The Relationship between Antioxidant and Anti-Ulcer Activities in Saudi Honey Samples Harvested from Various Regions in Different Seasons

The main chemical components of 13 Saudi honey samples (composed of winter and summer honeys) were identified according to anti-ulcer and antioxidant activity by using phytochemical and chromatographic analyses. Phytochemical screening of ethyl acetate and water extracts was used to detect the presence of carbohydrates, flavonoids, amino acids, and phenolic acids. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) of sugar contents was used to detect the presence of galactose in all of the honey samples. The other detected sugars were sucrose, fructose, and arabinose. Fifteen amino acids were detected in all of the honey samples: Prolin is dominant in all of the honey samples. The citric acid and tartaric acids of winter and summer honey were also detected, in addition to faint traces of free oxalic acid. Both samples were tested for amino acids, phenolic compounds, and sugars. The most crucial result derived in this study is the effect of summer honey on ulcers. The anti-ulcer activities were also evaluated, showing that oral administration of the honey samples reduced the intensity of ulcer scores when compared to the control group. Similarly, there was a highly significant reduction in the values of the ulcer indices and areas in rats that received the same sample (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01) in comparison with those of the ulcer control rats. Finally, the antioxidant activity of the honey samples was evaluated, revealing a proportional relationship between the anti-oxidant and anti-ulcer activities. The results of this study could be reached that the effectiveness of honey as an anti-ulcer increase with the increasing its antioxidant activities.

Anti-ulcer potentials of phylum mollusca(tropical snail)slime

Objective:The effectiveness of the slimy substance in snail to regenerate and repair damaged areas on it body/shell lead to this investigation.Methods:The anti-ulcer’property of snail slime extracted from phylur mollusca(tropical snail) from the giant African snail Archachatina marginata(Fam.Arionidae) was investi gated using histamine,stress and indomethacin-induced ulcers.The solubility profile of extract was investiga ted in different solvents and at different temperatures.Chemical analysis was carried out to determine the type of constituents present in the slim,while acute toxicity test was carried out to evaluate its profile of toxicity The effect of the snail slim on gastrointestinal motility was investigated in mice,while the guinea pig ileum wa used to study the effect of the extract on contraction produced by acetylcholine and histamine.The snail slim contained copious quantity of protein,with varying amounts of simple sugars,carbohydrates and fats.Th slime was not soluble in most common solvents and increases in temperature,did not appear to increase its sol ubility.Results:The result further indicated that although the snail slime exhibited significant(P【0.05) an ti -ulcer induced by stress and histamine,it was most potent against ulcer induced by indomethacin.The snai slime potently inhibited gastrointestinal movement in mice in a dose-dependent manner;however,it was not a ble to inhibit contraction induced by acetylcholine and histamine in guinea pig ileum.Conclusion:The snai mucin possesses potent antiulcer properties without any toxic effect.The mechanism responsible for the anti-ul cer property may not be postulated with certainty but cytoprotective and anti-spasmodic activities are most likel to be involved.

吡咯-2-甲醛缩N^4-(4-甲氧基苯基)氨基脲抗实验性大鼠溃疡作用

化合物Ⅰ具有与呋喃唑酮相似的抗实验性大鼠溃疡活性,但小鼠口服急性毒性较后者小。化合物Ⅰ在剂量为40～100 mg/kg时对五种大鼠溃疡模型(消炎痛型、幽门结扎型、慢性醋酸型、和无水乙醇引起的大鼠溃疡模型)均有较好保护作用,但对水拘急性应激型溃疡无效。对胃酸分泌无明显影响,对胃蛋白酶分泌有轻度抑制作用;具有“细胞保护”样作用,对HCl和无水乙醇引起的大鼠溃疡显示出较好的保护作用;增加幽门结扎大鼠胃液中氨基己糖的含量,降低DNA含量。

利用抑菌圈试验对腌肉复合腌制剂筛选的研究

本试验采用抑菌圈试验研究了食盐、乳酸钠、柠檬酸、乙酸、抗坏血酸5种腌制剂对鲜肉中主要细菌的抑制效果。结果表明,当乳酸钠4%,柠檬酸2%,抗坏血酸0.2%,乙酸1.2%,氯化钠3%时,能够较好的抑制细菌的生长。

冷冻宝对低温胁迫下黄瓜幼苗抗冷性及产量的影响

以黄瓜品种津春4号(Cucumis sativus cv Jinchun 4)为试材,研究了在低温胁迫下使用非激素类抗冷剂冷冻宝对其产量的影响。结果表明,2.50 g·L-1冷冻宝浓度处理的黄瓜幼苗,在低温6℃±0.2℃胁迫下,可使叶片可溶性糖的含量显著增加,丙二醛含量降低,提高幼苗的抗冷性,并具有明显的促成和增产作用。从产投比考虑,冷冻宝的最适使用浓度为2.50 g·L-1。

Effects of Silane Coupling Agent on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of EPDM/Carbonyl Iron Microwave Absorbing Patch

The effects of types and amounts of silane coupling agent on mechanical properties of vuleanized rubber microwave absorbing patch （VRMAP） were studied. The mechanisms of silane coupling agent＇s effects on mechanical properties of rubber microwave absorbing patch （ RMAP ） and microvave absorbing patch＇s （MAP＇s） mierostrueture were also discussed by using SEM and FT-IR. The experimental results show that the tensile strength of RMAP could be increased through adding the filler of carbonyl iron powder （CIP） modified by silane coupling agent. RMAP fiUed with CIP, which was treated by silane coupling agent KH550, possessed a high tensile strength of 11.5 MPa, which was 448% more than that of MAP whose filler wus not modified by any coupling agent. It was found that the optimal amount of KH550 was 1.0 phr to 100.0 phr carbonyl iron powder. The effects of different modifying techniques on RMAP＇s mechanical properties were also inrestigated. It is indieated that MAP whose filler is modified by the wet process has the highest tensile strength, but it is not the optimal modiifying technique due to complieated wet process. On the contrary, the dry process was very simple, and VRMAP possessed fairly high mechanical properties, therefore, it was the perfect modifying process.

Anti-ulcerogenic activity of aqueous extract of Carica papaya seed on indomethacin-induced peptic ulcer in male albino rats

OBJECTIVE： Carica papaya is an important fruit with its seeds used in the treatment of ulcer in Nigeria This study investigated the anti-ulcerogenic and antioxidant activities of aqueous extract of Carica papaya seed against indomethacin-induced peptic ulcer in male rats. METHODS： Thirty male rats were separated into 6 groups （A-F） of five rats each. For 14 d before ulcer induction with indomethacin, groups received once daily oral doses of vehicle （distilled water）, cimetidine 200 mg/kg body weight （BW）, or aqueous extract of C. papaya seed at doses of 100, 150 or 200 mg/kg BW （groups A, B, C, D, E and F, respectively）. Twenty-four hours after the last treatment, groups B, C, D, E and F were treated with 100 mg/kg BW of indomethacin to induce ulcer formation. RESULTS： Carica papaya seed extract significantly （P〈0.05） increased gastric pH and percentage of ulcer inhibition relative to indomethacin-induced ulcer rats. The extract significantly （P〈0.05） decreased gastric acidity, gastric acid output, gastric pepsin secretion, ulcer index and gastric secretion volume relative to group B. These results were similar to that achieved by pretreatment with cimetidine. Specific activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in the extract-treated groups （D, E and F） were increased significantly over the group B （P〈0.05）. Pretreatment with the seed extract protected rats from the indomethacin-mediated decrease in enzyme function experienced by the group B. Similarly, indomethacin-mediated decrease in reduced glutathione level and indomethacin-mediated increase in malondialdehyde were reversed by Carica papaya extract. CONCLUSION： In this study, pretreatment with aqueous extract of Carica papaya seed exhibited anti- ulcerogenic and antioxidant effects, which may be due to the enhanced antioxidant enzymes.

Spices, herbal xenobiotics and the stomach: Friends or foes?

Spices and herbal remedies have been used since ancient times to treat a variety of disorders. It has been experimentally demonstrated that spices, herbs, and their extracts possess antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antirheumatic, lipid-lowering, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, antimutagenic and anticancer activities, besides their gastroprotective and anti-ulcer activities. Despite a number of reports on the toxicity of herbs and spices, they are generally accepted as safer alternatives to conventional therapy against gastric ulcers. To this end, it is also believed, that excessive consumption of spices may favor the pathogenesis of gastric and duodenal ulcer and some studies have substantiated this common perception. Based on various in vivo experiments and clinical studies, on the effects of spices and herbs on gastric ulcers, it has indeed been shown that certain spices do possess remarkable anti-ulcer properties mediated by antisecretory, cytoprotective, antioxidant, and anti-Helicobacter pylori effects and mechanisms regulated by nitric oxide, prostaglandins, non-protein sulfhydryl molecules and epidermal growth factor expression. Accordingly, their consumption may attenuate and help prevent peptic ulcer disease. In the present review, the beneficial effects of spices and herbal nutritive components on the gastric mucosa are discussed against the paradigm of their deleterious potential.

Manuka honey: an emerging natural food with medicinal use

The health value of honey is universally acknowledged from time immemorial.Manuka(Leptospermum scoparium)is a tree,indigenous to New Zealand and South East Australia,and from the myrtle family,Myrtaceae.The honey produced from its flowers is a uni-floral honey largely produced in New Zealand.It is becoming increasingly popular as a functional food,seen in the aisles of health stores as its displays superior nutritional and phytochemistry profile over other varieties of honey.Examining existing research databases revealed its biological properties ranging from anti-oxidant,anti-inflammatory,anti-bacterial,anti-viral,anti-biotic and wound healing to immune-stimulatory properties.Methylglyoxal is the unique compound in the honey responsible for some of its potent anti-microbial properties.Further,propolis another component of honey contains chiefly flavonoids(i.e.galangin,pinocembrin),phenolic acids and their esters that may also contribute to its immuno-stimulant properties.Recent findings of the biological roles have been discussed with emphasis on the underlying mechanisms.The hurdles associated in its development as a functional food and also nutraceutical with future scopes have also been mentioned.Relevant data published in MEDLINE,Cochrane library,and EMBASE in the past decade have been gathered to formulate this review.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus affects eradication rate of Helicobacter pylori

AIM: To study the eradication rate of Helicobacter pylori (Hp) in a group of type 2 diabetes and compared it with an age and sex matched non-diabetic group.METHODS: 40 diabetic patients (21 females, 19 males;56±7 years) and 40 non-diabetic dyspeptic patients (20females, 20 males; 54±9 years) were evaluated. Diabetic patients with dyspeptic complaints were referred for upper gastrointestinal endoscopies; 2 corpus and 2 antral gastric biopsy specimens were performed on each patient. Patients with positive Hp results on histopathological examination comprised the study group. Non-diabetic dyspeptic patients seen at the Gastroenterology Outpatient Clinic and with the same biopsy and treatment protocol formed the control group.A triple therapy with amoxycillin (1 g b.i.d), clarithromycin (500 mg b.i.d) and omeprazole (20 mg b.i.d.) was given to both groups for 10 days. Cure was defined as the absence of Hp infection assessed by corpus and antrum biopsies in control upper gastrointestinal endoscopies performed 6weeks after completing the antimicrobial therapy.RESULTS: The eradication rate was 50 % in the diabetic group versus 85 % in the non-diabetic control group (P＜0.001).CONCLUSION: Type 2 diabetic patients showed a significantly lower eradication rate than controls which may be due to changes in microvasculature of the stomach and to frequent antibiotic usage because of recurrent bacterial infections with the development of resistant strains.

Low eradication rate of Helicobacterpyloriwith triple 7-14 days and quadriple therapy in Turkey

AIM:The eradication rate of Helicobacter pylori (H pylori) shows variation among countries and regimens of treatment. We aimed to study the eradication rates of different regimens in our region and some factors affecting the rate of eradication. METHODS:One hundred and sixty-four H pylori positive patients (68 males,96 females;mean age:48±12 years) with duodenal or gastric ulcer without a smoking history were included in the study.The patients were divided into three groups according to the treatment regimens.Omeprazole 20mg,clarithromycin 500mg,amoxicillin 1g were given twice daily for 1 week (Group Ⅰ) and 2 weeks (Group Ⅱ). Patients in Group Ⅲ received bismuth subsitrate 300mg, tetracyline 500mg and metronidazole 500mg four times daily in addition to Omeprazole 20mg twice daily.Two biopsies each before and after treatment were obtained from antrum and corpus,and histopathologically evaluated. Eradication was assumed to be successful if no H pylorus was detected from four biopsy specimens taken after treatment.The effects of factors like age,sex,H pylori density on antrum and corpus before treatment,the total H pylori density,and the inflammation scores on the rate of H pylori eradication were evaluated. RESULTS:The overall eradication rate was 42%.The rates in groups Ⅱ and Ⅲ were statistically higher than that in group Ⅰ (P<0.05).The rates of eradication were 24.5%, 40.7% and 61.5% in groups Ⅰ,Ⅱ and Ⅲ,respectively.The eradication rate was negatively related to either corpus H pylori density or total H pylori density (P<0.05).The median age was older in the group in which the eradication failed in comparison to that with successful eradication (55 yr vs 39 yr,P<0.001).No correlation between sex and H pylori eradication was found. CONCLUSION:Our rates of eradication were significantly lower when compared to those reported in literature.We believe that advanced age and high H pylori density are negative predictive factors for the rate of H pylori eradication.

Azithromycin in a triple therapy for H.pylori eradication in active duodenal ulcer

AIM:To assess and compare the efficacy and safety of two triple regimes:A)metronidazole,amoxicillin and omeprazole, which is still widely used in Russia,and B)azithromycin, amoxicillin and omeprazole in healing active duodenal ulcer and H.pylori eradication. METHODS:100 patients with active duodenal ulcer were included in the open,multicentre,randomized study with comparative groups.Patients were randomly assigned to one of the following one-week triple regimes:A) metronidazole 500 mg bid,amoxicillin I g bid and omeprazole 20 mg bid(OAM,n=50)and B)azithromycin 1 god for the first 3 days(total dose 3 g),amoxicillin 1 g bid and omeprazole 20 mg bid(OAA,n=50).Omeprazole 20 mg od was given after the eradication course as a monotherapy for three weeks.The control endoscopy was performed 8 weeks after the entry.H.pyloriinfection was determined in the entry of the study and four weeks after the cessation of treatment by means of histology and CLO-test. RESULTS:97 patients completed the study according to the protocol(1 patient of the OAM group did not come to the control endoscopy,2 patients of the OAA group stopped the treatment because of mild allergic urticaria).Duodenal ulcers were healed in 48 patients of the OAM group(96 %, C190.5-100 %)and in 46 patients of the OAA group(92 %, CI 89.5-94.5 %)(p=ns).H.pyloHinfection was eradicated in 15 out of 50 patients with OAM(30 %,CI 17-43 %)and in 36 out of 50 patients treated with OAA(72 %;CI 59-85 %) (P<0.001)-ITT analysis.CONCLUSION: The triple therapy with omeprazole, amoxicillin and metronidazole failed to eradicate H.pylori'vc\ the majority of patients, which is an essential argument to withdraw this regimen out of the national recommendations. Macrolide with amoxicillin are preferable to achieve higher eradication rates. Azithromycin (1 g od for the first 3 days) can be considered as a successful component of the triple PPI-based regimen.

Phenolic profile and chronic gastric ulcer healing effects of Cameroonian propolis

Background:Gastric ulcers continue to affect millions of people worldwide,with reported cases of fatalities and the diagnosis,prevention and treatment constitute a burden on the patients especially in case of chronic ulcers which are difficult to treat.Natural medicines such as propolis provide suitable therapeutic alternatives in the treatment and curation of ulcers.Objective:This work focused on the evaluation of the phenolic profile and healing effect of Cameroonian propolis on gastric ulcers in rats.Methods:Identification and quantification of phenolic compounds in the propolis extract was done using HPLC-DAD.Chronic gastric ulcers were induced using ethanol(70%;1 mL/200 g p.o.)/indomethacin(1 mg/kg p.o.),and“unhealed”gastric ulcerations were induced using acetic acid(30%)/indomethacin(1 mg/kg p.o.).The animals were administered with the vehicle(Tween 20,1 mL/100 g p.o.),propolis extract(200 mg/kg,400 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg p.o.)or sucralfate(50 mg/kg p.o.),once daily for ten to fourteen days.At the end of each treatment period,the animals were sacrificed and ulcer indices,gastric mucus weight,histological and oxidative stress parameters were assessed.Results:Eight phenolic compounds were identified and quantified and most abundant were Caffeic acid(45.31±0.25μg/g),Chrysin(37.65±0.17μg/g)and p-Hydroxy benzoic acid(34.14±0.21μg/g).The treatment of ulcerated rats(chronic and unhealed gastric ulcer models)with propolis extract at 200 mg/kg,400 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg resulted in reduction of ulcer index compared to negative controls in both models.Histological ob-servation of stomach tissues showed that treatment with propolis extract led to a dose-dependent normalization of the mucosa.There was a significant increase(P<0.05;P<0.01 and P<0.001)in mucus weight that accom-panied the healing of the ulcers.Furthermore,doses of 200 mg/kg,400 mg/kg and 600 mg/kg of the propolis extract induced an increase in the amounts of SOD,catalase,nitrite and GSH while MDA concentrations decreased in both models.Conclusion:The healing effect of propolis extract is due to the stimulation of mucus production followed by an improvement of in vivo antioxidant status.These results support the use of propolis in the development of new pharmacological strategies for the management of peptic ulcers disease.

顺式阿曲库铵、维库溴铵在老年患者中的药效学研究

目的 采用加速度肌肉松弛监测仪 ,观察单次静脉注射 2种中时效非去极化肌肉松弛药顺式阿曲库铵和维库溴铵在老年患者中的药效学 ,并与非老年患者比较 ,为 2种肌肉松弛药在老年患者麻醉中的应用提供参考。 方法 5 3例美国麻醉医师协会 (ASA)Ⅰ～Ⅱ级患者分为 4组 ,其中老年组 2 7例 (顺式阿曲库铵 15例 ,维库溴铵 12例 ) ,非老年组 2 6例 (顺式阿曲库铵 15例 ,维库溴铵11例 )。麻醉诱导后所有患者经肘前静脉注入顺式阿曲库铵或维库溴铵 0 1mg/kg(相当于 2×ED95剂量 )。用加速度仪进行肌肉松弛监测 ,采用 4个成串刺激 (TOF ,频率 2Hz ,波宽 0 2ms ,串间间隔15s)。肌肉松弛效应观察指标包括 :起效时间 ,T1最大阻滞程度 ,T1恢复到 2 5 %、75 %、90 %的时间 ,TOF比值恢复到 70 %的时间以及恢复指数 (T1恢复 2 5 %～ 75 %的时间 )。 结果 4组患者最大阻滞程度均大于 97 8% ,气管插管条件差异无显著性 ;老年患者顺式阿曲库铵的起效时间以及肌肉松弛恢复各项参数均稍长于非老年患者 ,但差异无显著性 ;老年患者维库溴铵起效时间 (3 0min)明显长于非老年患者 (2 2min ,P <0 0 5 ) ;老年患者维库溴铵肌肉松弛恢复指数 (15 4min)明显长于非老年患者 (10 7min) 。

Gastroprotective effect of the iridoid fraction from Barleria prionitis leaves on experimentally-induced gastric ulceration

AIM: To study the gastroprotective effect and in vivo antioxidant potential of a standardized iridoid fraction from B. prionitis leaves(BPE) against different gastric ulcer models in rats. METHOD: The standardized iridoid fraction from BPE at 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg body weight was administered orally, twice daily for 5 days for prevention from aspirin, ethanol, cold-restraint stress(CRS), and pylorus ligation(PL)-induced ulcers. Estimation of the antioxidant enzyme activity was carried out in a CRS-induced ulcer model, and various gastric secretion parameters including volume of gastric juice, acid output, and pH value were estimated in the PL-induced ulcer model. RESULTS: BPE showed a dose-dependent ulcer protective effect in PL(18.67%–66.26% protection), aspirin(24.65%–63.25% protection), CRS(20.77%–59.42% protection), and EtOH(16.93%–77.04% protection)-induced ulcers. BPE treatment in PL-rats showed a decrease in acid-pepsin secretion, and enhanced mucin and mucosal glycoproteins. However, BPE reduced the ulcer index with significant decrease in LPO(P < 0.01–0.001), SOD(P < 0.01–0.001), and an increase in CAT(P < 0.01–0.001), activity in the CRS-induced model. CONCLUSION: The data shows that the iridoid fraction from BPE possesses anti-ulcerogenic and antioxidant potential.

Gastric antisecretory and cytoprotective effects of hydroalcoholic extracts of Plumeria alba Linn. leaves in rats

OBJECTIVE： This study was conducted to evaluate the antiulcerogenic property of hydroalcoholic extract obtained from the leaves of Plumeria alba Linn. METHODS： Antiulcer assays were performed using the protocols of ulcer induced by non- steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, ethanol and pylorus ligation. The hydroalcoholic extract （HAPA）, and various fractions of HAPA like, n-hexane extract （HPA）, ethyl acetate extract （EAPA） and n-butanol extract （BPA） were administered at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg for HAPA and 100 and 200 mg/kg for fractions of extracts. Parameters of gastric secretion （volume, pH, total protein, and free and total acidity） were determined by the pylorus ligation model. Parameters like aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase were also determined in ethanol- induced ulcer model. To determine the mechanism of action, role of nitric oxide was also evaluated. RESULTS： EAPA and BPA （100 and 200 mg/kg, p.o.） showed gastric ulcer-healing effect in indomethacin-induced ulcer model, while HAPA （200 mg/kg） and HPA showed no significant antiulcer effect. Both EAPA and BPA showed gastric cytoprotective effect in ethanol-induced gastric ulcer and inhibited gastric secretion in pylorus-ligated rats. CONCLUSION： The results of the present study show that some hydroalcoholic extract of Plumeria alba L. displays antiulcer activity, as demonstrated by the significant inhibition of ulcer formation induced by different models, which is consistent with the literature report in folk medicine.