Common Artifacts and Remedies in Histological Preparations

The importance of the accuracy of preparing biological specimen as histological sections that can be examined under a microscope lies in reflecting a true image of the tissue that includes all its components, which are used in scientific research or for the purpose of diagnosing various diseases of the body. Despite this, some cellular structures within the tissue may suffer from some alterations that result from the appearance of defects during any stage of preparing these microscopic sections, which alter or interfere with the precise cellular structures and morphology that constitute the tissue and thus give a different image for tissue features and cause confusion in the work histopathologist in the diagnosis. There are several reasons that can cause a misdiagnosis of the sample that occurs during the surgical separation process or after separation during the stages of microscopic preparation techniques from fixation stage, tissue processing, embedding or microtomy, staining until mounting procedures. The constant need to identify these defects and their causes in addition to try to reduce them is one of the biggest challenges evident in pathology laboratories. Therefore, this study aims to review the most common defects that occur in any stage of tissue processing, with an explanation of their causes and appropriate ways to avoid them.

Clinical Value of Endodontic Patients Treated with Calcium Hydroxide Preparations

Objective: To investigate the clinical value of endodontics patients treated with calcium hydroxide preparation. Methods: The study cases were selected from the endodontics patients who visited our hospital during the period from January 2022 to December 2023, and 97 cases were randomly selected according to the numerical table method and divided into two groups. There were 49 cases in the control group and 48 cases in the experimental group. The control group received conventional therapy, while the experimental group received treatment with calcium hydroxide preparation, and the clinical value of the two different treatment modalities was observed and analyzed. Results: In the experimental group, 45 out of 48 patients (93.75%) showed effectiveness, compared to 39 out of 49 patients (79.59%) in the control group. The effectiveness rate was significantly higher in the experimental group (P < 0.05). Initially, the VAS scores between the two groups were similar (P > 0.05), but after 1 and 3 months of treatment, the scores decreased in both groups. However, the experimental group had a greater decrease, indicating lower pain levels (P < 0.05). The experimental group had fewer complications (8.33%) compared to the control group (24.49%), with a significant difference (P < 0.05). Satisfaction with treatment was higher in the experimental group (95.83%) compared to the control group (95.83%), resulting in an overall higher satisfaction rate in the experimental group (83.67%;P < 0.05). Conclusion: The treatment effect of endodontics with calcium hydroxide preparation is remarkable, which not only can effectively help patients to relieve their pain and reduce the incidence of complications but also plays an important role in improving patients’ satisfaction with treatment, which is worthwhile to be vigorously promoted in the clinic and learn from it.

Determination of Eleutheroside B and E in Acanthopanax Preparations by High-P erformance Liquid Chromatography with Solid-Phase Extraction

Aim An HPLC method for analyzing eleutheroside B (ELU B) and eleutheroside E(ELU E) , two of the main active substances of Acanthopanax preparations were studied. Methods Thesamples were analyzed on a kromasil ODS column with water-acetonitrile as a gradient mobile phase.The flow rate was 0.8 mL·min^(-1) and detecting wavelengths were 206 nm for ELU B, 220 nm for ELUE, solid phase extraction (SPE) and internal standard-salicin were selected. Results The recoveriesof Acanthopanax tablets and injection were 90.4% - 96.8% and 96.4% - 99.8% for ELU B, 87.7% -93.3%and 95.7% - 98.5% for ELU E, respectively. The linear ranges were 4.45 - 22.25 μg· mL^(-1) (r =0.999 8) and 5.11 - 25.55 μg·mL^(-1) ( r = 0.999 7) respectively. Conclusion This method can savethe time for cleaning the chromatographic system and improve sensitivity for Acanthopanaxpreparations , thus providing a way to evaluate the quality of Acanthopanax preparations.

Synergism and Field Efficacy of Mixed Preparations of Pyraclostrobin and Tebuconazole to Glomerella cingulata

[Objective] This study was conducted to screen high-efficient low-toxicity new compound preparation for control of Glomerella cingulata. [Method] The toxicity of pyraclostrobin, tebuconazole and their mixed preparations to Glomerella cingulata was determined by mycelial growth rate method, and their control effects on Glomerella cingulata were evaluated by field efficacy test. [Result] The mixed preparations of pyraclostrobin and tebuconazole at mass ratios of 5：1, 3：1, 1：1, 1：3 and 1：5 exhibited ECso values to mycelial growth of Glomerella cingulata of 0.612 9, 0.530 1, 0.232 6, 0.232 8 and 0.329 6 iJg/ml, respectively; and the 5 preparations exhibit- ed synergistic coefficients （SRs） to Glomerella cingulata of 1.29, 1.33, 2.29, 1.84 and 1.22, respectively, and among them, the preparation with mass ratio of 1：1 showed the highest synergism. The field efficacy test showed that the field control effects of 1 000 times, 2 000 times and 3 000 times dilutions of 25% pyraclostrobin-tebuconazole suspension, 5 000 times dilution of 430 g/L tebuconazole suspension and 2 000 times dilution of 250 g/L pyraclostrobin EC were 91.54%, 90.80%, 82.88%, 76.43% and 74.10%, respectively. [Conclusions] Therefore, the mixed preparations of pyraclostrobin and tebuconazole showed remarkable synergism on control of Glomerella cingulata, and preparation with the mixing ratio of 1：1 exhibited the most significant synergism on Glomerella cingulata. For soaking treatment to fruit clusters with 1 000-2 000 times dilution of 25% pyraclostrobin .tebuconazole suspension, the field efficacy to Glomerella cingulata was over 90%.

Effect of Anti-nematode Preparations on Physiological Traits of Tomato Leaves Affected by Root-knot Nematode

[ Objective ] The paper was to study the effects of anti-nematode preparations with different mechanisms on changes of enzyme systems and membrane permeability of tomato leaves, so as to provide reference basis for effective control of soil root-knot nematode in greenhouse. [ Method] With tomato seedlings af- fected by root-knot nematode as material, changes of superoxide dismutase（SOD）, peroxidase（ POD）, relative conductivity and malondialdehyde （MDA） in toma- toes were tested after the seedling soil was treated by preparations of Wuxianmei, Hailvsu, Duxiandna and Avermectin. [ Result] After treated by different prepara- tions, SOD and POD activity of tomato leaves were higher than control, and that treated by Wuxianmei was the highest. In addition to Duxiandna, the relative con- ductivity and MDA content of other treatments were significantly lower than control. When tomatoes were planted for 70 d, the effect of Avermectin against reot-knot nematode Was the best of 66.3%. [ Conclusion] After tomatoes were infected by root-knot nematode, different preparation treatments all had certain control effect, which made the physical indicators of tomato have obvious change. Integrated control of multiple preparations in greenhouse was beneficial to control soil root-knot nematode.

Bowel preparations as quality indicators for colonoscopy

Colonoscopy is the principal investigative procedure for colorectal neoplasms because it can detect and remove most precancerous lesions.The effectiveness of colonoscopy depends on the quality of the examination.Bowel preparation is an essential part of high-quality colonoscopies because only an optimal colonic cleansing allows the colonoscopist to clearly view the entire colonic mucosa and to identify any polyps or other lesions.Suboptimal bowel preparation not only prolongs the overall procedure time,decreases the cecal intubation rate,and increases the costs associated with colonoscopy but also increases the risk of missing polyps or adenomas during the colonoscopy.Therefore,a repeat examination or a shorter colonoscopy follow-up interval may be suitable strategies for a patient with suboptimal bowel preparation.

Effect of replacing antibiotics using multi-enzyme preparations on production performance and antioxidant activity in piglets

The study was conducted to investigate the effects of replacing antibiotics using multi-enzyme preparations on growth performance,coefficient of total tract apparent digestibility,digestive enzyme activity,and antioxidant property in piglets.A total of 160 piglets（（21.35±0.22）kg）were randomly assigned to five dietary treatments：1）basal diet supplemented with antibiotics（AC）,2）antibiotic diet supplemented with 0.5 g kg^-1 multi-enzyme preparations（AC＋0.5EP）,3）antibiotic diet supplemented with 1.5 g kg^-1 multi-enzyme preparations（AC＋1.5EP）,4）basal diet supplemented with a half dosage of antibiotics and 1.5 g kg^-1 multi-enzyme preparations（AH＋1.5EP）,and 5）basal diet supplemented with 1.5 g kg^-1 multienzyme preparations（BC＋1.5EP）.The results showed that AC＋1.5EP significantly improved the feed efficiency,apparent digestibility of ether extract（EE）and crude ash（CA）,lipase activity in pancreas and duodenum content,maltase and lactase activity in jejunum and ileum mucosa,glutathione peroxidase（GSH-Px）concentration in serum and liver,and decreased malondialdehyde（MDA）concentration in serum and liver compared with piglets receiving AC（P〈0.05）.Piglets receiving BC＋1.5EP showed no significant difference in growth performance（P〉0.05）but had lower MDA concentration than piglets receiving AC（P〈0.05）.The apparent digestibility of EE and crude fiber（CF）,duodenal lipase activity,jejunum mucosa maltase,and ileum mucosa lactase activity of piglets receiving AH＋1.5EP or BC＋1.5EP were significantly improved compared with piglets receiving AC（P〈0.05）.These results indicated an additive growth promotion effect between antibiotics and multi-enzyme preparations on piglets,and the multi-enzyme preparations may be used as substitutes for antibiotics for improving piglet production performance and health status.

Efficacy of 1.2L polyethylene glycol plus ascorbic acid for bowel preparations

BACKGROUND A low-volume polyethylene glycol(PEG) solution that combines ascorbic acid with PEG-based electrolyte solution(PEG-ASC) is gaining mainstream acceptance for bowel preparation due to reduced volume and improved taste.Although several reports showed that bowel preparation with PEG-ASC volume lower than 2.0 L with laxative agents could be an alternative to traditional preparation regimen, the cleansing protocols have not been fully investigated.AIM To evaluate the cleansing efficacy of 1.2 L PEG-ASC solution comparing with 2.0 L PEG electrolyte(PEG-ELS) for bowel preparations.METHODS A randomized, single-blinded, open-label, single-center, non-inferiority study was conducted. In total, 312 Japanese adult patients(aged > 18 years) who underwent colonoscopy were enrolled. Patients were randomly allocated to bowel lavage with either 1.2 L of PEG-ASC solution with at least 0.6 L of an additional clear fluid(1.2 L PEG-ASC group) or 2.0 L of PEG-ELS(PEG-ELS group). Then, 48 mg of sennoside was administered at bedtime on the day before colonoscopy, and the designated drug solution was administered at the hospital on the day of colonoscopy. Bowel cleansing was evaluated using the Boston Bowel Preparation Scale(BBPS). The volume of fluid intake and required time for bowel preparation were evaluated. Furthermore, compliance, patient tolerance,and overall acceptability were evaluated using a patient questionnaire, which was assessed using a visual analog scale.RESULTS In total, 291 patients(1.2 L PEG-ASC group, 148; PEG-ELS group, 143) completed the study. There was no significant difference in successful cleansing, defined as a BBPS score ≥ 2 in each segment, between the two groups(1.2 L PEG-ASC group, 91.9%; PEG-ELS group, 90.2%; 95%CI:-0.03-0.09). The required time for bowel preparation was significantly shorter(164.95 min ± 68.95 min vs 202.16 min± 68.69 min, P < 0.001) and the total fluid intake volume was significantly lower(2.23 L ± 0.55 L vs 2.47 L ± 0.56 L, P < 0.001) in the 1.2 L PEG-ASC group than in the PEG-ELS group. Palatability, acceptability of the volume of solution, and overall acceptability evaluated using a patient questionnaire, which was assessed by the visual analog scale, were significantly better in the 1.2 L PEG-ASC group than in the PEG-ELS group(7.70 cm ± 2.57 cm vs 5.80 cm ± 3.24 cm, P < 0.001). No severe adverse event was observed in each group.CONCLUSION The 1.2 L PEG-ASC solution was non-inferior to the 2.0 L PEG-ELS solution in terms of cleansing efficacy and had better acceptability among Japanese patients.

Rapid and Sensitive Assay of the Main Components in Shuanghuanglian Preparations by UPLC-TOF-MS

1 Introduction As already known, complex prescription has been the outstanding feature of traditional Chinese medicine（TCM）. This fact therefore brings complicated formula with multicomponents from multimaterals, which produces some difficulties to detect the components and to control the quality. Shuanghuanglian preparations（SHLs）, including oral liquid, injection powder, capsule, and tablet, belong to a family of refined traditional Chinese patent medicine and a combined herbal remedy comprised of three herbs：

The preparation and the in-vitro pharmacodynamics study of the intracapsular sustained-release preparations for the prevention of posterior capsule opacification

Docetaxel-loaded sustained-release preparation based on 2-Hydroxyethyl methacrylate(HEMA)and Methyl methacrylate(MMA)cross-linked copolymer(P(HEMA-co-MMA))was prepared to examine the potential use for preventing posterior capsule opacification(PCO).The preparations were prepared by polymerizing the mixture of HEMA,MMA,cross-linking agent(EGDMA),initiator(AIBN)and docetaxel.The influence factors and mechanism of drug release were studied in the experiments.FT-IR,X-RD and SEM methods were used to characterize the polymer(P(HEMA-co-MMA))and docetaxel-loaded sustained-release preparations.Biocompatibility of P(HEMA-co-MMA)and in-vitro effect of docetaxel-loaded sustained-release preparations were also evaluated.The results showed that docetaxel could release sustainedly from these preparations prepared by cross-linking polymerization.And the release rate could be accelerated by increasing the MMA ratio or EGDMA ratio of the polymer.Release mechanism of docetaxel fitted the Higuchi model well.The results of IR and X-RD showed that only a hydrogen bond was formed between docetaxel and P(HEMA-co-MMA).Docetaxel dispersed in P(HEMA-co-MMA)in amorphous form.The elution test showed that P(HEMA-co-MMA)had good biocompatibility and the in-vitro pharmacodynamics study proved that docetaxel could release stably from the preparations and inhibit HLECs’proliferation.The docetaxel-loaded sustained-release preparations proved to be a promising therapy for preventing PCO.These results also lay a theoretical and experimental foundation for the future.

Pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence of ranitidine and bismuth derived from two compound preparations

AIM： To evaluate the bioequivalence of ranitidine and bismuth derived from two compound preparations. METHODS： The bioavailability was measured in 20 healthy male Chinese volunteers following a single oral dose （equivalent to 200 mg of ranitidine and 220 mg of bismuth） of the test or reference products in the fasting state. Then blood samples were collected for 24 h. Plasma concentrations of ranitidine and bismuth were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry （ICPMS）, respectively. The non-compartmental method was used for pharmacokinetic analysis. Log-transformed Cmax, AUC（0-t） and AUC（0-∞） were tested for bioequivalence using ANOVA and Schuirmann two-one sided t-test. Tmax was analyzed by Wilcoxon＇s test. RESULTS： Various pharmacokinetic parameters of ranitidine derived from the two compound preparations, including Cmax, AUC（0-t）, AUC（0-∞）, Tmax and T1/2, were nearly consistent with previous observations. These parameters derived from test and reference drug were as follows： Cmax（0.67 ± 0.21 vs 0.68 ± 0.22 mg/L）, AUC（0-t）（3.1 ± 0.6 vs 3.0 ± 0.7 mg/L per hour）, AUC（0-∞）（3.3 ± 0.6 vs 3.2 ± 0.8 mg/L per hour）, Tmax （2.3 ± 0.9 VS 2.1 ± 0.9 h） and T1/2 （2.8 ± 0.3 vs 3.1 ± 0.4 h）. In addition, double-peak absorption profiles of ranitidine were found in some Chinese volunteers. For bismuth, those parameters derived from test and reference drug were as follows： Cmax （11.80 ± 7.36 vs 11.40 ± 6.55 μg/L）, AUC（0-t） （46.65 ± 16.97 vs 47.03 ± 21.49 μg/L per hour）, Tmax （0.50 ± 0.20 vs 0.50 ± 0.20 h） and T1/2 （10.2 ± 2.3 vs 13.0 ± 6.9 h）. Ninety percent of confidence intervals for the test/reference ratio of Cmax, AUC（0-t） and AUC（0-∞） derived from both ranitidine and bismuth were found within the bioequivalence acceptable range of 80%-125%. No significant difference was found in Tmax derived from both ranitidine and bismuth. CONCLUSION： The two compound preparations are bioequivalent and may be prescribed interchangeably.

Effect of Preparations of Bamboo Vinegar and Copper Sulfate on Green Algae and Tobacco Seedling Growth

To provide theoretical and technical basis for the application of preparations of bamboo vinegar and copper sulfate in the prevention of green algae in floating system for tobacco seeding,the soaking and spraying methods were employed to study the effect of different concentrations of preparations of bamboo vinegar and copper sulfate on green algae and tobacco seedling growth. The results showed that the preparations of bamboo vinegar and copper sulfate of different concentrations played a strong role in inhibiting green algae growth and had better effect than copper sulfate. Spraying 1∶ 200 preparations of bamboo vinegar and copper sulfate could significantly promote tobacco seedling growth,and the leaf fresh weight increased by 15. 80% compared with CK,with significant difference; spraying 1∶ 50 preparations was not conducive to tobacco seedling growth. It was recommended to spray 1∶ 200 preparations of bamboo vinegar and copper sulfate in floating system for tobacco seeding,which could promote tobacco seedling growth and reduce green algae to varying degrees.

Management considerations following overdoses of modified-release morphine preparations

Analgesics have consistently remained the most common substance involved in human poisonings in the United States, with immediate action opioid analgesics associated with the greatest percent of fatalities per exposure.

Innovative color jet 3D printing of levetiracetam personalized paediatric preparations

3D printing is a promising technology used in the fabrication of complex oral dosage delivery pharmaceuticals.This study first reports an innovative color jet 3D printing(CJ-3DP)technology to produce colorful cartoon levetiracetam pediatric preparations with high accuracy and reproducibility.For this study,the ideal printing ink consisted of 40%(v/v)isopropanol aqueous solution containing 0.05%(w/w)polyvinylpyrrolidone and 4%(w/w)glycerin,which was satisfied with scale-up of the production.The external and internal spatial structures of the tablets were designed to control the appearance and release,and cartoon tablets with admirable appearances and immediate release characteristics were printed.The dosage model showed a good linear relationship between the model volume and the tablet strength(r>0.999),which proved the potential of personalized administration.The surface roughness indicated that the appearance of the CJ-3DP tablets was significantly better than the first listed 3D printed drug(Spritam R).Moreover,the scanning electron microscopy and porosity results further showed that the tablets have a structure of loose interior and tight exterior,which could ensure good mechanical properties and rapid dispersion characteristics simultaneously.In conclusion,the innovative CJ-3DP technology can be used to fabricate personalized pediatric preparations for improved compliance.Due to the stable formulation and fabrication process,this technology has the potential in scale-up production.

Emerging space for non-polyethene-glycol bowel preparations in inflammatory bowel disease-related colonoscopy:Veering toward better adherence and palatability

Patients with inflammatory bowel diseases(IBDs)require repeated endoscopic evaluations over time by colonoscopy to weigh disease activity but also for different and additional indications(e.g.,evaluation of postoperative recurrence,colorectal cancer surveillance).Colonoscopy,however,requires adequate bowel preparation to be of quality.The latter is achieved as long as the patient takes a certain amount of product to have a number of bowel movements suitable to clean the colon and allow optimal visualization of the mucosa during endoscopy.However,significant guidelines recommend preparations for patients with IBD not excelling in palatability.This recommendation originates from the fact that most of the studies conducted on bowel preparations in patients with IBD have been done with isosmolar preparations based on polyethylene glycol(PEG),for which,therefore,more safety data exist.As a result,the low-volume non-PEG preparations(e.g.,magnesium citrate plus picosulphate,oral sulphate solutions)have been set aside for the whole range of warnings to be heeded because of their hyperosmolarity.New studies,however,are emerging,leaning in overall for a paradigm shift in this matter.Indeed,such non-PEG preparations seem to show a particularly encouraging and engaging safety profile when considering their broad potential for tolerability and patient preference.Indeed,such evidence is insufficient to indicate such preparations in all patients with IBD but may pave the way for those with remission or well-controlled disease.This article summarizes the central studies conducted in IBD settings using non-PEG preparations by discussing their results.

PREPARATIONS OF FERRIMAGNETOFLUIDS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS IN MINERAL PROCESSING

In this paper the research results on the preparation of ferri-magnetofluids through colloid chemical methods developed in China are in-troduced , and the applications of the resulted fluids in mineral separations are described. The colloid chemical method includes the procedure of oxi-dation-hydrolysis-collection-dispersion. It is shown that by adding NaOH to an FeSO4 ?7H2O aqueous solution, followed by aeration, an oxidation-hydrolysis reaction occurs which produces ultrafine Fe3O4 particles. The particles may then be collected by sodium oleate into kerosene phase and thus forming stable oil-base ferrimagnetofluid, or, alternately, the parti-cles may be coated with sodium oleate first, then flocculated by adding HC1, follmved by redispersion in water by adding sodium dodecyl benzen-sulphonate, to form a water-base ferrimagnetofluid. The above ferrimag-netofluids have been used as separation media in the separation of arsenopy-rite from galena, and in the separation of gold from hard- rock gold ores. The results show that the ferrimagnetofluids are better than paramag-netofluids.

Determination of diclofenac in pharmaceutical preparations by voltammetry and gas chromatography methods

Rapid, sensitive and specific methods were developed for the determination of diclofenac in pharmaceutical preparations by linear sweep voltammetry （LSV） and gas chromatography （GC） with mass spectrometry （MS） detection. The linearity was established over the concentration range of 5- 35 μg/mL for LSV and 0.25-5 μg/mL for GC-MS method. The intra- and inter-day relative standard deviation （RSD） was less than 4.39% and 4.62% for LSV and GC-MS, respectively. Limits of quantification （LOQ） were determined as 4.8 and 0.15 μg/mL for LSV and GC-MS, respectively. No interference was found from tablet excipients at the selected assay conditions. The methods were applied for the quality control of commercial diclofenac dosage forms to quantify the drug and to check the formulation content uniformity.

Characterization, preparation, and reuse of metallic powders for laser powder bed fusion: a review

Laser powder bed fusion(L-PBF) has attracted significant attention in both the industry and academic fields since its inception, providing unprecedented advantages to fabricate complex-shaped metallic components. The printing quality and performance of L-PBF alloys are infuenced by numerous variables consisting of feedstock powders, manufacturing process,and post-treatment. As the starting materials, metallic powders play a critical role in infuencing the fabrication cost, printing consistency, and properties. Given their deterministic roles, the present review aims to retrospect the recent progress on metallic powders for L-PBF including characterization, preparation, and reuse. The powder characterization mainly serves for printing consistency while powder preparation and reuse are introduced to reduce the fabrication costs.Various powder characterization and preparation methods are presented in the beginning by analyzing the measurement principles, advantages, and limitations. Subsequently, the effect of powder reuse on the powder characteristics and mechanical performance of L-PBF parts is analyzed, focusing on steels, nickel-based superalloys, titanium and titanium alloys, and aluminum alloys. The evolution trends of powders and L-PBF parts vary depending on specific alloy systems, which makes the proposal of a unified reuse protocol infeasible. Finally,perspectives are presented to cater to the increased applications of L-PBF technologies for future investigations. The present state-of-the-art work can pave the way for the broad industrial applications of L-PBF by enhancing printing consistency and reducing the total costs from the perspective of powders.

Detection of Acid Fast Bacilli in Tuberculous Lymph Node Tissue and Touch Preparations—A Comparative Study

Background: The most common form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis is lymphadenitis. Lymphadenitis is considered mainly a disease of young children and has a peak age of onset at 20 to 40 years. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to detect and compare the presence of acid fast bacilli in lymph node biopsies and their touch preparations using Ziehl Neelsen and fluorescence staining. Materials and Methods: The lymph node biopsies and their touch preparations were prepared and stained with Haematoxylin and eosin to determine their morphology. Slides were stained with ZN staining and fluorescent staining technique using Auramine O and Rohdamine B to demonstrate the presence of acid fast bacilli in tissue and their touch preparations. Results: AFB was detected in 56% of biopsies and 54% of touch preparations. In addition in these cases we observed that fluorescent staining technique using Auramine O and Rohdamine B is superior to ZN stain because low magnification used in fluorescent staining technique makes it possible to scan the smear rapidly and detects the AFB as glowing spots even if it is present in small numbers. Conclusion: The results of AFB in tissue biopsies are in equivalent in their touch preparation.

Discussion on the Quality Evaluation Method of Traditional Chinese Medicine Compound Preparations

As an important representative of the modernization of the Chinese medicine industry,traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)compound preparations are an indispensable part of the development of TCM.The complex ingredients and unclear action mechanism of TCM compound preparations restrict the development of TCM.In line with this problem,the modern TCM research has made extensive remarkable achievements.From the single indicator in the past to multiple indicator,the research on the combination of TCM fingerprints and pharmacodynamics also has made great progress.The introduction of quality evaluation methods such as the"quantitative analysis of multi-components by a single marker","dose-effect"indicator,"Bioactive Equivalent Combinatorial Components"(BECCs)and TCM quality markers have brought new ideas for quality control of TCM compound preparations.