦查难度加剧的挑战。[研究方法]综合运用文献分析、比较分析和逻辑分析方法,梳理国内外关于虚拟货币洗钱犯罪情报相关研究,总结区块链3.0时代虚拟货币洗钱的技术和特点,提炼虚拟货币洗钱犯罪情报分析的一般流程与重点技术。[研究结论]混币服务、去中心化交易和跨链技术成为当下虚拟货币洗钱应用的主要技术,应优化情报分析工具、技术和流程:情报分析工具呈现专业化和应用性特点;人工智能在情报分析技术中发挥愈加重要的作用;情报分析流程应注重一般流程的构建,包括数据收集与预处理、地址间分析、地址与主体关系分析、主体与行为分析,助力虚拟货币洗钱犯罪的追踪和分析。

利用虚拟货币洗钱犯罪的侦查困境及破解对策

近年来,随着区块链技术的迅猛发展,利用虚拟货币洗钱犯罪呈现高发态势,严重破坏了国家金融秩序和社会稳定。目前,此类案件的侦破工作面临着洗钱行为发现、监测难,身份信息关联、证实难,电子证据收集、调取难,涉案赃款追缴、处置难等诸多困境。为有效打击利用虚拟货币洗钱犯罪,我国公安机关可通过采取建立动态监测、深挖线索,强化技术支撑、锁定犯罪成员,加强专业队伍建设、创新取证模式以及健全虚拟货币追赃处置制度等措施,切实加强对此类犯罪的源头治理,遏制其蔓延势头。