Anti-Jamming Null Space Projection Beamforming Based on Symbiotic Radio

With the development of information technology,more and more devices are connected to the Internet through wireless communication to complete data interconnection.Due to the broadcast characteristics ofwireless channels,wireless networks have suffered more and more malicious attacks.Physical layer security has received extensive attention from industry and academia.MIMO is considered to be one of the most important technologies related to physical layer security.Through beamforming technology,messages can be transmitted to legitimate users in an offset direction that is as orthogonal as possible to the interference channel to ensure the reception SINR by legitimate users.Combining the symbiotic radio(SR)technology,this paper considers a symbiotic radio antijamming MIMO system equipped with a multi-antenna system at the main base station.In order to avoid the interference signal and improve the SINR of the signal received by the user.The base station is equipped with a uniform rectangular antenna array,and using Null Space Projection(NSP)Beamforming,Intelligent Reflecting Surface(IRS)can assist in changing the beam’s angle.The simulation results show that NSP Beamforming could make a better use of the null space of interference,which can effectively improve the received SINR of users under directional interference,and improve the utilization efficiency of signal energy.

Laboratory observation of electron energy distribution near three-dimensional magnetic nulls

The acceleration of electrons near three-dimensional(3D)magnetic nulls is crucial to the energy conversion mechanism in the 3D magnetic reconnection process.To explore electron acceleration in a 3D magnetic null topology,we constructed a pair of 3D magnetic nulls in the PKU Plasma Test(PPT)device and observed acceleration of electrons near magnetic nulls.This study measured the plasma floating potential and ion density profiles around the 3D magnetic null.The potential wells near nulls may be related to the energy variations of electrons,so we measured the electron distribution functions(EDFs)at different spatial positions.The axial variation of EDF shows that the electrons deviate from the Maxwell distribution near magnetic nulls.With scanning probes that can directionally measure and theoretically analyze based on curve fitting,the variations of EDFs are linked to the changes of plasma potential under 3D magnetic null topology.The kinetic energy of electrons accelerated by the electric field is 6 eV(v_(e)~7v_(Alfvén-e))and the scale of the region where accelerating electrons exist is in the order of serval electron skin depths.

GNSS array receiver faced with overloaded interferences:anti-jamming performance and the incident directions of interferences

Anti-jamming solutions based on antenna arrays enhance the anti-jamming ability and the robustness of global navigation satellite system(GNSS)receiver remarkably.However,the performance of the receiver will deteriorate significantly in the overloaded interferences scenario.We define the overloaded interferences scenario as where the number of interferences is more than or equal to the number of antenna arrays elements.In this paper,the effect mechanism of interferences with different incident directions is found by studying the anti-jamming performance of the adaptive space filter.The theoretical analysis and conclusions,which are first validated through numerical examples,reveal the relationships between the optimal weight vector and the eigenvectors of the input signal autocorrelation matrix,the relationships between the interference cancellation ratio(ICR),the signal to interference and noise power ratio(SINR)of the adaptive space filter output and the number of interferences,the eigenvalues of the input signal autocorrelation matrix.In addition,two simulation experiments are utilized to further corroborate the theoretical findings through soft anti-jamming receiver.The simulation results match well with the theoretical analysis results,thus validating the effect mechanism of overloaded interferences.The simulation results show that,for a four elements circular array,the performance difference is up to 19 dB with different incident directions of interferences.Anti-jamming performance evaluation and jamming deployment optimization can obtain more accurate and efficient results by using the conclusions.

Dynamic Spectrum Anti-Jamming with Distributed Learning and Transfer Learning

Physical-layer security issues in wireless systems have attracted great attention.In this paper,we investigate the spectrum anti-jamming(AJ)problem for data transmissions between devices.Considering fast-changing physical-layer jamming attacks in the time/frequency domain,frequency resources have to be configured for devices in advance with unknown jamming patterns(i.e.the time-frequency distribution of the jamming signals)to avoid jamming signals emitted by malicious devices.This process can be formulated as a Markov decision process and solved by reinforcement learning(RL).Unfortunately,stateof-the-art RL methods may put pressure on the system which has limited computing resources.As a result,we propose a novel RL,by integrating the asynchronous advantage actor-critic(A3C)approach with the kernel method to learn a flexible frequency pre-configuration policy.Moreover,in the presence of time-varying jamming patterns,the traditional AJ strategy can not adapt to the dynamic interference strategy.To handle this issue,we design a kernelbased feature transfer learning method to adjust the structure of the policy function online.Simulation results reveal that our proposed approach can significantly outperform various baselines,in terms of the average normalized throughput and the convergence speed of policy learning.

Anti-jamming channel access in 5G ultra-dense networks: a game-theoretic learning approach

This paper investigates the Quality of Experience(QoE)oriented channel access anti-jamming problem in 5th Generation Mobile Communication(5G)ultra-dense networks.Firstly,considering that the 5G base station adopts beamforming technology,an anti-jamming model under Space Division Multiple Access(SDMA)conditions is proposed.Secondly,the confrontational relationship between users and the jammer is formulated as a Stackelberg game.Besides,to achieve global optimization,we design a local cooperation mechanism for users and formulate the cooperation and competition among users as a local altruistic game.By proving that the local altruistic game is an Exact Potential Game(EPG),we further prove the existence of pure strategy Nash Equilibrium(NE)among users and Stackelberg Equilibrium(SE)between users and jammer.Thirdly,to obtain the equilibrium solutions of the proposed games,we propose an anti-jamming channel selection algorithm and improve its convergence speed through heterogeneous learning parameters.The simulation results validate the convergence and effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.Compared with the throughput optimization scheme,our proposed scheme obtain a greater network satisfaction rate.Finally,we also analyze user fairness changes during the algorithm convergence process and get some interesting conclusions.

Simultaneously realizing thermal andelectromagnetic cloaking by multi-physicalnull medium

Simultaneously manipulating multiple physical fields plays an important role in the increasingly complex integrated systems,aerospace equipment,biochemical productions,etc.For on-chip systems with high integration level,the precise and efficient control of the propagation of electromagnetic waves and heat fluxes simultaneously is particularly important.In this study,we propose a graphical designing method(i.e.,thermal-electromagnetic surface transformation)based on thermal-electromagnetic null medium to simultaneously control the propagation of electromagnetic waves and thermal fields according to the pre-designed paths.A thermal-electromagnetic cloak,which can create a cloaking effect on both electromagnetic waves and thermal fields simultaneously,is designed by thermal-electromagnetic surface transformation and verified by both numerical simulations and experimental measurements.The thermal-electromagnetic surface transformation proposed in this study provides a new methodology for simultaneous controlling on electromagnetic and temperature fields,and may have significant applications in improving thermal-electromagnetic compatibility problem,protecting of thermal-electromagnetic sensitive components,and improving efficiency of energy usage for complex onchip systems.

Put Others Before Itself:A Multi-Leader One-Follower Anti-Jamming Stackelberg Game Against Tracking Jammer

This paper mainly investigates the coordinated anti-jamming channel access problems in multiuser scenarios where there exists a tracking jammer who senses the spectrum and traces the channel with maximal receiving power.To cope with the challenges brought by the tracking jammer,a multi-leader onefollower anti-jamming Stackelberg(MOAS)game is formulated,which is able to model the complex interactions between users and the tracking jammer.In the proposed game,users act as leaders,chose their channel access strategies and transmit firstly.The tracking jammer acts as the follower,whose objective is to find the optimal jamming strategy at each time slot.Besides,the existence of Stackelberg equilibriums(SEs)is proved,which means users reach Nash Equilibriums(NEs)for each jamming strategy while the jammer finds its best response jamming strategy for the current network access case.An active attraction based anti-jamming channel access(3ACA)algorithm is designed to reach SEs,where jammed users keep their channel access strategies unchanged to create access chances for other users.To enhance the fairness of the system,users will adjust their strategies and relearn after certain time slots to provide access chances for those users who sacrifice themselves to attract the tracking jammer.

Space-borne antenna adaptive anti-jamming method based on gradient-genetic algorithm

A novel space-borne antenna adaptive anti-jamming method based on the genetic algorithm （GA）, which is combined with gradient-like reproduction operators is presented, to search for the best weight for pattern synthesis in radio frequency （RF）. Combined, the GA＇s the capability of the whole searching is, but not limited by selection of the initial parameter, with the gradient algorithm＇s advantage of fast searching. The proposed method requires a smaller sized initial population and lower computational complexity. Therefore, it is flexible to implement this method in the real-time systems. By using the proposed algorithm, the designer can efficiently control both main-lobe shaping and side-lobe level. Simulation results based on the spot survey data show that the algorithm proposed is efficient and feasible.

Cognitive anti-jamming receiver under phase noise in high frequency bands

This paper investigates the jamming sensing performance of the simultaneous transmit and receive based cognitive anti-jamming(SCAJ) receiver impaired by phase noise in local oscillators(LO) over fading channels. Firstly, energy detection(ED)based on the jamming to noise ratio(JNR) of the high frequency bands SCAJ receiver with phase noise under different channels is analyzed. Then, the probabilities of jamming detection and false alarm in closed-form for the SCAJ receiver are derived. Finally,the modified Bayesian Cramer-Rao bound(BCRB) of jamming sensing for the SCAJ receiver is presented. Simulation results show that the performance degradation of the SCAJ system due to phase noise is more severe than that due to the channel fading in the circumstances where the signal bandwidth(BW) is kept a constant. Moreover, the signal BW has an effect on the phase noise in LO, and the jamming detection probability of the wideband SCAJ receiver with lower phase noise outperforms that of the narrowband receiver using the same center frequency. Furthermore,an accurate phase noise estimation and compensation scheme can improve the jamming detection capability of the SCAJ receiver in high frequency bands and approach to the upper bound.

Combined algorithm of acquisition and anti-jamming based on SFT

A communication and navigation receiver is required to remove hostile jamming signals and synchronize receiving signals effectively especially for satellite communication and navigation whose resources are becoming more and more limited. This paper proposes a novel signal receiving method by combining the pro- cesses of anti-jamming and synchronization to reduce the overall computationa~ complexity at the expense of slightly affecting the detection probability, which is analyzed in detail by derivations. Furthermore, this paper introduces sparse Fourier transformation （SFT） into the proposed algorithm to replace fast Fourier transfor- mation （FFT） so as to further reduce the calculation time especially in large frequency offset environments.

Anti-Jamming Algorithm Based on Spatial Blind Search for Global Navigation Satellite System Receiver

A novel subspace projection anti-jamming algorithm based on spatial blind search is proposed,which uses multiple single-constrained subspace projection parallel filters.If the direction of arrival(DOA)of a satellite signal is unknown,the traditional subspace projection anti-jamming algorithm cannot form the correct beam pointing.To overcome the problem of the traditional subspace projection algorithm,multiple single-constrained subspace projection parallel filters are used.Every single-constrained anti-jamming subspace projection algorithm obtains the optimal weight vector by searching the DOA of the satellite signal and uses the output of cross correlation as a decision criterion.Test results show that the algorithm can suppress the jamming effectively,and generate high gain toward the desired signal.The research provides a new idea for the engineering implementation of a multi-beam anti-jamming algorithm based on subspace projection.

基于Null Importance与GS-LGBM的糖尿病视网膜病变因素分析与风险预测

目的:通过机器学习算法分析糖尿病视网膜病变(DR)关键因素,构建DR风险预测模型,为DR的预防和诊断提供参考。方法:采用国家人口健康科学数据中心的《糖尿病并发症预警数据集》,基于Null Importance方法去除噪声特征,筛选出与DR有关的关键因素;基于GridSearch优化LGBM模型参数,构建GS-LGBM DR风险预测模型。以准确率、精确率、召回率、F1分数、AUC值作为评价标准,与XGBoost、随机森林、Logistic以及未调优的LGBM模型进行比较。结果:Null Importance方法筛选出30个关键因素;与XGBoost、随机森林、Logistic以及未调优的LGBM模型相比,本研究所构建的GS-LGBM DR风险预测模型各评价指标均最优,其在测试数据上的AUC值高达0.897。结论:相较传统的DR预测模型,经过超参数优化后的模型具有更好的DR风险预测能力,更有助于DR的临床诊断。

Experimental observation of the transport induced by ion Bernstein waves near the separatrix of magnetic nulls

The waves in a magnetic null could play important roles during 3D magnetic reconnection.Some preliminary clues in this paper show that the ion Bernstein wave(IBW)may be closely related to transport process in magnetic null region.The magnetic null configuration experiment reported here is set up in a linear helicon plasma device,Peking University plasma test device(PPT).The wave modes with frequencies between the first and third harmonics of local ion cyclotron frequency(w_(ci))are observed in the separatrix of magnetic null,which are identified as the IBW based on the dispersion relation.Further analysis shows that IBW could drive substantial particle flux across the magnetic separatrix.The theoretical radial particle flux driven by IBW and the measured parallel flow in PPT device are almost on the same order,which shows that IBW may play an important role during 3D reconnection process.

Comparison of the Radar Receiver Anti-Jamming Circuits Performance

This paper researches on some key technologies of anti-jamming of an air-borne radar receiver, the automatic testing of AGC, IAGC and multi-filtering under one million noisy pulses by the computer simulation system. The system tests the width of the jamming pulse whose width is 100% bigger, 60% bigger and 100% smaller than the Radar signal’s respectively and show the SNR curve.

An Active Anti-Jamming Approach for Frequency Diverse Array Radar with Adaptive Weights

Due to the rapid development of electronic countermeasures(ECMs),the corresponding means of electronic counter countermeasures(ECCMs)are urgently needed.In this paper,an act-ive anti-jamming method based on frequency diverse array radar is proposed.By deriving the closed form of the phase center in a uniform line array FDA,we establish a model of the FDA signal based on adaptive weights and derive the effect of active anti-jamming in this regime.The pro-posed active anti-jamming method makes it difficult for jammers to detect or locate our radar.Fur-thermore,the effectiveness of the two frequency increment schemes in terms of anti-jamming is ana-lyzed by comparing the deviation of phase center.Finally,the simulation results verify the effective-ness and superiority of the proposed method.

EFFICIENT DESIGN OF ANTI-JAMMING RATELESS CODING IN COGNITIVE OFDM

Efficient anti-jamming rateless coding based on cognitive Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) modulation in Cognitive Radio Network (CRN) is mainly discussed. Rateless coding with small redundancy and low complexity is presented, and the optimal design methods of building rateless codes are also proposed. In CRN, anti-jamming rateless coding could recover the lost packets in parallel channels of cognitive OFDM, thus it protects Secondary Users (SUs) from the in-terference by Primary Users (PUs) efficiently. Frame Error Rate (FER) and throughput performance of SU employing anti-jamming rateless coding are analyzed in detail. Performance comparison between rateless coding and piecewise coding are also presented. It is shown that, anti-jamming rateless coding provides low FER and Word Error Rate (WER) performance with uniform sub-channel selection. Meanwhile, it is also verified that, in higher jamming rate and longer code redundancy scenario, rateless coding method could achieve better FER and throughput performance than another anti-jamming coding schemes.

Shaped beam pattern synthesis with desired nulling level and minimum sidelobe level

For the anti-interference/denoise purpose,it usually requires minimizing the sidelobe level(SLL)of a wide-beam pattern with a desired low nulling level(NL)in the nulling region.To realize such an objective,the shaped-beam pattern synthesis(SBPS)is the most commonly used approach.However,since the SBPS problem focuses on synthesizing a predetermined beam shape,the minimum SLL via this approach cannot ensure to obtain the maximum power gain.Conversely,it cannot obtain the lowest SLL with a certain power gain requirement.Based on such consideration,this paper tries to further minimize SLL of a wide-beam pattern with a desired low NL nulling region,by solving the power gain pattern synthesis(PGPS)problem.The PGPS problem selects the array excitation by directly optimizing the power gain.Hence,it has the potential to reduce SLL,when achieving the equal mainlobe power gain constraint via SBPS.An iterative algorithm which converts the primal optimization problem into convex sub-problems is proposed,resulting in an effective problem-solving scheme.Numerical simulations demonstrate the proposed algorithm can obtain about 10-dB lower SLL than the existing algorithms.

现代数理统计中假设检验的教学探讨

假设检验是现代概率论与数理统计教学中的重要内容和知识点,而假设检验包含建立原假设、构造统计量、计算概率分布、确定临界值和得出结论等过程。在教学过程中,很多教师都忽视建立原假设这个方面。由于没有强调原假设设计方法,学生碰到此类问题很容易产生疑惑出错。实际上,原假设的三个选择是不可以随意互换的,需要通过阅读问题,依据“小概率事件原理”来选择合适的假设。通过对假设检验中单边检验真题案例的教学探讨和分析,完成对原假设存在的三个选择的不同分析,然后对得到的结果进行比较。分析探讨在假设检验教学中做原假设和备择假设设计时,需要结合题目要求,按照“小概率事件原理”来设计假设的方案,促进学生对此问题的理解,并且在实际教学应用中取得良好的效果。

P值之争与管理学研究:先验概率的意义

P值之争的本质是人们把统计检验和统计推断混淆,直接用统计检验结果来进行统计推断.这导致许多似是而非的理论被接受.统计检验犯错的是假阳性概率.统计推断犯错的是假阳性之反概率.两种概率之间的数值关系受先验概率影响很大.先验概率越高,利用统计检验的结果进行推断所犯错误概率就越小.如果先验概率很小,即使假阳性概率很小,利用该结果进行推断所犯错误概率也很大.本文以管理学研究为例,提出解决该问题的办法是,通过与现实和与理论的双重对话来掌握先验概率,以提高基于统计检验的结果进行统计推断的可靠性.本文的科学哲学意义是,揭示了科学研究是先验与经验相统一的本质,以及科学研究的不充分决定性的特征.

复杂曲面光学元件高精度面形检测技术概述

复杂曲面光学元件应用于光学系统中可以增大系统设计自由度,同时减少系统所需元件数量,有利于实现光学系统的紧凑化、轻量化,被誉为现代光学系统的变革性元件,被广泛应用于空间光学、光刻系统、汽车照明等领域,极大推动了航天、国防及高科技民用事业的发展。然而,复杂曲面光学元件对面形精度要求较高,如何对其面形进行高精度检测从而指导加工成为限制该类元件大范围应用的瓶颈。文章对10余种常用的复杂曲面光学元件面形检测方法进行了分类梳理,按照是否采用干涉原理,将检测方法分为非干涉检测法和干涉检测法两大类,分别介绍了各种检测方法的原理和适用范围,回顾了各方法的发展历程,着重分析了几种典型方法进行面形检测的特点,并对未来复杂曲面光学元件高精度面形检测技术的发展趋势加以展望。