Methodological aspects of anti-human leukocyte antigen antibody analysis in solid organ transplantation

Donor human leukocyte antigen(HLA)-specific antibodies(DSA) play an important role in solid organ transplantation. Preexisting IgG isotype DSA are considered a risk factor for antibody mediated rejection, graft failure or graft loss. The post-transplant development of DSA depends on multiple factors including immunogenicity of mismatched antigens, HLA class Ⅱ typing of the recipient, cytokine gene polymorphisms, and cellular immunoregulatory mechanisms. De novo developed antibodies require special attention because not all DSA have equal clinical significance. Therefore, it is important for transplant clinicians and transplant immunologists to accurately characterize DSA. In this review, the contemporary immunological techniques for detection and characterization of anti-HLA antibodies and their pitfalls are described.

Human leukocyte antigen compatibility and incidence of donorspecific antibodies in pediatric liver transplant recipients

BACKGROUND Antibody-mediated rejection following liver transplantation(LT)has been increasingly recognized,particularly with respect to the emergence of de novo donor-specific antibodies(DSAs)and their impact on graft longevity.While substantial evidence for adult populations exists,research focusing on pediatric LT outcomes remains limited.AIM To investigate the prevalence of human leukocyte antigen(HLA)mismatches and DSA and evaluate their association with rejection episodes after pediatric LT.METHODS A cohort of pediatric LT recipients underwent HLA testing at Santa Casa de Porto Alegre,Brazil,between December 2013 and December 2023.Only patients who survived for>30 days after LT with at least one DSA analysis were included.DSA classes I and II and cross-matches were analyzed.The presence of de novo DSA(dnDSA)was evaluated at least 3 months after LT using the Luminex®single antigen bead method,with a positive reaction threshold set at 1000 MFI.Rejection episodes were confirmed by liver biopsy.RESULTS Overall,67 transplanted children were analyzed;61 received grafts from living donors,85%of whom were related to recipients.Pre-transplant DSA(class I or II)was detected in 28.3%of patients,and dnDSA was detected in 48.4%.The median time to DSA detection after LT was 19.7[interquartile range(IQR):4.3-35.6]months.Biopsyproven rejection occurred in 13 patients at follow-up,with C4d positivity observed in 5/13 Liver biopsies.The median time to rejection was 7.8(IQR:5.7-12.8)months.The presence of dnDSA was significantly associated with rejection(36%vs 3%,P<0.001).The rejection-free survival rates at 12 and 24 months were 76%vs 100%and 58%vs 95%for patients with dnDSA anti-DQ vs those without,respectively.CONCLUSION Our findings highlight the importance of incorporating DSA assessment into pre-and post-transplantation protocols for pediatric LT recipients.Future implications may include immunosuppression minimization strategies based on this analysis in pediatric LT recipients.

Importance of human leukocyte antigen antibodies and leukocyte antigen/killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor genes in liver transplantation

Many mechanisms have been proposed to explain the hypothetical state of hepatic tolerance,which is described by eventual imbalances or deregulation in the balance of cytokines,mediators,effectors,and regulatory cells in the complex milieu of the liver.In this section,we will comment on the importance of donorspecific anti-human leukocyte antigen(HLA)antibodies(DSA)as well as the compatibility and pairings of HLA and killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptor(KIR)genotypes in the evolution of liver transplantation.Thus,HLA compatibility,viral infections,and HLA-C/KIR combinations have all been linked to liver transplant rejection and survival.There have been reports of increased risk of acute and chronic rejection with ductopenia,faster graft fibrosis,biliary problems,poorer survival,and even de novo autoimmune hepatitis when DSAs are present in the recipient.Higher mean fluorescence intensity(MFI)values of the DSAs and smaller graft size were associated with poorer patient outcomes,implying that high-risk patients with preformed DSAs should be considered for selecting the graft placed and desensitization methods,according to the investigators.Similarly,in a combined kidney-liver transplant,a pretransplant with a visible expression of several DSAs revealed that these antibodies were resistant to treatment.The renal graft was lost owing to antibody-mediated rejection(AMR).The HLA antigens expressed by the transplanted liver graft influenced antibody elimination.Pathologists are increasingly diagnosing AMR in liver transplants,and desensitization therapy has even been employed in situations of AMR,particularly in patients with DSAs in kidney-hepatic transplants and high-class II MFI due to Luminex.In conclusion,after revealing the negative impacts of DSAs with high MFI,pretransplant virtual crossmatch techniques may be appropriate to improve evolution;however,they may extend cold ischemia periods by requiring the donor to be typed.

Clinical significance of donor-specific human leukocyte antigen antibodies in liver transplantation

Antibody-mediated rejection(AMR) caused by donorspecific anti-human leukocyte antigen antibodies(DSA) is widely accepted to be a risk factor for decreased graft survival after kidney transplantation. This entity also plays a pathogenic role in other solid organ transplants as it appears to be an increasingly common cause of heart graft dysfunction and an emerging issue in lung transplantation. In contrast, the liver appears relatively resistant to DSA-mediated injury. This "immune-tolerance" liver property has been sustained by a low rate of liver graft loss in patients with preformed DSA and by the intrinsic liver characteristics that favor the absorption and elimination of DSA; however, alloantibody-mediated adverse consequences are increasingly being recognized, and several cases of acute AMR after ABO-compatible liver transplant(LT) have been reported. Furthermore, the availability of new solid-phase assays, allowing the detection of low titers of DSA and the refinement of objective diagnostic criteria for AMR in solid organ transplants and particularly in LT, have improved the recognition and management of this entity. A cost-effective strategy of DSA monitoring, avoidance of class Ⅱ human leukocyte antigen mismatching, judicious immunosuppression attached to a higher level of clinical suspicion of AMR, particularly in cases unresponsive to conventional antirejection therapy, can allow a rational approach to this threat.

为提升IPTR患者血小板输注后CCI值建立分级规避HLA抗体对应抗原方法及HLAMatchmaker的应用研究

目的:建立分级规避HLA抗体MFI阈值对应抗原方法,联合应用HLAMatchmaker表位计算法,选择供患者表位最小错配评分值,评估两种方法为免疫性血小板输注无效(Immune platelet transfusion refractoriness,IPTR)患者选择HLA相容性血小板供者,在提升血小板输注后校正增加值(CCI)的应用价值。方法:采用SPRCA法完成51例IPTR患者的7807次血小板交叉配型实验,判断其免疫反应阴/阳性结果。采用Luminex单抗原流式微珠法检测患者的HLA-I类抗体,获得不同特异性抗体对应HLA-I类抗原MFI值,并将其分组及分级,强阳性组(MFI>4000,1级)、中阳性组(1000中阳性组>弱阳性组)。强阳性和中阳性组与阴性对照组之间的SPRCA实验免疫反应阳性结果检出数存在统计学差异(P<0.001),弱阳性位组和阴性对照组之间的SPRCA实验免疫反应阳性结果检出数无统计学差异(P>0.05)。设置强阳性组为相应特异性HLA位点对应抗原1级规避阈值,中阳性组为2级规避阈值,弱阳性组为3级规避阈值,在供者血小板紧缺情况下,可以不需要规避弱阳性组。规避1和2级HLA-I类抗体对应供者抗原及选择HLAMatchmaker表位错配评分数≤7血小板供者策略,24 h内CCI值均>4.5×109/L,均可获得临床血小板输注有效。结论:在为IPTR患者选择HLA-I类相容性供者时,分级规避HLA-I类抗体对应供者抗原,综合选择供受者HLAMatchmaker表位错配评分数≤7,经血小板交叉配型实验确认为阴性结果的供者选择策略,对提升IPTR患者血小板计数具有一定实际应用价值。

Anti-human leukocyte antigens and anti-major histocompatibility complex class I-related chain A antibody expression in kidney transplantation during a four-year follow-up

Background Humoral immunity is an important factor for long-term survival of renal allograft. Here we performed a four-year follow-up to explore the clinical significance of monitoring anti-human leukocyte antigens （HLA） and anti-major histocompatibility complex class I-related chain A （MICA） antibody expression after kidney transplantation. Methods We obtained serial serum samples from 84 kidney transplant patients over a four-year period. All patients were followed up at least 6 months after transplantation and had at least two follow-up points. Anti-HLA and anti-MICA antibody titres and serum creatinine （SCr） levels were evaluated at each follow-up. Patients were divided into 4 groups： HLA（＋） MICA（-）, HLA（-）MICA（＋）, HLA（＋）MICA（＋） and HLA（-）MICA（-）. The impact of post-transplant antibody level on kidney allograft function was evaluated. Results Antibodies were detected in 38.1% （32/84） of the renal allograft recipients. HLA, MICA and HLA＋MICA expression was observed in 18.89%, 14.44% and 5.93% of the recipients respectively. The most frequent anti-HLA and anti-MICA specific antibodies identified were All, A24, A29, A32, A33, A80; B7, B13, B37; DR17, DR12, DR18, DR52, DR53, DR1, DR4, DR9, DR51; DQ7, DQ4, DQ8, DQ2, DQ9, DQ5, DQ6 and MICA02, MICA18, MICA19, MICA07, MICA27. As the time after transplantation elapsed, more recipients developed de novo antibody expression. Total 11.91% （10/84） of the recipients had de novo antibody expression during the follow up. The average level of SCr and the percentage of recipients with abnormal allograft function were significantly higher in recipients with anti-HLA and/or anti- MICA antibody expression than those without. The appearance of anti-HLA and anti-MICA antibody expression always preceded the increase in SCr value. Conclusions Anti-HLA and anti-MICA antibody expression has predictive value for early and late allograft dysfunction. The presence of donor specific antibody is detrimental to graft function and graft survival.

先兆流产患者保胎结局影响因素及与血清sHLA-G、ACA水平关系

目的:探索先兆流产患者保胎结局的影响因素,并分析其与血清可溶性人白细胞抗原-G(sHLA-G)、抗心磷脂抗体(ACA)的关系。方法:回顾性收集2021年6月-2023年6月本院收治的80例先兆流产患者临床资料,根据保胎结局分为保胎失败组与保胎成功组,对比两组一般资料,酶联免疫吸附法检测两组sHLA-G、ACA水平,经单因素及Pearson相关性分析法探讨先兆流产保胎结局的影响因素及与血清sHLA-G、ACA水平关系。结果:两组年龄、既往流产史、合并阴道炎、生殖道感染、妊娠期糖尿病、接触有毒化学物质等方面有差异;保胎失败组sHLA-G(7.43±1.20 U/ml)水平低于保胎成功组(50.14±4.56 U/ml),ACA阳性率(74.1%)高于保胎成功组(20.8%)(均P<0.05)。logistic回归分析,高龄、既往流产史、合并阴道炎、生殖道感染、妊娠期糖尿病、接触有毒化学物质、sHLA-G水平低、ACA阳性率高均是影响先兆流产患者保胎结局的重要因素;Pearson相关性分析,年龄、既往流产史、合并阴道炎、生殖道感染、妊娠期糖尿病、接触有毒化学物质与血清sHLA-G水平呈负相关,与ACA阳性率呈正相关(均P<0.05)。结论:先兆流产患者保胎结局可能与高龄、既往流产史、合并阴道炎、生殖道感染、妊娠期糖尿病、接触有毒化学物质、sHLA-G水平及ACA阳性率有关,临床可针对上述因素给予密切关注,并通过监测sHLA-G水平及ACA阳性率的变化来指导临床早期干预,以确保母婴安全。

Impact of preformed donor-specific antibodies against HLA class Ⅰ on kidney graft outcomes:Comparative analysis of exclusively anti-Cw vs anti-A and/or-B antibodies

AIM To analyze the clinical impact of preformed antiH LA-Cw vs antiH LA-A and/or-B donor-specific antibodies(DSA) in kidney transplantation.METHODS Retrospective study, comparing 12 patients transplanted with DSA exclusively antiH LA-Cw with 23 patients with preformed DSA antiH LA-A and/or B.RESULTS One year after transplantation there were no differencesin terms of acute rejection between the two groups(3 and 6 cases, respectively in the DSA-Cw and the DSA-A-B groups; P = 1). At one year, eG FR was not significantly different between groups(median 59 mL /min in DSA-Cw group, compared to median 51 mL /min in DSA-A-B group, P = 0.192). Moreover, kidney graft survival was similar between groups at 5-years(100% in DSA-Cw group vs 91% in DSA-A-B group, P = 0.528). The sole independent predictor of antibody mediated rejection(AMR) incidence was DSA strength(HR = 1.07 per 1000 increase in MFI, P = 0.034). AMR was associated with shortened graft survival at 5-years, with 75% and 100% grafts surviving in patients with or without AMR, respectively(Log-rank P = 0.005).CONCLUSION Our data indicate that DSA-Cw are associated with an identical risk of AMR and impact on graft function in comparison with "classical" class I DSA.

Donor-specific antibodies,glomerulitis,and human leukocyte antigen B eplet mismatch are risk factors for peritubular capillary C4d deposition in renal allografts

Background:The complement system plays an important role in the immune response to transplantation,and the diagnostic significance of peritubular capillary(PTC)C4d deposition(C4d+)in grafts is controversial.The study aimed to fully investigate the risk factors for PTC C4d+and analyze its significance in biopsy pathology of kidney transplantation.Methods:This retrospective study included 124 cases of kidney transplant with graft biopsy and donor-specific antibody(DSA)testing from January 2017 to December 2019 in a single center.The effects of recipient pathological indicators,eplet mismatch(MM),and DSAs on PTC C4d+were examined using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses.Results:In total,35/124(28%)were PTC C4d+,including 21 with antibody-mediated rejection(AMR),eight with renal tubular injury,three with T cell-mediated rejection,one with glomerular disease,and two others.Univariate analysis revealed that DSAs(P<0.001),glomerulitis(P<0.001),peritubular capillaritis(P<0.001),and human leukocyte antigen(HLA)B eplet MM(P=0.010)were the influencing factors of PTC C4d+.According to multivariate analysis,DSAs(odds ratio[OR]:9.608,95%confidence interval[CI]:2.742–33.668,P<0.001),glomerulitis(OR:3.581,95%CI:1.246–10.289,P=0.018),and HLA B eplet MM(OR:1.166,95%CI:1.005–1.353,P=0.042)were the independent risk factors for PTC C4d+.In receiver operating characteristic curve analysis,the area under the curve was increased to 0.831 for predicting PTC C4d+when considering glomerulitis,DSAs,and HLA B eplet MM.The proportions of HLA I DSAs and PTC C4d+in active antibody-mediated rejection were 12/17 and 15/17,respectively;the proportions of HLA class II DSAs and PTC C4d+in chronic AMR were 8/12 and 7/12,respectively.Furthermore,the higher the PTC C4d+score was,the more serious the urinary occult blood and proteinuria of recipients at the time of biopsy.Conclusions:PTC C4d+was mainly observed in AMR cases.DSAs,glomerulitis,and HLA B eplet MM are the independent risk factors for PTC C4d+.

Pathogenetic mechanisms of antiphospholipid antibody production in antiphospholipid syndrome

Antiphospholiipid syndrome(APS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by the pathological action of antiphospholipid antibodies(a PL),that leads to recurrent pregnancy loss and thrombosis.Despite limited evidence,it is clear that there are both inherited and acquired components of the ontogeny of these antibodies.Animal genetic studies and human familial and population studies highlight the influence of genetic factors in APS,particularly human leukocyte antigen associations.Similarly,both animal and human studies have reported the importance of acquired factors in APS development and infectious agents in particular have a great impact on a PL production.Bacterial and viral agents have been implicated in the induction of autoimmune responses by various mechanisms including molecular mimicry,cryptic autoantigens exposure and apoptosis.In this review we highlight the latest updates with regards to inherited and acquired factors leading to the manufacturing of pathogenic antibodies and APS.

儿童肾移植围手术期护理规范专家共识

儿童肾移植受者在原发病、生理、心理、器官功能和免疫状态等方面具有不同于成人的特点,其围手术期的治疗与护理过程与成人肾移植也不尽相同。为规范儿童肾移植围手术期的整体护理方案,上海市护理学会外科护理专业委员会组织全国移植领域相关医疗、护理专家共同撰写《儿童肾移植围手术期护理规范专家共识》(以下简称“共识”),经过3轮线上专家函询,对所有修改意见采用聚焦讨论联合文献佐证的方式形成一致意见,最终形成共识。共识针对儿童肾移植围手术期的治疗和护理重点予汇总和陈述,包含儿童肾移植术前评估、术前与术后护理3部分内容,具有较好的科学性和实用性。

HLA-B27、ANA和ANCA检测对类风湿性关节炎的诊断价值

目的探讨人类白细胞B27抗原(HLA-B27)、抗核抗体(ANA)和抗中性粒细胞胞质抗体(ANCA)在诊断类风湿性关节炎(RA)的临床价值。方法选取2018年9月至2020年9月在我院风湿科住院的患者,其中RA组132例,并随机选取同期治疗的非RA组患者132例,比较两组一般资料和维生素D(VitD)、白细胞介素33(IL-33)、白细胞介素35(IL-35)水平;分析HLA-B27、ANA和ANCA的阳性率,相关性分析IL-33、IL-35和VitD水平与HLA-B27、ANA和ANCA阳性率的关系,判断HLA-B27、ANA和ANCA诊断RA的准确性。结果两组一般资料无显著差异(P>0.05);RA组IL-33水平高于非RA组患者(P<0.05),IL-35和VitD显著低于非RA组(P<0.05);RA组HLA-B27、ANA和ANCA阳性率均高于非RA组(P<0.05);RA组患者IL-33水平与HLA-B27(+)、ANA(+)和ANCA(+)呈正相关(r=0.356、0.321和0.290,P<0.05),IL-35水平与HLA-B27(+)、ANA(+)和ANCA(+)呈负相关(r=-0.299、-0.357和-0.301,P<0.05),VitD水平与HLA-B27(+)、ANA(+)和ANCA(+)呈负相关(r=-0.407、-0.335和-0.371,P<0.05)。HLA-B27诊断RA灵敏度、特异度和kappa系数分别为77.78%、97.36%和0.697;ANA诊断RA灵敏度、特异度、和kappa系数分别为80.56%、92.68%和0.648;ANCA诊断RA灵敏度、特异度和kappa系数值分别为79.49%、95.06%和0.715;HLA-B27、ANA和ANCA联合诊断RA灵敏度、特异度和kappa系数分别为81.82%、96.00%和0.785。结论HLA-B27、ANA和ANCA联合检测可以提高RA诊断的准确度,值得临床推广使用。

Anti-IgLON5 disease: a novel topic beyond neuroimmunology

Anti-IgLON5 disease is a recently defined autoimmune disorder of the nervous system associated with autoantibodies against IgLON5. Given its broad clinical spectrum and extremely complex pathogenesis, as well as difficulties in its early diagnosis and treatment, anti-IgLON5 disease has become the subject of considerable research attention in the field of neuroimmunology. Anti-IgLON5 disease has characteristics of both autoimmunity and neurodegeneration due to the unique activity of the antiIgLON5 antibody. Neuropathologic examination revealed the presence of a tauopathy preferentially affecting the hypothalamus and brainstem tegmentum, potentially broadening our understanding of tauopathies. In contrast to that seen with other autoimmune encephalitis-related antibodies, basic studies have demonstrated that IgLON5 antibody-induced neuronal damage and degeneration are irreversible, indicative of a potential link between autoimmunity and neurodegeneration in antiIgLON5 disease. Herein, we comprehensively review and discuss basic and clinical studies relating to anti-IgLON5 disease to better understand this complicated disorder.

非HLA抗体相关肾移植排斥反应的研究进展

人类白细胞抗原(HLA)是由HLA基因复合体所编码的产物,定位于6号染色体短臂上,是异体免疫的主要靶点,但HLA抗体阳性并不能解释所有的肾移植排斥反应。非HLA抗体是同种异体肾移植中供者基因表达的产物,术中缺血-再灌注损伤、异体和自身免疫相互作用、细胞外囊泡的介导作用等都可以触发免疫系统反应,促使非HLA抗体产生。多项研究表明非HLA抗体是诱发排斥反应、影响肾移植结局的重要因素。因此,本文就肾移植非HLA抗体类型及形成机制进行综述,总结非HLA抗体相关肾移植排斥反应的研究进展,以期为肾移植术后非HLA抗体相关排斥反应的研究提供参考。

双柱蛋白A免疫吸附脱敏治疗用于高致敏肾移植患者清除HLA抗体的疗效观察及护理

目的:探讨双柱蛋白A免疫吸附治疗对高致敏肾移植患者抗HLA抗体的清除效果及护理措施,为高致敏患者肾移植的脱敏治疗提供有效治疗路径及护理方法。方法:选取2017年7月至2022年7月于树兰(杭州)医院术前、术后接受蛋白A免疫吸附治疗的肾移植患者48例,其中双柱组27例,行双柱蛋白A免疫吸附治疗;单柱组21例,行单柱蛋白A免疫吸附治疗。先收集双柱组患者治疗前1324个HLA抗体位点(MFI>2000)以及相应位点在免疫吸附后(1、4、7、10次)的MFI值,并分析不同类型和MFI范围的抗体下降率的改变;记录并总结上述治疗的护理措施。再比较两组患者的年龄、体质量、治疗血浆量、治疗时间及抗凝剂用量。结果:两组患者年龄、体质量差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。与单柱组患者比较,双柱组患者的治疗血浆量更大,且显著降低体外循环时间(P<0.001)和抗凝剂用量(P<0.001)。双柱组经10次免疫吸附治疗后,I类抗体MFI值从8298.6(4450.4,14003.1)下降至3196.2(676.5,9266.9),下降率为66.80%(33.17%,90.48%);II类抗体从13521.1(6153.6,20440.0)下降至2773.3(415.9,11192.5),下降率为71.14%(26.95%,100%)。双柱蛋白A免疫吸附治疗对II类强阳性的清除作用比I类强阳性更高(P=0.015),下降率分别为62.59%(25.17%,91.04%)和45.13%(32.70%,73.94%)。结论:双柱吸附系统可以有效清除HLA抗体,提高医疗工作效率,与单柱比可以缩短治疗时间,降低抗凝剂用量,减少围手术期出血风险。

sHLA-G、EmAb对晚期先兆流产患者妊娠结局的预测价值

目的探索可溶性人白细胞抗原-G(sHLA-G)、抗子宫内膜抗体(EmAb)对晚期先兆流产患者妊娠结局的预测价值。方法选取2019年6月至2021年11月收治的120例晚期先兆流产患者为先兆流产组,再纳入同期进行检查的50例正常妊娠孕妇为对照组。采用酶联免疫吸附法检测两组的sHLA-G、EmAb水平。根据妊娠结局将120例晚期先兆流产患者分为妊娠失败组与分娩组,采用单因素及Logistic多元回归分析影响患者妊娠结局的因素,使用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分析sHLA-G、EmAb以及两者联合对晚期先兆流产的诊断价值。结果先兆流产组的sHLA-G水平低于对照组,EmAb光密度(OD)值高于对照组(P<0.05)。妊娠失败组的年龄大于分娩组,既往自然流产史、贫血、初产妇、吸烟、酗酒、合并阴道炎、子宫缺陷、阴道大量出血、宫内大血肿、污染接触职业的占比以及EmAb OD值高于分娩组,sHLA-G水平低于分娩组(P<0.05)。Logistic回归分析结果显示,年龄、合并阴道炎、子宫缺陷、污染接触职业、sHLA-G以及EmAb均是晚期先兆流产患者妊娠结局的影响因素(P<0.05)。ROC曲线分析显示,sHLA-G、EmAb联合诊断晚期先兆流产的灵敏度、特异度、约登指数以及ROC曲线下面积(AUC)最高。结论sHLA-G、EmAb可作为晚期先兆流产患者妊娠结局的预测指标,两者联合可提高诊断价值。

HLA配型、群体反应性抗体与肾移植术后早期急性排斥反应的关系

目的 :研究人类白细胞抗原 (HLA)配型、群体反应性抗体 (PRA)与肾移植术后早期急性排斥反应的关系。方法 :应用单克隆抗体板、微量序列特异性引物、混合抗原板进行供受者HLA I类抗原分型、HLA II类基因分型、PRA检测。结果 :PRA为低、中、高三组受者的早期急性排斥反应发生率分别为 16 %、2 7%、6 6 6 %。HLA位点错配数 (MM)为 0 1组明显比 5 6组早期急性排斥反应率低。结论 :良好的组织配型、低水平的PRA ,可降低早期急性排斥反应的发生。

小儿血型不合活体肝移植的临床疗效分析

目的探讨小儿血型不合活体肝移植的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析242例小儿活体肝移植受者的临床资料。根据供、受者血型相合情况分为A组(供、受者血型相同,165例)、B组(供、受者血型相合,42例)、C组(供、受者血型不合,35例)。观察并比较3组受者的术后并发症发生情况、术后供体特异性抗体(DSA)产生情况;分析C组供、受者血型分布及红细胞抗体产生情况;比较3组受者肝移植术后的生存情况。结果3组受者并发症发生率比较,差异均无统计学意义(均为P>0.05)。肝移植术后DSA以人类白细胞抗原(HLA)Ⅱ类抗体为主,多为抗HLA-DR和抗HLA-DQ。C组肝移植受者术后红细胞抗体多为IgM,所有抗体滴度均为≤12。3组受者术后生存率差异均无统计学意义(均为P>0.05)。结论小儿血型不合活体肝移植是一种安全有效的治疗方式,可有效扩大肝移植供者来源,挽救患儿生命。

肾移植受者抗HLA抗体监测的临床意义

目的探讨动态监测肾移植受者抗HLA抗体的临床意义。方法采用酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)对1517例肾移植受者进行手术前、后血清群体反应性抗体(panel reactive antibody,PRA)强度动态监测,对PRA阳性受体进一步行抗HLA抗体分型并进行随访,观察PRA水平对移植物长期存活和移植肾功能的影响。结果1517例中,术前PRA阴性者1336例,阳性者181例。术前PRA阳性受者和阴性受者的移植物功能延迟恢复(DGF)发生率分别为34.8%、11.9%,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。术前PRA阳性受者的移植肾1、3、5、8年存活率分别为94%、85%、73%和63%,术前PRA阴性受者相应为96%、87%、72%和65%,两组比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。移植前及移植6个月后PRA均为阴性的265例受者中,血清肌酐水平异常者仅占19.6%,而术后PRA转为阳性的57例受者中,血清肌酐异常者高达61%,两者比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);移植前PRA阳性的53例受者中,有24例移植后PRA转为阴性,术后血清肌酐全部正常。结论术前筛查PRA可科学评估肾移植患者的体液致敏状态,为致敏患者选配合适供者;术后监测PRA可及时了解移植肾的免疫状态,有利于防治排斥反应。

血小板捐献者血型资料数据库的建设与应用展望

供受者血小板配合输注可有效解决免疫性血小板输注无效问题。由于受HLA和HPA基因系统多态性、人群中CD36抗原缺乏个体比例及临床应用需求时限性等因素的影响,需要提前建立有一定规模的血小板捐献者血型资料库,才可能在临床需要时及时提供配合性血小板。血小板捐献者血型资料库涉及HLA-A,-B基因型资料库、HPA基因型资料库和CD36抗原阴性资料库;国内部分血站已建立200—4 000(人)份捐献者血小板血型资料库。建库中献血者选择、HLA-C位点覆盖问题、HPA系统最适检测范围和检测方法选择仍有待标准化。血小板捐献者血型资料库具有良好的应用前景,但仍需要通过扩大血小板捐献者基因型资料库规模、缩短配合血小板制备发放流程所需时间和加强临床沟通等措施,来提升基因型配合血小板的临床应用。