Research on Extraction of Anti-allergic Active Ingredient from Citrus Peels and Its Anti-allergic Activity

[Objective] This study aimed to determine the optimal process conditions for extraction of anti-allergic active ingredient from citrus peels. [Method] Crude anti- allergic active extracts of citrus peels were extracted. Effects of extraction conditions including extraction temperature, ethanol concentration, extraction time and liquid-to-solid ratio on extraction were explored with single-factor experiment, and the extrac- tion process was optimized with orthogonal experiment. [Result] Based on the single- factor experiment and orthogonal experiment, the optimal extraction condition for crude anti-allergic active extracts of citrus peels were determined to be under extraction temperature of 60℃, ethanol concentration of 70%, extraction time of 60 min, liquid-to-solid ratio of 1：25 and twice extraction. [Concluslon] This process condition is of simple operation and high extraction efficiency, which is environment-friendly and suitable for the extraction of crude anti-allergic active extracts from citrus peels. This study provided a new approach and research ideas for the effective and rapid extraction of anti-allergic active ingredient in citrus peels.

The Anti-allergic Activity of Polyphenol Extracted from Five Marine Algae

Natural polyphenol has been widely believed to be effective in allergy remission. Currently, most of the natural poly- phenol products come from terrestrial sources such as tea, grape seeds among others, and few polyphenols have been developed from algae for their anti-allergic activity. The aim of the study was to screen some commercial seaweed for natural extracts with anti-al- lergic activity. Five algae including Laminaria japonica, Porphyra sp., Spirulina platensis, Chlorella pyrenoidosa and Scytosiphon sp were extracted with ethanol, and the extracts were evaluated for total polyphenol contents and anti-allergic activity with the hyalu- ronidase inhibition assay. Results showed that the total polyphenol contents in the ethanol extracts ranged from 1.67% to 8.47%, while the highest was found in the extract from Scytosiphon sp. Hyaluronidase inhibition assay showed that the extracts from Scyto- siphon sp. had the lowest IC50, 0.67 mg mL-1, while Chlorella pyrenoidosa extract had the highest IC50, 15.07 mg mL-1. The anti-allergic activity of Scytosiphon sp. extract was even higher than the typical anti-allergic drug Disodium Cromoglycate （DSCG） （IC50=1.13 mg mL-1）, and was similar with natural polyphenol from Epigallocatechin gallate （EGCG） （IC50 = 0.56 mg mL-l）. These results indicated that the ethanol extract of Scytosiphon sp. contains a high concentration of polyphenol with high anti-allergic activ- ity. Potentially Scytosiphon sp. can be developed to a natural anti-allergic compound for allergy remission.

Synthesis of Capsaicin Oligosaccharides and Their Anti-Allergic Activity<br>——Synthesis of Capsaicin Oligosaccharides as Anti-Allergic Food-Additives

The production of β-maltooligosaccharides of capsaicin was investigated using Lactobacillus delbrueckii and cyclodextrin glucanotransferase (CGTase) as biocatalysts. The cells of L. delbrueckii glucosylated capsaicin to give its β-glucoside. The β-glucoside of capsaicin was converted into the corresponding β-maltoside and β-maltotrioside by CGTase. On the other hand, β-melibioside and β-isomaltoside of capsaicin, which were two new compounds, were synthesized by chemical glycosylation. The β-glucoside, β-maltoside, β-melibioside, and β-isomaltoside of capsaicin showed inhibitory effects on IgE antibody production.

Anti-allergic effects of ethanol extracts from brown seaweeds

Ethanol extracts of brown seaweeds from Pakistan and China were isolated and compared for their antiallergenic activities. They included Sargassum tennerimum (ST) and Sargassum cervicorne (SC) from Pakistan, and Sargassum gramini- folium turn (SG), Sargassum thunbergii (STH), and Laminaria japonica (LJ) from China. The ethanol extracts of these brown seaweeds were optimized at 85% (v/v) ethanol for the maximum yield of phlorotannin, an inhibitor against hyaluronidase. Total phlorotannins contained in the crude extracts were measured as 1.71% (SG), 0.74% (STH), 0.97% (LJ), 3.30% (SC), and 5.06% (ST). The 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of Pakistani SC and ST were 109.5 and 21 μg/ml, respectively, lower than those of Chinese SG, STH, and LJ (134, 269, and 148 μg/ml, respectively). An antiallergic drug, disodium cromoglycate (DSCG), had an IC50=39 μg/ml, and a natural inhibitor of hyaluronidase, catechin, had an IC50=20 μg/ml. The IC50 of ST extract was found similar to that of catechin (21 vs 20 μg/ml) and lower than that of DSCG (21 vs 39 μg/ml). This suggests that ST is a potent inhibitor of hyaluronidase, indicating a promising future development of natural antiallergic medicines or functional foods.

Oral administration of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum 22A-3 exerts anti-allergic activity against intestinal food allergy mouse models sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin

In recent years,researches on food components with anti-allergic effects have been gathering attention,because of the expectation for the establishment of a safe and effective treatment for food allergy.Previous studies have reported that Lactiplantibacillus plantarum 22A-3 (LP22A3) inhibited degranulation of mast cells and reduced IgE production.We have developed a gastrointestinal allergy system in which mice are sensitized by intraperitoneal and oral administration of OVA and then challenged by oral administration of high doses of OVA.As a result,an increase in the amount of IgE in the blood and a decrease in the temperature of the colon were confirmed,and it was clarified that food allergy was induced by oral administration of high dose of OVA as the challenge.Oral administration of LP22A3 ameliorated allergic responses significantly by reducing the amount of IgE in the blood and to recovered the decrease of rectal temperature.However,LP22A3 did not affect the intestinal barrier function.Administered LP22A3 significantly suppressed mRNA expression of OX40L and IL-4.These results suggested that LP22A3 suppressed Th2 differentiation and IL-4 production via downregulation of OX40L,and consequently suppressed IgE production.LP22A3 might provide a safe and effective treatment for allergic diseases due to ability modulating intestinal immune system.

变应性鼻炎的药物治疗

变应性鼻炎（AR）按传统分类包括季节性AR（即花粉症）和常年性AR。其基本病理变化是腺体分泌旺盛、小血管扩张、组织水肿及多核细胞浸润,临床表现为鼻痒、喷嚏、清涕及鼻塞等过敏症状。

Anti-inflammatory Effects of Saxifrage Cream in Hapten-induced Chronic Dermatitis-eczema in Mice

Objective Chronic dermatitis-eczema is a kind of inflammatory skin disease characterized by pruritic and eczematous skin lesions.In the present study,we investigated the anti-allergic effect of Saxifrage cream on eczema-like skin lesions induced by 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene（DNCB） in mice.Methods KM mice were randomly divided into eight groups：normal group（Norm）,model group（DNCB）,positive group 1（Dexamethasone cream,DEX）,positive group 2（Chinese herbal medicine Paeonol cream,PA）,Saxifrage cream groups（equivalent to crude herb 1.25,2.50,5.00g/g,S1,S2,S4）,and negative group（Norm ＋ S4）.Except for the normal control group and negative control group,right ears of mice in other groups were repeatedly induced with 0.5%DNCB for four times for 3 d and previously sensitized with 7%DNCB to induce eczema.Then mice in different groups were treated by DEX,PA,S1,S2,and S4,respectively.After mice were sacrificed,weight difference of two ears,immune organ change,and pathological change of right ear were used to assess the effects of the drugs.Results Compared with model group,DEX,PA,S2,and S4 could significantly lower mice ear thickness and swelling degree,and improve eczema skin symptoms.Meanwhile,the index of thymus and spleen in treatment groups were significantly reduced（P〈 0.05）.What＇s more,the histological analysis demonstrated that thickening of the skin lesions were significantly reduced in DEX,S2,and S4-treated group,and the levels of IL-4 and IL-6 in serum could be reduced by DEX,S2,and S4.Conclusion Saxifrage cream has a protective function against DNCB-induced eczematous.The mechanism might be related to alleviate eczematous inflammatory reaction.