Impact of Mandatory Provisions on the Validity of Juristic Acts: A Path for Legal Policy Analysis

Contrary to the approach in judicial practice,Paragraph 1,Article 153,of the Civil Code of the People’s Republic of China,as a rule of invalidity for violating mandatory provisions,does not adopt a dichotomy towards mandatory provisions with effectiveness and administrative characteristics,yet it maintains the legislative philosophy of differentiation.It leaves unspecified whether mandatory provisions that do not explicitly render a juristic act invalid impact the act’s validity,entrusting this determination to the discretion of judges on a case-by-case basis.When judges,under the authority of Paragraph 1,Article 153 of the Civil Code,explore the normative intent of mandatory provisions to assess their effect on the validity of juristic acts,they should engage in legal policy analysis centered on consequence-based argumentation to overcome the limitations of norm typological analysis.This analysis employs a reasoning model predicated on the normative purpose,utilizing a consequencefocused interpretative approach for formulating and arguing propositions of rules applicable to pending cases,thereby arriving at case-specific conclusions.Since the invalidation of juristic acts serves as an auxiliary regulatory tool for the state economy and society,a consequence-oriented interpretation needs to be based on the idea of mutual instrumentalization of public and private laws.This entails predicting the outcomes of negating the validity of a juristic act in industrial regulatory scenarios and assessing these outcomes within the framework of public and private regulatory instruments.

Provision of Preconception Care by Midwives, Nurses and Doctors at Ndola Teaching Hospital in Ndola District, Zambia

Background: The goal of preconception care is to improve the outcome of a mother’s pregnancy and childbirth. Nevertheless, in most developing nations;Zambia included, there are still issues with implementation of preconception care. Therefore, the aim of this study was to establish the provision of preconception care by midwives, nurses and doctors at Ndola Teaching Hospital in Zambia. Methods: A concurrent embedded mixed methodology utilising a descriptive explorative study design, where 107 respondents were randomly selected using the lottery technique for quantitative part and two focused group discussions for qualitative part of the study was used. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect quantitative data and a focus group discussion guide was used for the focus group discussions. Statistical Package of Social Sciences version 26 with significance set at 0.05 and at 95% confidence level and thematic analysis were used for data analysis. Results: 75% of the respondents in this study were not providing preconception care and only 25% of respondents were providing preconception care;however, this was provided randomly because there were no guidelines to follow. Among the respondents, 81.3% had medium knowledge, 70.1% had good practices and 92.5% had positive attitudes towards preconception care. Further analysis showed that the association between preconception care and knowledge, practices and attitudes was not statistically significant (p = values 0.336;0.344;1.000 respectively). Multivariate logistic regression revealed that participants with high knowledge were five times more likely to provide preconception care (OR = 5.00, CI = 0.42 - 59.7, P = 0.203). Generally, all the participants acknowledged that preconception care was an important package that could prevent maternal and child morbidities and mortalities. Conclusions: The study revealed that most of the respondents were not providing preconception care. Provision of preconception was done by a small fraction of the respondents and it was done in an unorderly manner due to lack of set standards and guidelines. Despite medium levels of knowledge and generally good practices and positive attitudes towards preconception care, its random provision indicates a need for established standards to enhance maternal and child health outcomes.

Tri-axial accelerometry allows to determine parental food provisioning behaviour in a marine bird

The study of parental food provisioning is essential for understanding the breeding ecology of birds.We conducted the first study using accelerometry to detect food provisioning in birds,using Support Vector Machine(SVM)models to identify when adults feed chicks of three different age classes.Accelerometers were attached to the head of adult female Imperial Shags(Leucocarbo atriceps),and various attributes derived from the acceleration signals were used to train SVM models for each chick age class.Model performance improved with chick age class,with SVM models achieving high overall accuracy(>88%)and highest sensitivity in older chick categories(>91%).However,precision values,especially for younger chicks,remained relatively low(between 26%and 45%).The application of a time filter based on the minimum duration of the observed food provisioning behaviours for each chick age category,improved model performance by reducing false provisioning behaviours,particularly in the model for older chicks,which showed the highest precision(72.4%).This study highlights the effectiveness of accelerometry and machine learning in studying parental food provisioning in birds,providing a rapid and accurate data collection method to complement traditional techniques.The described methodology can be applied to any bird species that exhibits distinctive movements while feeding its offspring and has suitable characteristics for attaching an accelerometer to the body part that best captures this movement.Finally,it is hoped that the results of this study will contribute to future research on key questions in parental investment theory and reproductive strategies in birds.

The Revision of Aluminum-containing Food Additive Provisions in China

The aim of this study was to revise the provisions for aluminum-containing food additives in GB 2760-2011 （The National Food Safety Standard for Use of Food Additives）, in order to reduce aluminum exposure among the Chinese population. According to the latest risk assessment results of JECFA and China on aluminum and the actual use of aluminum-containing food additives in certain products, the aluminum-containing food additive-related provisions in GB 2760-2011 were revised. Those revisions included narrowing down the applicable food categories and adjusting the maximum use level of aluminum potassium sulfate and aluminum ammonium sulfate, repealing nine aluminum-containing food additives in puffed food and repealing the use of sodium aluminum phosphate, sodium aluminosilicate and starch aluminum octenylsuccinate in all food.

General Provisions of the Civil Law and Commercial Legislation: Consensus, Problems and Options——Taking Commercial Agency as an Example

In the context of the codification of China's Civil Code, the academic consensus has been to make commercial legislation systematic and establish commercial norms with proper legislative expression. Many direct and indirect commercial norms in General Provisions of the Civil Law provide evidence that civil law has been turned into commercial law. However, a general overview shows that the absence of related norms, including agency in duty, reveals that General Provisions of the Civil Law is lacking commercial law's characteristics. In addition to the Civil Code, using General Rules of Commercial Law is a relatively reasonable choice for commercial legislative arrangements, such as norms in relation to agency in duty. Taking commercial agency as an example, legislators should adopt problem-oriented and limited systematic patterns of "residue law" instead of unified patterns of codification.

Preliminary Study on the Legal Conflict of our Country Marriage Alternative Provisions and Supplementary Provisions in the National Autonomous Areas

The national autonomous areas exercise an important way of autonomy power to make adaptive or supplementary provisions to the existing laws, and the diversity between different ethnic groups determines the adaptive or supplementary provisions that are bound to the existence of conflict in the legislative content and legal application. On the basis of adaptive or supplementary provisions, this paper carries out the analysis on the law conflict problems of marriage adaptive or supplementary provisions, hoping to start a discussion, and make scholars foeusing on the conflict of national regional autonomy law.

PROVISIONS OF THE CUSTOMS OF THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ON EXTERNAL AUDIT AND CERTIFICATE OF EXTERNAL AUDIT ISSUED RECENTLY BY THE GENERAL ADMINISTRATION OF CUSTOMS OF THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA

In accordance with the regulations as stipulated in the Pro-visions of the Customs of the People’s Republic of China on Ex-ternal Audit, the Customs officers engaged in external audit shalluse the Certificate of External Audit of the Customs (hereinafterreferred to as Certificate) as of June 5, 1997. The Certificate has ablack leather outer covering and is inlaid inside with a pierced andguilded customs emblem, which consists of the red national em-blem in its upper part, and a key and a truncheon encircled by earsof wheat in its lower part. Put in a leather covering, the Certificateis a card sealed up with plastics, on which there is a bareheadedcolour photo of the holder in the Customs uniform and with a

Quality of Provisions for Bad Debts and Earnings Information Contents

We measure the quality of provisions for bad debts, based on both the cross-sectional and time-series basis. Empirical tests show the impacts on earnings information contents, as well as on the incremental information content of cash flows.

Provisions on the Administration Of Foreign-invested Advertising Enterprises

The Provisions on the Administration of Foreign-invested Advertising Enterprises,which were amended by the State Administration for Industry & Commerce(SAIC)and the MOFCOM,is hereby promulgated and shall enter into force as of October 1,2008.

Several New Issues Relating to the Enforcement of the Enforcement Provisions of the TRIPS Agreement under the WTO System

由于知识产权在国际贸易中的特殊性质,TRIPS 协定中的执法条款在 WTO 争端解决机制中将产生一些新问题。一方面,TRIPS 协定规定了知识产权执法的最低要求,WTO 成员方必须履行。WTO 其他成员方可以就 WTO 成员方是否履行了这些知识产权执法义务的争端提交 WTO 争端解决机构。另一方面,TRIPS 协定却没有规定请求方如何证明他们的请求。其中的问题包括:TRIPS 协定中的知识产权执法条款的目标是什么,是这些条款被规定在 WTO 成员方的国内法中,还是 WTO成员方要保证这些条款在实践中的有效性?诉由是制度性的违约,还是个案的违约?救济方式是违约之诉,还是非违约之诉或者特情之诉?有关知识产权的执法措施的审查标准和举证责任如何确定?所有这些问题是通过谈判修改 TRIPS 协定,还是由WTO 争端解决机构(专家组和上诉机构)通过司法判例途径解决?本文结合 WTO争端解决机构(专家组和上诉机构)的司法判例就上述问题进行探讨和研究。

China's Statutory Provisions on Ensuring Human Rights

China has since 1978 promulgated more than 440 laws and regulations and more than 40 of them contain clear-cut provisions on human rights. Political right Political right is the most important human rights. China’s Constitution provides that the Chinese citizens enjoy freedom of speech, press, assembly, association, procession and demonstration.

技能型社会建设背景下职业教育与技能型人才就业

技能型社会建设是我国应对技能短缺挑战的核心战略,其劳动力市场发展目标包括公众技能水平显著提升;产业、行业、岗位技能短缺情况明显改善;技能空间配置日趋合理。有效技能供给是达成这些目标的关键,它的实现依赖于职业教育体系、劳动力市场和劳动力市场发展目标的协同发展。实证分析表明,我国高等职业教育的规模扩张提升了全社会的技能人才供给总规模。高职毕业生的初次就业流动在一定程度上影响了技能人才的产业转移、行业配置、岗位供给和空间分布,毕业生向高技能人才的转型受到数字/平台经济、零工经济和新就业形态的影响。为提升职业教育对技能型社会建设的支持力度,需进一步研究劳动力市场形态的新变化及其对职业教育发展和技能人才配置的影响,并以此为基础制定合理的技能型社会发展战略。

村党组织书记“一肩挑”的实践逻辑与规范协同

党的领导是推进农村社会治理现代化,实现乡村振兴的根本保障与动力引擎。党的二十大明确提出:“把基层党组织建设成为有效实现党的领导的坚强战斗堡垒。”村党组织与村民委员会同为农村核心治理主体,二者关系处理是影响农村经济社会发展的关键变量。村党组织书记“一肩挑”的实施依据是《2019年中央一号文件》和《中国共产党农村基层组织工作条例》。村党组织书记“一肩挑”契合了当前农村治理衍生关系复杂性对于治理主体利益协调能力、责任服务意识与良好道德品行的客观需求,体现了党对于农村实现共同富裕与高质量发展目标的组织安排。厘清村党组织书记“一肩挑”制度的实践逻辑、内在结构与规范协同,有助于从整体架构层面廓清和完善农村社会治理体系,为其治理能力提升提供制度势能。基于功能主义视角审视,村党组织书记“一肩挑”蕴含了践行全过程人民民主理念、推进“三治融合”治理模式、实现利益协调治理效果的多重实践逻辑。结合制度文本分析,党内法规与国家法律针对村党组织书记“一肩挑”的文本表达既有耦合性与交叉性特征,也有“具体—概括”“顺序承接”“并列关联”“严格—兜底”等规范形态。但实践中,党内法规与国家法律的衔接协调不畅可能造成村党组织书记“一肩挑”主体的担当能力不足、民意基础薄弱、权力行使失范等问题。秉持立法与立规统筹、中央与地方互动、激励与监督并重原则,着力从领导规定、选举程序、民主决策以及权力监督等层面促进党内法规与国家法律的规范协同,有助于实现村党组织书记“一肩挑”的预设功能。具体而言包括:在领导规范层面,完善上级党组织领导村党组织、村党组织领导农村其他组织的规范;在选举规范层面,应将民意征集设置为村党组织书记选举必要程序,阐明村党支部书记未当选村民委员会主任的补救措施;在决策规范层面,明确应经村党组织讨论和决定的内容并优化农村民主协商的决策程序规范;在监督规范层面,应出台针对村(社)巡察专门规范并完善村务监督补充性规范。

信义义务体系化设计的公司法方案

新修订的《公司法》极大地完善了勤勉义务、忠实义务的内涵及外延,但仍缺乏对信义义务的一般规定,这导致信义义务的理据不足,使得司法适用中存在诸多困难,主要体现在忠实义务与勤勉义务的类型分化不足、违信责任路径紊乱以及认定标准不清晰。为厘定信义义务的基本范畴,应当构建“一般条款+具体规则”的信义义务体系。具言之,设置信义义务的一般条款统摄、充实忠实义务与勤勉义务的具体规则,整合禁止权利滥用和合规经营义务规则,以阐明信义义务体系化的必要性与正当性,实现信义义务的体系化构建。

行政法典化的渐进主义路径

行政法典是规范行政权和保护公民合法权益的最高级别的规范形式。法典化反映的是编纂法典的动态的发展趋势,其表现形式可以是多元化的,构造可以是多层次的,发展可以是渐进的、多阶段的。行政法典的理论构想包含行政法总则、行政基本法、行政程序法三种模式。行政法典化受行政法体系、立法成果、行政法理论以及文化等因素影响。从目标定位来看,要降低理想型、高级形态行政法典的预期,采取一种更为务实的局部性、适应性、渐进性、阶段性为特征的适度法典化的路径。在功能主义与渐进主义的双重视角下,把行政程序法作为行政基本法典的实现路径,更具有可行性和操作性。

《2021年美国创新与竞争法》(3.0版)遏华条文的霸凌色彩探析

《2021年美国创新与竞争法》(3.0版)在政治、教育、人才、科学技术、贸易、空间与军事技术、专利和知识产权等各个领域专门针对并遏制中国,带有鲜明的霸凌色彩。这部法律对华特指化对象调整明显,相关遏华条文数量大、范围广,程度激烈,明显违背法理;语言充斥歧视、贬低、威胁、打压、编造等色调,违反了法律规范性和公平性原则和美国的宪法;对外贸易联合排挤、封锁中国,违背WTO规则;对华科技封锁,严禁航天航空和5G技术交流和合作,违背联合国宪章人类共同进步原则;对中国政府、执政党和国家领导人以及中国守法企业制裁,违背了国际法的国家赦免原则和尊重主权原则,是典型的长臂管辖。因此全面系统分析这部法律的相关遏华条文及其霸凌色彩,可以为我国政府及时制定反制裁的应对之策提供一定的帮助。

我国《反外国制裁法》追偿诉讼条款的适用研究

追偿诉讼是一国阻断法的私人实施路径,其主要功能在于阻却外国法律及相关判决的域外适用,从我国《反外国制裁法》第十二条的性质、目的和功能上判断,该条规定属于阻断性质的追偿诉讼条款。在借鉴域外阻断立法追偿诉讼条款适用经验的基础上,我国应在谦抑性原则的理念下对《反外国制裁法》第十二条规定的“我国公民、组织”“任何组织和个人”“歧视性限制措施”等用语进行谨慎的界定,同时应积极制定后续实施细则,完善相关法律法规的配套保障条款,以明确第十二条追偿诉讼条款的请求权基础、管辖权依据、判决的执行途径等适用过程中的具体问题,从而保障《反外国制裁法》追偿诉讼条款的真正实施。

中国农业气象服务供需分析及效益评估研究

为进一步了解农业气象服务需求和效益,采用2021—2022年全国农业气象服务需求和效益评估调查数据,通过统计分析从农业气象服务用户需求和服务供给两大维度,对农业气象服务产品内容、产品时效、服务形式以及服务渠道等内容的供需情况进行了对比分析研究,在此基础上,对农业气象服务贡献率和经济效益进行了测算。研究表明:(1)气象为农服务具有很强的决策服务属性,政府/行政机关或事业单位是当前的服务主体。种植业、农业保险、农业管理是当前气象为农服务的主要服务领域,特别是种植业。(2)农业用户对气象服务需求旺盛,绝大多数的农业气象产品能满足用户需求,少数产品在内容、时效、服务方式和渠道等方面与用户需求仍存在一定差距。(3)农业气象服务效益显著。农业气象服务贡献率为4.84%,全国农业气象服务效益值为3472.6亿元。在此基础上提出建议,以期为气象部门优化农业气象服务供给提供参考和支撑。

数据保护的类商业秘密路径建构

在我国尚未为数据赋权的当下,为增强数据保护的可预见性,在反不正当竞争法中设立商业数据专条成为数据保护的可循路径。基于数字时代商业数据与商业秘密的内在共通性,反不正当竞争法商业数据专条的建构可采用类商业秘密保护路径,但应区分商业数据和商业秘密,并通过例外规则平衡数据保护与分享。在商业数据专条的设计中,数据客体界定规则是基础,数据不正当竞争行为类型规则是核心,数据不正当竞争限制例外规则是保障。数据不正当竞争类型包括不正当获取型、违反信义型、“非一手”转得型、帮助侵害型。数据垄断与实质改进等例外情形是数据合法使用的抗辩事由。

兜底条款的法理透析与设置技术

兜底条款是以一个条文前面列举的各项规定为典型情形,对剩余的次要事项,以含有“其他”的命题式语句,体现为法律文本层次结构“项”的总括规定。基于良法标准对法律中兜底条款进行观察,可以发现诸多不尽如人意之处:“兜”“底”错配,外观标识不清,列举层次过少,主次地位混同。兜底条款是个复杂的法律现象,并不是非此即彼、非黑即白的选择,需要在多元的法律价值目标面前,运用法律智慧,寻找一个合适的平衡点。兜底条款有着特定的规范结构、功能定位,也有着相应的技术规范。兜底条款的设置,应当编入立法技术规范,选择疏密适度的“过滤网”,经过充分细致的立法论证,采取与时俱进的动态调整。