A Life-skills-based HIV/AIDS Prevention Education for Rural Students of Primary Schools in China:What Changed? What Have We Learned?

Objective To evaluate a four-hour life-skills-based HIV/AIDS prevention curriculum among 5th grade students in rural primary schools of Hainan province.Methods The study included two stages.Stage one （September 2006-May 2007） was a pre-post-quasi experimental design;a total of 2 413 students aged 9 to 14 years from fifth grade classes of nine primary schools completed a baseline survey （1 720 students were in the intervention group,693 in the control group）,and over 98% of them took part in a short survey.The experimental curriculum was provided to the intervention group.At stage two （September 2008）,a cross-sectional questionnaire was administered to 6 923 students in 7th grade classes of eight middle schools in the same study sites.There were 1 437 students in the intervention group when the curriculum was conducted.Results Students tended to score higher in areas of HIV/AIDS related knowledge and attitudes,if they were younger than average,lived in the county seat,had access to the internet,and their parents had completed higher levels of education.Path analysis showed that,after controlling for characteristics such as family and community factors,the total effects of curriculum on knowledge in the short-term model increased remarkably compared with the baseline,and maintained major contributions to knowledge in the mid-term model.The positive effect of knowledge on attitudes was significantly improved in the short-term model as well.Conclusion A life-skills based curriculum can improve HIV/AIDS related knowledge and self-perceived level of life-skills among primary school students in rural areas in a short time,and these positive effects can still be observed at least 2 years post participation in the curriculum.

Research Progress of Traditional Chinese Medicine Prevention and Treatment of AIDS

Objective:To review the research progress of using Chinese medicine ginseng to prevent and treat AIDS in China.Methods:Based on the method of TCM syndrome differentiation,Chinese medical researchers divided AIDS into four types:heat toxin stagnation type,Qi and blood deficiency type,stasis and internal resistance type,and Qi and Yin injury type.Results:The therapeutic effects of the compound preparation of traditional Chinese medicine were significant,such as Aikang capsule,Tangcao tablet,Wuweilingqi capsule,Aining granule,compound Sanhuang powder,etc.Astragalus,licorice,honeysuckle,Scutellaria,bupleurum,Salvia miltiorrhiza,Viola,Hedyotis diffusa and other 8 kinds of traditional Chinese medicine have been proved to have anti HIV effect.Conclusion:Among the 27 kinds of Chinese medicine ginseng,Andrographis paniculata,Viola,Arnebia,Arctium lappa,Sophora flavescens,honeysuckle,Guanzhong,Prunella,Coptis,Wolfberry,Wedelia and epimedium have been proved to have the effect of preventing HIV replication.

Study of Peer-led Intervention on Reproductive Health Education and AIDS Prevention in Joint Venture Factories in Kunshan County

Objective To disseminate the knowledge of contraception and STD/AIDS prevention to unmarried young adults.Methods A peer-led 8-month intervention on reproductive health promotion and STD/ AIDS preve,tion was conducted in joint venture factories in Kunshan County through existing famity planning service network. A quasi-experimental design was used. Results The contraception. STD/AIDS related knowledge and attitudes improved significantly, and the use of condom also increased significantly in experimental group after the intervention. No such changes occurred in control group. Conclusion This study demonstrates that the peer-led education is an effective approvach of expanding reproductive health and AIDS prevention services to unmarried young adults in the joint venture factories.

AIDS Research and Its Role in China's AIDS Prevention and Control Policies

By the end of 2005,the estimated number of HIV infected people in China was 650,000. The seriousness of the epidemic calls for effective control measures to tackle the problems in order to avoid the tragedy in Africa from happening in China. "Prevention First" is the cornerstone of the country's health policy. On 2003 World AIDS Day,Premier Jiabao Wen announced a new national AIDS control policy,"Four Frees and One Care". This policy clearly shows that the Chinese government has once again taken full responsibility to solve public health problems and has profound impact far beyond the AIDS field. In early 2006,the central government put scientific and technology innovation as a national priority and set the target to build an innovative China by year 2020. Since then,the government has been increasing investment in science and technology with major emphasis on both infectious diseases control and new drug research and development. For the first time,development of 100 new drugs and control of major infectious diseases (AIDS,HBV,TB and other emerging infectious diseases) have been selected as national key scientific projects. China's best minds in related fields will be pooled to work together in order to remove the technical barriers blocking efficient control of the major infectious disease in China. Knowledge on molecular epidemiology,immunology,pathogenesis,HAART,as well as HIVDR strains will certainly provide urgently needed scientific information for China's AIDS control program. Only evidence-based strategy from good research will provide long-term effective control of AIDS.

Gender Sensitive STIs/HIV/AIDS Prevention Policies: A Qualitative Study

Background: The global incidence of STIs is rising. It is estimated that 499 million new cases of curable STIs occur every year. The existence of more than one million reported cases of STIs annually in Iran shows that addressing this issue must be a priority for Iranian health authorities. While recognition of the importance of gender issues to reproductive health (RH) programs has grown significantly in the past several years, major challenges remain in implementing gender-sensitive programs. Gender mainstreaming in Iranian reproductive health program is a relatively new issue, so this study aims to explore gender sensitive STIs/HIV/AIDS prevention policies. Method: This study employed a qualitative research design. Participants were health managers, health policy makers and reproductive health providers. They were selected purposefully and then continued by snowball sampling method. 43 semi-structured in-depth interviews with 37 key informants were done. All the interviews were recorded and transcribed. The data were analyzed by content analysis method. Trustworthiness of the data was achieved by using credibility, trans-ferability and conformability. Results: Key informants clearly explained the gender sensitive STIs/ HIV/AIDS prevention policies in three main categories: 1) advocacy, 2) collaboration between different sectors and 3) community empowerment to gender sensitive STIs/HIV/AIDS prevention programs. Conclusion: Changing gender neural STIs/HIV/AIDS prevention policy to more complete gender sensitive policy needs advocacy, collaboration of sectors and community empowerment.

Partnering with Batswana Youth and Families for HIV and AIDS Prevention

Introduction: This qualitative study triangulated data from adolescents, parents, and key informants in Gaborone, Botswana on adolescents’ risks for HIV infection, STIs and pregnancy, the types of relationships they get into, and preventive measures they use to protect themselves against HIV infection. The goal of this qualitative research is to inform adaptation of an intervention originally developed, implemented, and evaluated in the US that was effective in reducing the risk of HIV infection and early pregnancy by delaying initiation of sexual relationships of abstinent adolescents and lowering sexual risk behaviours of adolescents who were already sexually active. The objectives of this study were to conduct in-depth interviews with youth, key informants and parents;determine the behavioural risks that young people face;Assess youth and parents’ attitudes toward providing a risk reduction programme for adolescents and Use the data to adapt an evidence-based programme for Botswana. Methodology: In-depth qualitative interviews with 40 youth, 20 key informants and 40 parents elicited information on the risks and relationships that youth engaged in and their suggestions how their risky behaviours could be minimized or counteracted. Findings: Youth of both sexes engage in risky sexual behaviours that could predispose them to contracting HIV and STI infections or unplanned pregnancies. Risks were associated with use of alcohol and drugs: commonly marijuana, and engaging in unsafe sexual relations. Youth, key informants and parents showed a high level of acceptability for offering a primary prevention intervention program for adolescents. In addition, all groups of participants concurred on the importance of offering a separate program for parents to equip them with skills that can enable to them to guide their adolescents to safely transit into adulthood through education and family communication skills. Other risks confronting adolescents included sexual initiations from either older men or women (sugar daddy and mummy syndrome) in exchange for material and financial gains. Conclusion: Informants endorsed the need for primary prevention programs addressing adolescents and their families to reduce risk behaviours among Batswana youth to provide them with skills and minimise the risk of HIV infection among adolescents.

Evaluating the needs of AIDS prevention in high-prevalent areas of HIV infection in Henan province, China

Objective: To investigate the knowledge, attitude, behavior, and needs related to AIDS prevention and condom use in order to provide scientific basis for integrating AIDS prevention into regular family planning services (FPS).Method: From October to November 2003, we adopted the method of descriptive epidemiological study. We investigated 800 women in two townships (Wulong and Huangpu) by using cluster sampling.Results: All 800 respondents, 48. 8% of them knew that China was in a phase of rapid increase of AIDS epidemic, 62. 6% could correctly describe "three ways of AIDS transmission:sexual, blood and vertical (mother to infant)", 55.9 % believed that HIV could not definitely infect them, more than 50% thought that oral contraceptive pill could protect them from HIV infection; 41.5% did not know how to use condom correctly, 13.6% misconceived that condom could cause male sexual dysfunction, 14.9% considered that one condom could be used many times (repeated use),10.0% of the couples had ever used condom before, 3. 13% of the couples used condoms consistently and correctly. Among the women with a history of selling blood,63.9% of them sold blood more than two times, and only 2 women had ever taken HIV test.93.6% of all respondents were willing to participate in free counseling of HIV infection. 65.3 %appreciated the counseling offered by family planning service (FPS) providers. 59. 1% considered that FPS center would be the best place to provide HIV counseling in county. 94.3% were willing to participate in a free HIV testing. 52.0% considered that it would be more appropriate for FPS center to conduct the first screening HIV testing. 77. 6% hoped to know about the correct method of using condom and 46.5 % hoped to master relevant skills of condom use through participating in workshop. 87.6 % hoped to take part in health education activities related to AIDS prevention. 51.1% considered that FPS providers would be the best candidates to carry out the health education of AIDS prevention.Conclusion: Even in the high-prevalent areas of AIDS epidemic, women's perception on the situation of AIDS epidemic in China is not appropriate. Women know little about the three ways of AIDS transmission. They were lacking the awareness related to risk of infecting HIV. They did not know which contraceptive method could protect themselves from HIV infection. They also had misunderstanding and misconception regarding the condom use. Such factors mentioned above resulted in a low rate of condom use and an extremely low rate of consistent use of condom.The voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) was not sufficiently adopted in the high-risk population. The needs of AIDS prevention were great and unmet in the high HIV prevalent areas. People urgently hope that FPS network could play an important role in AIDS prevention.

Strategy for AIDS Prevention and Treatment

HIV/AIDS has been circulating in China for over 25 year. While making achievements on HIV/AIDS prevention, there still are great challenge and difficulties epidemic controlling and vaccine research .

The Process of Policy Implementation： The Policy of HIV/AIDS Prevention in Youth Groups in Thailand

Thailand was implementing the policy of HIV/A1DS prevention in risky group, The youth is one of groups with sexual risk behaviors to HIV/AIDS. This research aims to elucidate the process of policy implementation at the national and regional levels, and to explain the obstacles of policy implementation. The method was qualitative study. The stakeholders were 88 people. The data were collected by in-depth interview and coded by a computer program. The policy was transferred from the national AIDS committee to the Department of Disease Control （DDC） and provincial level. This process was lacking budget support. The provincial AIDS committee was monitored by the provincial health office, cooperating with the central level. The major role was to transfer the policy to the school, Local Administration Organization （LAO） and associated organization. The activity was funded by provincial, global funds, and outside sources. In the community, the core activities were AIDS knowledge, establishing core youth groups, and building the network of AIDS. The obstacle at the national level was changing the policy process from one with a budget to one without budget. In the area of practice, the AIDS problem and the effects of the risk behavior in youth groups were slightly concerned.

Barriers and Strategies to Prevent HIV/AIDS among Pacific Countries: A Systematic Review Study

Introduction: While the prevalence of HIV/AIDS is shown to be decreasing in the last few decades, it still remains a serious public health issue in Pacific countries. This study is aimed to review the common barriers and also preventive strategies for HIV/AIDS among Pacific Islanders. Methodology: This systematic review study on HIV/AIDS was developed based on the Cochrane Library Guideline. Seven online databases which were more frequently used in finding relevant studies were used to search literatures. Using relevant key words, all studies found in the search were reviewed by two independent reviewers and their quality and relevance were assessed. All previous qualitative and quantitative published articles included in the study were published from 2000 to 2016 and in the English language. A data extraction sheet was developed and a descriptive statistic was used to analyze the data. Results: Twenty-two studies met the study inclusion and exclusion criteria. Many of the studies were conducted in American Pacific countries (50%). Community-based studies were the most common type of studies (72.7%). In quantitative studies, the most common barriers were lack of accessibility to health services and lack of knowledge, while in the qualitative studies they were cultural barriers and access to health services. Educational trainings on sexual health topics were identified as the main preventive strategy. Conclusion: This study highlights the main barriers of HIV/AIDS among Pacific Islanders. It also provides a guide for decision makers to develop and implement new strategies which are sensitive and based on Pacific cultures and beliefs.

艾滋病(AIDS)预防宣讲对AIDS预防控制中基础知识、传播途径及预防措施知晓情况的影响

目的 探索分析艾滋病(acquired immunodeficiency syndrome,AIDS)预防宣教对AIDS预防控制中基础知识、传播途径以及预防措施知晓情况的影响。方法 选取2022年1月至2023年1月于本院咨询AIDS健康知识的80例高危群体视为观察对象,采取随机数表分组方法将其均分为对照组(常规AIDS宣讲,n=40例)、观察组(AIDS预防宣讲,n=40例),比较分析两组干预效果。结果观察组干预后AIDS基础知识知晓评分、传播渠道知晓评分、预防措施知晓评分、对AIDS正向态度率均高于对照组(P<0.05);观察组干预后AIDS患病率低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论 AIDS预防宣讲能提高AIDS高危群体对基础知识、传播途径、预防措施等知识的知晓率,降低AIDS患病率,改变其对AIDS的态度。

An IEC Programme on the Promotion of Condom Use To Prevent AIDS

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凉山州HIV／AIDS流行特点与对策分析

[目的]了解凉山州艾滋病流行情况,为制定防治策略提供依据。[方法]分析凉山州1995～2007年6月艾滋病疫情、监测和流行病学资料。[结果]自1995年以来凉山州累计发现艾滋病病毒感染者5995例。近3年来艾滋病感染数量分别以48.8%、12.4%、72.6%速度递增;2003～2007年6月共报告病例5275例,占总累计报告人数的87.99%;通过人口金字塔来描述感染人群的性别、年龄分布:感染者以20～30岁组为主,占总发现数的78%。感染者中彝族占40.95%;经静脉吸毒途径感染者占总数的46.34%,感染者中男性是女性的9.27倍。[结论]凉山州正面临防制艾滋病(AIDS)的关键时期,应立即采取有效的防制措施。

四川省凉山艾滋病高发地区育龄妇女和妇幼工作者AIDs／HIV相关知识知晓情况和态度调查

目的了解四川省凉山艾滋病高发地区育龄妇女和妇幼工作者对艾滋病相关知识的知晓情况和态度意识,并为制定有效的艾滋病母婴传播阻断的干预模式提供科学有效的依据。方法在凉山彝族自治州昭觉县选择2个乡共13个村的82名育龄妇女村民和44名各级妇幼工作者共126人,进行一对一双语(彝语或汉语)不记名问卷调查。结果全部调查对象对HIV所有传播途径回答正确的比例为84.9%,但所有非传播途径回答正确的比例仅为38.9%。AIDs知识得分(满分12分),妇幼工作者平均得分9.0±2.4,育龄妇女平均得分8.5±1.7,按3个等级计,可认为育龄妇女知识的掌握与妇幼工作者无明显差异(Z=-1.507,P=0.132)。除县(乡)级妇幼工作者以外,村级妇幼工作者和全部育龄妇女村民对HIV的3种非传播途径、定期服用抗生素不能预防以及目前无有效疫苗或药物预防的知晓率都很低,且对AIDs/HIV感染者歧视现象较严重。结论村级妇幼工作者和全部育龄妇女村民对除传播途径外的艾滋病其他知识相当匮乏,对HIV感染者的歧视、恐惧及过度排斥态度较严重。应加强对该地区基层妇幼工作者和育龄妇女艾滋病知识的培训和教育。

昆明市一所大学预防药物滥用及HIV/AIDS研究

在云南省财贸学院开展为期半年的预防药物滥用及感染性免疫缺陷病毒／艾滋病（ＨＩＶ／ＡＩＤＳ）活动。５３名自愿参加预防活动的大学生作为预防对象。预防方法以个人和社会技能训练为主，辅予信息传播方法和拒绝技能训练。训练课程分为８次，每次９０分钟。活动前后进行自身对照比较。结果显示，预防活动能提高预防对象相关知识的水平。预防对象的个人和社会技能比参加活动前有显著的提高。不足的是这种预防活动没有能改变预防对象对药物滥用及ＨＩＶ／ＡＩＤＳ的负性态度。研究对今后以学校为基础的预防方法提出了建议。

山西省HIV/AIDS流行状况分析及防治对策

目的 掌握山西省艾滋病 (AIDS)流行状况和特征 ,明确防治工作重点 ,为决策者提供科学依据。方法 收集和整理山西省 1995～ 2 0 0 3年艾滋病病毒 (HIV) /AIDS病例报告和个案流行病学调查表 ,进行统计分析。结果 山西省 1995～ 2 0 0 3年累计报告HIV/AIDS 6 4 4例 ,平均每年以 2 0 2 %的速度增长 ,其中病人 334例 ,占 5 1 8%(334/ 6 4 4 ) ;死亡 15 2例 ,占 4 5 5 % (15 2 / 334)。HIV感染人群以既往有偿供血员为主 ,因不规范的采供血造成经血液传播的占 76 1% (4 90 / 6 4 4 ) ;主要分布在晋南、晋东南地区 ,占 84 9% (5 4 7/ 6 4 4 )。男女比例为 2 1∶1。不安全性行为占 6 8% (4 4 / 6 4 4 ) ,吸毒占 2 3% (15 / 6 4 4 ) ,母婴传播 3 6 % (2 3/ 6 4 4 ) ,是潜在的危险因素。结论 山西省艾滋病流行快速增长 ,且已进入发病和死亡高峰 ,存在多种潜在危险因素。各级领导应提高认识 ,针对各种危险因素 ,采取积极的有效措施 ,控制艾滋病的进一步流行。同时 ,要开展医疗救治 ,提高HIV感染者和AIDS病人的生命质量 ,降低死亡率。

在预防AIDS/STD中影响安全套推广使用的相关因素分析

目的通过对育龄人群中安全套的使用状况、接受程度、影响因素的分析,探讨在预防艾滋病/性传播疾病(AIDS/STD)中推广使用安全套的行动措施。方法对育龄人群、管理服务人员等进行相关因素的问卷和访谈调查。结果511例未用过安全套的青年中,有57.73%和72.21%的对象分别知道安全套可以预防AIDS/STD,85%以上的知晓者愿意使用安全套;180例安全套使用者中,有67.78%和76.11%的对象分别知道安全套可以预防AIDS/STD,知晓者安全套使用满意程度高于未知者;知道如何正确使用安全套者认为安全套不影响性生活者,安全套使用满意程度亦高。安全套使用率低的影响因素较多,主要与安全套预防AIDS/STD知晓程度、安全套的提供、获取及对性生活有无影响等因素有关。结论进一步加强预防AIDS/STD宣传教育,健全安全套发售网络,与计生服务相结合推广安全套的使用。