Dynamic Expressions of Liver Tissue Apoptosis-related Genes of Vibrio Vulnificus Sepsis Rats and the Effects of Antibacterial Agents

Dynamic changes in mRNA expressions of liver tissue apoptosis-promoting genes Fas and Bax and apoptosis-inhibiting gene Bcl-2 of vibrio vulnificus sepsis rats were detected and the effects of antibacterial agents were examined. The rat model with Vibrio vulnificus sepsis （VV group） was established and some of the Vibrio vulnificus sepsis rats were treated with antibacterial agents （AA group）. The mRNA expressions of Fas, Bax and Bcl-2 were measured by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction （RT-PCR）. As compared with normal control group （NC group）, the ex- pressions of Fas and Bax mRNA in liver tissue at all different time points in VV group were increased significantly （P〈0.05）, and the highest levels of Fas and Bax mRNA expressions were 6 and 12 h after the infection, respectively. At the same time, the expression of Bcl-2 mRNA in liver tissue at all different time points in VV group were decreased significantly （P〈0.05）, and the lowest level of Bcl-2 mRNA expression appeared 2 h after the infection. The mRNA expressions of Bcl-2 in liver tissue 9 and 12 h after the infection in AA group were increased significantly （P〈0.05） compared with NC group, while the expressions of Fas and Bax mRNA were not significantly different from those of NC group. Compared with VV group, the expression of Fas mRNA in AA group was decreased （P〈0.05） and Bax rnRNA was decreased significantly 12 and 16 h after the infection （P〈0.05）, while the expressions of Bcl-2 mRNA were increased significantly 9, 12 and 16 h after the infection （P〈0.05）. It is concluded that the mRNA expressions of liver tissue apoptosis-promoting genes Fas and Bax were increased remarkably in vibrio vulnificus sepsis rats, whereas the expression of apoptosis-inhibiting gene Bcl-2 mRNA was decreased obviously in sepsis rats in early stage. The treatment with cefoperazone sodium and levofloxacin lactate could inhibit the expression of Fas mRNA and Bax mRNA and enhance the expression ofBcl-2 rnRNA at the same time.

From Environmental Toxicants to Antibacterial Agents:BPA Analogues Selectively Inhibit the Growth of Gram-Positive Bacteria by Disturbing Biosynthesis of the Cell Wall

Remarkable antibacterial activity of BPA analogues especially for tetrabromobi-sphenol A against Staphylococcus aureus 25923(Sa25923)and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA)has been reported in our previous studies.However,the toxic effects of the compounds as environmental contaminants on the endocrine system limited their applications in the field of medicine and health.Given the abuse of antibiotics has led to the emergence of multiple super-resistant bacteria,we considered that structural modifications based on the BPA structure will be available for molecular designing of potential antimicrobial agents without drug resistance.In this study,to further improve the antibacterial activity and reduce the biological toxicity,we performed the computational models to evaluate the binding affinities of BPA analogues to the potential target DltA protein in the biosynthesis of cell wall.A series of synthesized achiral analogues ofα,α,α′-tris(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-ethyl-4-isopropylbenzene(α,α,α′-TEIB)exhibited low minimum inhibitory concentration against Sa25923 and MRSA(2 or 1μg mL−1).Especially,the analogue A4 did not induce the drug-resistant mutants for all tested Gram-positive bacterial strains and exhibited relatively lower cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells.The developed classification model based on the light gradient boosting algorithm showed the superior performances on the internal robustness and generalization ability for the ligand-based virtual screening of bisphenol and polyphenol antimicrobial substances.Collectively,our findings suggest that the molecular structure ofα,α,α′-TEIB is promising as a scaffold,which is expected to achieve a breakthrough in the development of antibiotics which can prevent the invasion of MRSA and other super bacteria.

Cow dung-derived biochars engineered as antibacterial agents for bacterial decontamination

Disposal of the pollutants arising from farming cattle and other livestock threatens the environment and public safety in diverse ways.Herein,we report on the synthesis of engineered biochars using cow dung as raw material,and investigating these biochars as antibacterial agents for water decontamination.By coating the biochars with N-halamine polymer and loading them with active chlorine (i.e.,Cl+),we were able to regulate them on demand by tuning the polymer coating and bleaching conditions.The obtained N-halamine-modified biochars were found to be extremely potent against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.We also investigated the possibility of using these N-halamine-modified biochars for bacterial decontamination in real-world applications.Our findings indicated that a homemade filter column packed with N-halamine-modified biochars removed pathogenic bacteria from mining sewage,dairy sewage,domestic sewage,and artificial seawater.This proposed strategy could indicate a new way for utilizing livestock pollutants to create on-demand decontaminants.

Prediction Model of Antibacterial Activities for Inorganic Antibacterial Agents Based on Artificial Neural Networks

Quantitatively evaluation of antibacterial activities of inorganic antibacterial agents is an urgent problem to be solved. Using experimental data by an orthogonal design, a prediction model of the relation between conditions of preparing inorganic antibacterial agents and their antibacterial activities has been developed. This is accomplished by introducing BP artificial neural networks in the study of inorganic antibacterial agents. It provides a theoretical support for the development and research on inorganic antibacterial agents. Key words inorganic antibacterial agent - antibacterial activity - neural networks - nanometer material

Magnetic polyacrylonitrile/ZIF-8/Fe_(3)O_(4) nanocomposite bead as an efficient iodine adsorbent and antibacterial agent

The efficient adsorption of radioactive iodine(^(129)I and^(131)I)as nuclear waste is of great importance.Polymer nanocomposites consist of metal-organic frameworks(MOFs)developing for various pollutions sorption and separation have attracted much attention.This study reports the fabrication of magnetic polyacrylonitrile(PAN)/zeolitic imidazolate frameworks(ZIF-8)nanocomposites,PAN/ZIF-8(x%)/Fe_(3)O_(4),x=30 and 50,as iodine capture adsorbents.The PAN/ZIF-8(x%)/Fe_(3)O_(4)nanocomposite beads were fabricated via the phase inversion method,and their potential for iodine capture and separation in solution and vapor was investigated through UV-vis and weighing methods,respectively.Also,antibacterial activity of the as-prepared beads was assessed against E.coil and S.aureus.The as-fabricated compounds were studied by various techniques such as Fourier-transform infrared,X-ray diffraction,scanning electron microscope,energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy mapping,transmission electron microscope,N_(2)adsorption isotherm,and vibrating sample magnetometer.The iodine capture results showed that the efficiency of nanocomposites is remarkably higher than the pure PAN beads.Additionally,the asprepared nanocomposite adsorbents displayed higher capture capacities for iodine vapor(1524-4345mg·g^(-1))than iodine solution(187-295 mg·g^(-1)).The as-obtained magnetic nanocomposites can be successfully separated from polluted media by simple filtration or an external magnet,regenerated through washing with ethanol,and reused.Fast capturing,high sorption capacity,rapid separation,and good reusability make the PAN/ZIF-8(x%)/Fe_(3)O_(4)nanocomposites highly effective adsorbents for the separation of iodine from wastewater.Additionally,PAN/ZIF-8(50%)/Fe_(3)O_(4)bead can be considered as a potential new antibacterial agent for water and wastewater treatment.

Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity of New Tetracyclic Triazolo-thiadiazino Fluoroquinolones

A series of novel 9-fluoro-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-3-substituted-8-oxo-8H-[1,2,4] triazolo[3,4-b]thiadiazino[6,5,4-ij]quinoline-7-carboxylic acids was prepared by a facile synthetic method and the in vitro antibacterial activity against Gram-postive (G+) and Gram negative (G-) bacteria was primarily evaluated.

Review of copper and copper alloys as immune and antibacterial element

This review discussed the relationship among copper,human,and bacteria.Copper plays an important role in human immunity.Copper can boost human immune defense reactions at recommended intake level.The content mainly focused on copper antibacterial activity and copper antibacterial mechanisms.Conclusions stated that copper antibacterial activity is affected by copper homeostasis mechanisms in bacteria,adhesion,humidity,strain specificity,and manufacturing methods of antibacterial agents.For the preparation of particle antibacterial agents and surface antibacterial agents,this review discussed several manufacturing methods,such as sol−gel,cold spray,and biosynthesis belonging to chemical synthesis,physical synthesis,and biological synthesis,respectively.Sol−gel method contributes to the preparation of particle agents and surface agents.Cold spray technique is utilized in synthesis of surface copper agent.Biosynthesis is a novel technology which can be applied in nanoparticle agent preparation.

Anti-hemolytic, antibacterial and anti-cancer activities of methanolic extracts from leaves and stems of Polygonum odoratum

Objective: To investigate anti-hemolytic, antibacterial and anti-cancer activities of leaf and stem extracts from Polygonum odoratum. Methods: Leaves and stems of Polygonum odoratum were extracted using methanol and their anti-hemolytic activity was assessed using 2, 2′-Azobis(2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride which is known to generate free radical damage on cell membranes of red blood cells. This damage, represented by hemolysis, was measured using spectrophotometry. Antibacterial activity was tested by using a broth microdilution method to find minimal inhibitory concentrations against eight bacterial strains. Anti-cancer activity of the extracts was evaluated against a human promyelocytic leukemic cell line(HL-60) by using MTT assay for cell viability and flow cytometry for apoptosis induction and cell cycle analysis. Results: Both leaf and stem extracts have anti-hemolytic activity. The results showed a significantly increased percentage of inhibition in a concentration-dependent manner. Interestingly, the leaf extract showed anti-hemolytic activity to a greater extent than the stem extract. Antibacterial activity of the extracts, as indicated by their minimal inhibitory concentration, using 12.5, 50, 25, 25 μg/mL, was measured against Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus. The leaf extracts also exhibited anti-cancer activity, demonstrated by significantly decreased cell viability of human promyelocytic cells(HL-60), with an IC_(50) of(350.00±1.85) μg/mL for 48 h and(38.00±0.92) μg/mL for 72 h. Additionally, HL-60 became apoptotic and accumulated in G_1-phase after 48 hours of treatment. Conclusions: The extracts of Polygonum odoratum exhibit potential antihemolytic activity. They also have antibacterial activity by inhibiting growth of Gram-positive bacteria. The leaf extract shows anti-cancer activity against HL-60 to a greater extent than the stem extract, causing decreased viability, increased G_1-phase accumulation and apoptosis induction.

Derivatives of Thiohydrazides as Effective Antibacterial Remedies for Chlamydial Infection Treatment at Chronic Stages of Infections

Hydrazones of poorly studied fluorine-containing oxamic acid thiohydrazides were synthesized by the reaction with salicylaldehydes. Tests showed that the newly synthesized compounds were effective low-toxic inhibitors of type III secretion system in Chlamydia trachomatis.

Antibacterial Dental Resin Composites: A Narrative Review

Lack of antibacterial properties in resin-based composites (RBCs) is one of the flaws that cause the failure of filling clinically. Several agents have been incorporated to endow RBCs with antibacterial properties. In this review, we summarize the recent antibacterial agents between 2015 and 2020 using keywords of antibacterial or antimicrobial dental resin composites by PubMed databases. The most effective strategies are concerned with polymerizable monomers (50%), followed by filler particles (39%) and leachable agents (11%). A recent modification of the antibacterial agent is either by combining two agents from the same category or mixing agents from different categories in one. More than two methods were used in one study to assess antibacterial efficacy. The most common method was biofilm colony-forming units (CFUs) counting method (40%), followed by live/dead bacteria staining assay of biofilms (25%), metabolic activity assay of biofilms using MTT assay (16%), lactic acid production assay of biofilms (8%), agar diffusion test (8%), and other methods (3%) such as minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC).

Synthesis and Antibacterial Activity of 8-Substituted Phenyl-1-pyridin-3-yl-5H-bis[1,2,4]triazolo[3,4-b;4′,3′-d][1,3,4] thiadiazines

To find new structural leading compounds for the research of the multidrug resistant of antibacterial agents, five novel 8-substituted phenyl-1-pyridin-3-yl-5H-bis[1, 2, 4] triazolo[3, 4-b; 4′, 3′-d] thiadiazines were prepared from the corresponding intermediates of 3-(5-substituted phenyl[1,3,4]oxadiazol-2-ylmethylsulfanyl)-5-pyridin-3-yl-[1,2,4]triazol-4-ylamines via intramole- cular cyclization and the antibacterial activity in vitro against Gram-postive (G+) and Gram negative (G-) bacteria was primarily evaluated.

PREPARATION AND THEIR ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF ACTIVATED CARBON FIBER CONTAINING SILVER

Several kinds of activated carbon fiber（ACF）, Granule Activated carbon（AC） containing silver ion or fine silver particle(Ag-ACF/AC) have been prepared by soaking ACF or AC in the salt solution of silver. Ag, AgCl and AgI compounds have been loaded onto the fibers. The structure of the fibers was measured by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and powder X-ray diffraction (XRD). The Ag content in the fiber was obtained by an Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The Ag+ content in water after the antibacterial test was measured by an Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) emission spectroscopy. Antibacterial test was carried out against Escherichia coli (E.coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S.aureus). The results show that Ag-ACF/AC have strong antibacterial activity against E.coli and S.aureus. After dealt with ACF/AC loading Ag, AgCl, AgI, no E.coli and S.aureus alive in solution can be detected. The analysis of Ag content in water after antibacterial test showed that the content of Ag meet the quality requirement of the National Potable Water Standard. It is indicated that ACF/AC-Ag in this experiment would be a safe antibacterial agent .

Synthesis and Antibacterial Performance of Quaternary Phosphonium Salts with Reactive Hydroxyl Group

Quaternary phosphonium salts （QPS） with reactive groups used as antibacterial agents are promising which could be covalently linked to inert polymer surfaces by in situ polymerization. In this work, two kinds of quaternary phosphonium salts with hydroxyl groups were synthesized successfully. Characterization of these two quaternary phosphonium salts was performed by the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy （FT-IR） and nuclear magnetic resonance （NMR） spectrometry. The thermal stability and antibacterial activity of antibacterial agents were also investigated by using thermo-gravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry （TG-DSC） and agar diffusion method. The test results showed that these two QPS exhibited good thermal stability and excellent antibacterial activity against both bacteria： Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coll.

药品集中带量采购对抗菌药物使用的影响分析:以阿莫西林为例

目的分析抗菌药物集中带量采购(以下简称“集采”)后使用变化,为完善我国带量采购政策和促进合理用药提供参考。方法采用描述性统计分析和间断时间序列分析方法,将第二批和第三批药品集采政策落地时间设为政策干预点,分析2019年1月—2021年12月全国医药企业阿莫西林销售量和销售金额在集采前后的变化情况。结果阿莫西林胶囊剂和颗粒剂在集采后销售量大幅上升,非中选的胶囊剂和颗粒剂销售量也有所上升,但涨幅低于市场整体增长率。非集采剂型中的阿莫西林片剂和混悬剂销售量和销售金额均出现降低,口服剂型中选能有效降低同为口服剂型的其他非集采品规销售量,阿莫西林注射剂销售量和销售金额在集采后短期内明显增长,通过模型预测阿莫西林注射剂长期的销售量和销售金额呈下降趋势。结论药品带量采购能够实现药价降低且达成以量换价的目标,中选药品使用量显著增长,但需要关注同通用名下非集采剂型的使用量情况,减少不同剂型间替代使用的情况;应该进一步扩大抗菌药物集采范围,将更多临床具体替代关系的药物纳入采购范畴,加强对临床抗菌药物的使用监测,保障临床抗菌药物合理使用。

Precise phase adjustment and antibacterial property of copper sulfide particles in confined mesoporous silica nanoreactor

Bacteria-caused wound infection greatly threatens human health,thus developing an efficient and safe antibacterial agent without drug resistance is still a great challenge.Herein,a confined vulcanization strategy is proposed to construct copper sulfides-loaded dual-mesoporous silica nanospheres(Cux-Sy@DMSNs)with various crystal phases for reactive oxygen species(ROS)-mediated and photothermal antibacterial application.With the pore confinement of DMSNs,the crystal phases of copper sulfides including CuS,Cu_(9)S_(5)and Cui.96S can be easily controlled by changing the vulcanization temperature.The relationships between the crystal phases and photothermal properties as well as peroxidase-like activity of copper sulfides were systematically investigated.Results show that the obtained CuS@DMSNs exhibited higher photothermal ability with remarkable photothermal conversion efficiency of 36.86%in the second near-infrared region(NIR-II)and better peroxidase-like activity,compared to those of Cu_(9)S_(5)@DMSNs and Cu_(1.96)S@DMSNs.As a result,the in vitro experiments showed the good antibacterial effect against both gram-negative E.coli and gram-positive S.aureus under 1064 nm laser irradiation and the presence of H_(2)O_(2).Besides,the CCK-8 assay indicated that CuS@p-DMSNs have minimal cytotoxicity against normal human umbilical vein endothelial cells at the ranged concentrations.Therefore,the resultant CuS@p-DMSNs could act as a promising antibacterial agent for deep wound bacterial infection treatment.

Effects of Multiple Cleaning and Disinfection Interventions on Infectious Diseases in Children: A Group Randomized Trial in China

Objective To assess the effectiveness of multiple cleaning and disinfection interventions in the homes and kindergartens, in reducing gastrointestinal and respiratory illnesses of children. Methods From October 2010 to September 2011, we performed a prospective, controlled study in China. 408 children under 5 years old were recruited and group randomized into intervention and control groups. Families and kindergartens in the intervention group were provided with antibacterial products for hand hygiene and surface cleaning or disinfection for one year. Each child＇s illness symptoms and sick leave were recorded every day. Results A total of 393 children completed the study, with similar baseline demographics in each of the 2 groups. Except for abdominal pain, the odds of symptoms （fever, cough and expectoration, runny nose and nasal congestion, diarrhea）, illness （acute respiratory illness and gastrointestinal illness）, and sick leave per person each month were significantly reduced by interventions. The rates of fever, diarrhea, acute respiratory illness, gastrointestinal illness and sick leave per person per year were significantly decreased as well. Conclusion Not only the acute respiratory children were significantly reduced by multiple and gastrointestinal illness but the sick leave rate in interventions.

Preliminary pharmacological evaluation of Alocasia indica Schott tuber

To elucidate potential antioxidant, antidiarrheal, cytotoxic, and antibacterial activities of the ethanol extract of A/ocasia indica Schott tuber in different experimental models established in vitro and in vivo. METHODS： In vitro antioxidant activity was evaluated by 2, 2-diphenyl-l-picrylhydrazyl （DPPH） radical-scavenging assay. Phenolic content was estimated by using Folin-Ciocalteu＇s reagent while reducing ability was measured by ferric reducing power assay./n vivo antidiarrheal studies were carried out in mice, and the activity was evaluated in castor oil and magnesium sulfate- induced diarrhea. Disk diffusion assay was utilized to determine antibacterial activity against a number of pathogenic bacterial strains. Acute toxicity test was carried out to measure the safe doses for the extract. RESULTS： In DPPH radical-scavenging assay, the extract exhibited strong radical-scavenging activity with the 50% inhibitory concentration value of 42.66 IJg/mL. Total phenolic content was found to be 542.26 mg gallic acid equivalent per 100 g of dried tuber extract, whereas flavonoid content was found to be 4.30 mg quercetin equivalent/g of dried tuber extract. In reducing power assay, the extract showed strong reducing power in a concentration-dependent manner. The extract significantly （P 〈 0.01） enhanced the latent period and decreased defecation in both castor oil- and magnesium sulfate-induced diarrhea. The extract also lessened gastrointestinal motility in mice. Potential antibacterial activity was exhibited by the extract against all the tested bacterial strains in disk diffusion assay. The 50% lethal concentration against brine shrimp nauplii was 81.09 μg/mL. CONCLUSION： The results demonstrated that the ethanol extract of A. inc/ica has potential antioxidant, antidiarrheal, cytotoxic, and antibacterial activity.

Spinal Epidural Abscess in Patients with Sepsis Who Experienced Significant Improvements after Complete Paralysis: Two Case Reports

Spinal epidural abscess (SEA) is a rare condition, and a delay in its diagnosis causes paralysis. In this study, we report two rare cases of delayed diagnosis of SEA whose conditions improved after a state of complete paralysis. The first case was a 71-year-old diabetic man who received a corticosteroid injection for shoulder pain that caused intensified pain. Thereafter, the patient developed paralysis of both legs in stage IV according to Heusner staging. Subsequently, he was diagnosed with multiple abscesses and sepsis. He was in a poor state of health. Therefore, we treated his epidural abscess conservatively. After a month, his muscle strength had improved to Heusner stage III-A, and he was transferred to another hospital. The second case was a 64-year-old diabetic man who received an epidural corticosteroid injection for lower back pain. However, the pain intensified and was admitted to the hospital for pyelonephritis. He developed paralysis in both of his arms and legs presenting as a Heusner stage IV, caused by a cervical epidural abscess. A laminoplasty was performed and paralysis was improved. However, the patient subsequently developed a left subcortical hemorrhage. He underwent surgery. However, his right hemiplegia persisted, and on Day 21, he was transferred back to the previous hospital with a Heusner III-A. We could improve the patients’ paralysis by cooperating closely with infectious disease specialists and spine surgeons, taking intensive care, applying antibacterial agents appropriately, and operating quickly.

Formation of α,α'-Bis(substituted benzylidene)cycloalkanones from Masked Aldehydes Promoted by Samarium(III) Triiodide

Diacetates 1 and N-[(1-benzotriazol-l-yl)alkyl]amides 2, both masked forms of aldehydes, could undergo deprotection and condensation with cycloalkanones in a one-pot procedure promoted by samarium(III) iodide (SmI3) to afford α,α'-bis(substituted benzylidene) cycloalkanones in good yields.

King cobra peptide OH-CATH30 as a potential candidate drug through clinic drug-resistant isolates

Cationic antimicrobial peptides （AMPs） are considered as important candidate therapeutic agents, which exert potent microbicidal properties against bacteria, fungi and some viruses. Based on our previous findings king cobra cathelicidin （OH-CATH） is a 34-amino acid peptide that exerts strong antibacterial and weak hemolytic activity. The aim of this research is to evaluate the efficacy of both OH-CATH30 and its analog D-OH-CATH30 against clinical isolates comparing with routinely utilized antibiotics in vitro. In this study, 584 clinical isolates were tested （spanning 2013-2016） and the efficacy of the candidate peptides and antibiotics were determined by a broth microdilution method according to the CLSI guidelines. Among the 584 clinical isolates, 85% were susceptible to OH-CATH30 and its analogs. Both L- and D-OH-CATH30 showed higher efficacy against （toward） Gram-positive bacteria and stronger antibacterial activity against nearly all Gram-negative bacteria tested compare with antibiotics. The highest bactericidal activity was detected against Acinetobacter spp., including multi-drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannfi （MRAB） and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus （MRSA）. The overall efficacy of OH-CATH30 and its analogs was higher than that of the 9 routinely used antibiotics. OH-CATH30 is a promising candidate drug for the treatment of a wide variety of bacterial infections which are resistant to many routinely used antimicrobial agents.