Antibiogram, Genomic and Phylogeny of Stool and Seafood Isolates from Some Cholera-Prone Coastal Communities in Rivers State, Nigeria

Cholera is a significant public health threat across the globe, especially in coastal regions with poor water supply. This study was carried out to determine the antibiogram, genomic, and phylogeny of stool and seafood isolates from some cholera-prone coastal communities in Rivers State, Nigeria. A total of 400 stool samples and 42 different seafood were aseptically collected and examined using standard microbiology and molecular techniques. An antibiogram of isolates from seafood and stool samples was assayed. Genes for virulence, resistance, and relatedness of bacteria identified were also determined. The isolates from the stool and seafood were examined for susceptibility to some selected antibiotics. The findings showed the prevalence rate of cholera in the communities as follows: 16% in Kaa, 30% in Andoni, 4% in Ogu/Bolo, and 10% in Abua/Odual. The isolates from stool were susceptible to Ciprofloxacin and Gentamycin with a susceptibility rate of 94.12% each while 100% resistance was recorded against Amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, 94.12% against Amikacin and 88.24% against Colistin. For the sea foods, the isolates were susceptible to gentamycin and ciprofloxacin with a susceptibility rate of 91.43% and 82.86% respectively. Resistance was also recorded against Colistin (88.57%) and Azithromycin (82.86%). Testing the isolates for the presence of 16SrRNA genes showed that all were positive with 1500 bp 16SrRNA gene band size. TEM, OXA, SHV, and CTX-M resistant genes were detected whereas the virulence genes were TDH and AcrB. The phylogenetic analysis revealed isolates from seafood to be Aeromonas dhakensis, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio azureus, and Providencia rettgeri, while in stool samples they were Enterobacter sichuanensis, Enterobacter hormaechei, Providencia sneebia, and Proteus vulgaris. Providencia stuartii, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae were common isolates from both seafood and stool samples. This study has shown that not all reported cases of cholera are caused by Vibrio cholerae. Therefore, attention should be paid to other water-borne bacteria in every outbreak, especially in coastal communities.

Prevalence and antibiogram study of Salmonella and Staphylococcus aureus in poultry meat

Objective:To evaluate the presence and antibiogram pattern of Salmonella and Staphylococcus aureus(S.aureus)in retail poultry meat products.Methods:Foodborne pathogens(Salmonella and S.aureus)were isolated from poultry meat and confirmed with the help of biochemical and immunological test.Antibiogram of the isolates were examined by following CLS1 methods.Results:A total number of 209 poultry meat samples were collected and studied in this study.Out of which,5.26%were found contaminated with Salmonella while 18.18%were found contaminated with S.aureus.All the Salmonella and S.aureus isolates were found resistant to at least one antibiotic.About 72.72%of the Salmonella isolates showed resistance to tetracycline,while S.aureus isolates were also found highly resistant to tetracycline equal to 44.73%.One of the Salmonella isolates showed multi-drug resistance to almost six antibiotics out of nine antibiotics used in the study.Multidrug resistant S.aureus isolates were also found in the study.Conclusions:The study confirmed the presence of Salmonella and S.aureus in retail poultry meat.It is a potential threat to consumer health.To reduce the risk of contamination,good hygiene practices are necessary from processing to storage.

Characterization, prevalence and antibiogram study of Staphylococcus aureus in poultry

Objective: To reveal the presence of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus(S. aureus)(MRSA) in poultry samples and to determine the antibiogram pattern against five antibiotics.Methods: Samples from different poultry farm of Chittagong city, Bangladesh were examined for S. aureus by different biochemical tests and confirmed as MRSA by identifying the presence of mec A gene using PCR. Antibiotic resistance pattern in S. aureus was determined by antibiotic disk diffusion method.Results: In this study, a total of 60 samples(30 from nasal swabs and 30 from cloacal swabs) were used, of which 54 were confirmed as S. aureus by different biochemical tests. Among these, 12 were confirmed as MRSA by detecting mec A gene using PCR.During antibiogram study, both nasal and cloacal samples showed the highest resistance against penicillin-G and the lowest resistance was observed against neomycin.Conclusions: Based on the present study, it can be said that different antibiotics are used extensively in poultry that leads to MRSA and is alarming for human health.

Molecular characteristics,antibiogram and prevalence of multi-drug resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MDRSA) isolated from milk obtained from culled dairy cows and from cows with acute clinical mastitis

Objectives: To study the molecular characteristics, antibiogram and prevalence of multidrug resistant Staphylococcus aureus(S. aureus)(MDRSA) isolated from milk obtained from culled dairy cows and from cows with acute clinical mastitis.Methods: Bacteria were cultured from 188 quarter milk samples obtained from cows before culling(n=139) and from cows affected with acute mastitis(n=49) belonging to 10 dairy farms. The bacteria were identified using colony moiphology, Gram staining and biochemical characteristics. S. aureus isolates were then subjected to molecular characterization using PCR targeting 16 S rRNA and mecA gene to identify Methicillin resistant S. aureus(MRSA). The antibiogram of all isolates was performed using the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method against 10 commonly used antibiotics in dairy farms.Results: S. aureus was isolated from 19(13.7%) samples obtained from culled cows and 11(22.4%) samples obtained from cows with acute mastitis. In both culled cows and cows with acute mastitis, in vitro antibiogram revealed that 100% of S. aureus isolates were resistant to erythromycin, penicillin G, streptomycin, doxycyclin, and trimethoprim/sulpha. The prevalence of MRSA in milk of culled cows and cows with acute mastitis was 26.3% and 18.2%, respectively, with an overall prevalence of 3.7% among all samples. All MRSA isolates were completely resistant to all tested antibiotics. All MRSA isolates were positive for the presence of the mecA gene.Conclusions: MRSA carrying the mecA gene were isolated from mastitic milk from dairy cows in Jordan for the first time. MRSA may pose a potential health risk to the public, farm workers and veterinarians.

Serotypes, Antibiogram and Genetic Relatedness of <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>Isolates from Urinary Tract Infections at Urology and Nephrology Center, Mansoura, Egypt

Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is an opportunistic pathogen that represents a major problem in many hospitals because of its increased resistance to antibiotics and the ability to cause nosocomial infections. The present study aimed to phenotype and genotype isolates of P. aeruginosa from inpatients with UTIs at Urology and Nephrology center, Mansoura, Egypt to study their relatedness. Methods: Thirty nine isolates of P. aeruginosa were phenotypically typed by determination of O-serotypes by slide agglutination technique and antimicrobial resistance patterns by disk-diffusion method. The genetic diversity of isolates was illustrated by performing RAPD-PCR using M13 primer. Results: Serotypes O11, O6 and O10 were the most prevalent. Isolates showed high resistance rates to antipseudmonal antibiotics with high incidence (51.3%) of multidrug resistance (MDR). Amikacin was the most effective. A significant correlation was found between O6, O10 and MDR. A relatively high polymorphism was demonstrated among P. aeruginosa isolates by using RAPD-M13 fingerprinting. Cross transmission was suggested by phenotypically and clonally identical isolates. Conclusion: The study demonstrates the role of combining both classical and molecular typing as a valuable mean to study the origin and cross transmission of P. aeruginosa in UTIs for better assessment of treatment and infection control.

海水养殖鱼哈维弧菌分离株的耐药谱型分析

为了解和分析南海沿岸地区临床分离的哈维弧菌(Vibrio harveyi)菌株耐药谱多样性,采用K-B法对84株哈维弧菌分离株进行了12种抗生素的敏感性实验,并通过聚类分析对分离菌株耐药性进行研究,探讨其抗生素耐药性同菌株时空分布的关系。实验结果显示,84株哈维弧菌的耐药谱型数量为26种,谱型丰富度为31.0%;多重耐药谱型数量(耐药种数3种以上)为13种,占总耐药谱型数量的50.0%,谱型丰富度达59.1%。海南、广东、广西、福建的分离株分别包含有18种、15种、3种、1种耐药谱型,4个地区均具有J型(FUR/AMO)耐药谱;2007―2012年各年份菌株耐药谱型为:2007年2种(J、M,耐2种抗生素)、2010年4种(A、B、J、M,耐5种抗生素)、2011年24种(除Y、Z外的A-X耐药谱型,耐7种抗生素),2012年26种(包括Y、Z耐药谱型,耐8种抗生素)。聚类分析将实验菌株分为i^vi共6个亚群,进而聚类为Group I、Group II两个组群;各亚群菌株具有独特的耐药谱型,耐药谱型分别是N、P、T、U、Y(i亚群),R、S(ii亚群),K、P(iii亚群),F、H、O、X、V、W(iv亚群),E、G、Q(v亚群),C、L、Z(vi亚群);两个组群菌株没有共同的耐药谱型。研究结果表明,哈维弧菌分离株耐药谱型多样,谱型丰富度较高,来源不同的菌株耐药谱型存在差异,聚类分析方法能够根据耐药性情况有效地对菌株分型。

双黄连气雾剂治疗急性呼吸道感染临床观察

本研究应用双黄连气雾剂治疗急性呼吸道感染（ＡＲＩ）２０２例。通过对２６种病毒、２３种细菌的人体和家兔体内外的抑病毒、抑菌试验证明：该药对呼吸道合胞病毒、副流感病毒Ⅰ～Ⅳ型、金黄色葡萄球菌等细菌均有直接抑制作用，抑菌力与药物浓度呈正相关。实验研究证明：该中药具有增强ＮＫ细胞活性，促进α－干扰素生成的作用。临床上对不同剂型的双黄连制剂进行了比较观察，结果表明：治疗早期ＡＲＩ，气雾剂治疗组在控制临床症状、体征方面疗效优于注射液和口服液（Ｐ＜０．０５），总有效率为９６％。

广西卵形鲳鲹海豚链球菌基因分型、耐药谱型以及毒力基因检测

为了解近年来广西卵形鲳鲹海豚链球菌流行菌株的基因型信息以及菌株间的差异,对2015—2016年从广西地区7个养殖场的患病卵形鲳鲹体内分离得到的17株海豚链球菌菌株分别进行了基因型分析、耐药谱测定以及毒力基因检测。采用随机扩增多态性DNA标记技术(RAPD)和基因组重复序列PCR(rep-PCR)分析其基因型。结果显示,RAPD和rep-PCR指纹图谱结果一致,17株海豚链球菌可分为2种基因型。对海豚链球菌7种主要的毒力相关基因特异PCR检测,所有菌株均为sim A+scp I+pdi+sag A+cps D+pgm A+cfi+毒力基因型,表明这2种基因型的海豚链球菌似乎均为毒力较强的菌株。采用K-B法进行了20种抗生素敏感实验分析其耐药谱,结果表明归于基因1型的菌株耐药谱为AZT,基因2型菌株则出现3种相似的耐药谱,分别为SIZ/T/S/PEN/AZT/SPE/CAZ/PB、SIZ/T/S/PEN/AZT/SPE/CAZ/CRO和SIZ/T/S/PEN/AZT/SPE/CAZ/PB/RIF,证实基因型相同的菌株耐药谱型也相似,2种基因型的菌株耐药谱型差异显著,因此基因型和耐药谱型存在相关性。此结果为卵形鲳鲹海豚链球菌病流行病学研究、疫苗研制以及疫病监测提供理论依据。

沙门菌属对常用抗菌药物敏感性的变化

目的 比较近年来伤寒及甲型副伤寒沙门菌属药物敏感性的变化趋势。方法 本研究中自2001-2004年分离的沙门菌属菌株42株，其中伤寒沙门菌属22株，甲型副伤寒沙门菌属20株，集中作菌株的鉴定及抗菌药物敏感性的检测。结果 药敏结果显示分离的沙门菌属菌株90．0％对氯霉素敏感，对环丙沙星及左氧氟沙星的敏感率分别为88．2％及96．8％，对酶抑制剂复合制剂呈94．7％～100．0％敏感；伤寒沙门菌属对头孢菌素的敏感性自2001—2004年呈上升趋势，而甲型副伤寒沙门菌属则呈下降趋势。结论 根据沙门菌属对抗菌药物敏感率的变化，如对环丙沙星敏感率的下降及对氯霉素敏感性的恢复，对于伤寒、副伤寒的经验抗菌治疗方案需要进一步调整。

抗真菌菌株JW-725的分离、鉴定及发酵产物性质的初步分析

JW 725菌株是从西藏类乌齐协马山口高山草甸的土壤中分离得到的一株细菌.经初步鉴定为多粘芽孢杆菌(Bacilluspolymyxa).该菌株的发酵液经抗菌谱分析具很强的抗真菌活性,尤其是对柑橘青霉菌(Penicilliumitalicum)的抗性很高,且对革兰氏阳性菌如金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcusaureus)也有一定的抗性作用.

深圳福田红树林生态中放线菌的筛选及其抗菌活性测定

从深圳福田红树林根际于不同季节采集的3份土样和2份水样中分离得到95株放线菌,94%的放线菌为链霉菌科。测定95株放线菌发酵液对病菌的抗菌活性,82%的放线菌发酵液有不同程度的抗菌作用,对革兰氏阳性细菌(G+)的抗菌作用最强。测定其中6株放线菌发酵液对细菌、霉菌和酵母的抗菌活性,各具有不同的抗菌谱:s33,s48和s68具有广谱的抗菌活性;s10和s87只能抑制细菌;s67b不能抑制革兰氏阴性细菌(G-)。s10发酵液的最小抑菌浓度<0.125μL/mL。

Surveillance of multidrug resistant uropathogenic bacteria in hospitalized patients in Indian

Objective:To record surveillance,antibiotic resistance of uropathogens of hospitalized patients over a period of 18 months.Methods:Urine samples from wards and cabins were used for isolating urinary tract infection(UTI)-causing bacteria that were cultured on suitable selective media and identified by biochemical tests;and their antibiograms were ascertained by Kirby-Bauer's disc diffusion method,in each 6-month interval of the study period,using 18 antibiotics of five different classes.Results:From wards and cabins,1 245 samples were collected,from which 996 strains of bacteria belonging to 11 species were isolated,during April 2011 to September2012.Two Gram-positive,Staphylococcus aureus(S.aureus)and Enterococcus faecalis(E.faecalis),and nine Gram-negative bacteria,Acinetobacter baumannii,Citrobactcr sp.,Escherichia coli,Enterobacter aerogenes,Klebsiella pneumoniae.Klebsiella oxytoca,Proteus mirabilis,Proteus vulgaris and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were isolated.Both S.aureus and E.faecalis were vancomycin resistant,and resistant-strains of all pathogens increased in each 6-month period of study.Particularly,all Gram-negatives were resistant to nitrofurantoin and co-trimoxazole,the most preferred antibiotics of empiric therapy for UTI.Conclusions:Antibiograms of 11 UTI-causing bacteria recorded in this study indicated moderately higher numbers of strains resistant to each antibiotic studied,generating the fear of precipitating fervent episodes in public health particularly with bacteria,Acinetobacter baumannii,Escherichia coli,Klebsiella pneumoniae and S.aureus.Moreover,vancomycin resistance in strains of S.aureus and E.faecalis is a matter of concern.

芽孢杆菌B_(15)对棉花枯萎病菌的拮抗性能

考察B15菌株对棉花枯萎病菌———尖孢镰刀菌的抑制效果,并对B15的抗菌谱、菌种稳定性、在土壤中菌数及拮抗活性变化以及液体培养基进行研究。结果表明:芽孢杆菌B15对棉花枯萎病菌有较强的抑制作用,抑菌圈达30 mm。B15抗菌谱广,拮抗性能稳定,经转接传代10次后无明显衰退。在4℃、28℃、55℃的土壤中放置30 d,最高存活率达55.5%,拮抗性能与对照相当。加有黄豆粉的培养基有利于B15增殖和芽孢形成。研究结果表明:B15是一株极具开发潜力的生防菌株。

猪源大肠杆菌耐药性质粒的监测研究

在１１５ 株猪大肠杆菌耐药性监测的基础上，提取耐药类型最普遍的５ 株耐药菌的质粒进行质粒指纹图谱分析，结果表明：同一来源、耐药类型相同的菌株有相似的质粒图谱，来源不同者，酶切图谱能提示出它们之间的同源性，说明质粒指纹图谱可作为流行病学调查的工具。

Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella spp.in raw retail frozen imported freshwater fish to Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia

Objective:To determine the proportion of imported frozen fish contaminated with Salmonella among retail food stores and supermarkets in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia.Methods:A total of 223 frozen freshwater fish purchased from different supermarkets and grocery stores were analyzed for the presence of foodborne pathogen Salmonella.The isolation of Salmonella was determined and confirmed by using the methods of US Food and Drug Administration's Bacteriological Analytical Manual.CHROMagar Salmonella plus,biochemical tests and API 20E strips.Antimicrobial susceptibilities of Salmonella isolates were determined by the disk diffusion method on Muller-Hinton agar,as described by Kirby-Bauer.in accordance with the guidelines of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute.Results:Out of the total 223 fish samples(20 of catfish,18 of carfu,20 of mirgal,25 of milkfish,35 of mackerel,75 of tilapia,and 30 of rohu),89(39.9%)were tested positive for Salmonella.The prevalence of positive samples were reported for the freshwater fish of pangas(60.0%,n=12),carfu(27.7%,n=5),mirgal(35.0%,n=7),milkfish(52.0%,n=13),mackerel(31.4%,n=11),tilapia imported from Thailand(64.0%,n=16),tilapia imported from India(28.0%,n=14),rohu imported from Thailand(26.6%,n=4)and rohu imported from Myanmar(46.6%,n=7).A total of 140 isolates of Salmonella spp.were yielded from at least seven different types of frozen freshwater fish imported from 5 different countries and were tested for their susceptibility to 16 selected antimicrobial agents.The highest antibiotic resistance was observed to tetracycline(90.71%)followed by ampicillin(70%)and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid(45%).Conclusions:The obtained results of this study shows that these raw retail imported frozen freshwater fish are contaminated with potentially pathogenic Salmonella spp.And the study recommend and suggest that there is a need for adequate consumer measures.

双岐杆菌RAPD基因指纹图谱与耐药谱分析比较

本文采用近年来兴起的一种新的分子生物学技术即 AP- PCR对 2 0株 4种不同的双岐杆菌进行了 RAPD指纹图谱的构建 ,同时对临床常用抗生素进行了耐药谱分析 ,结果 4种不同双岐杆菌分别获得各自特征性 RAPD指纹图谱 ,但耐药性分析结果表明其耐药谱基本相同。

肉糜制品中复配型防腐剂配方的设计及筛选

采用微生物学中的纸蝶法，测定由具有抗菌作用的天然抽提物、水分保持剂、乳化剂、防腐剂以及酸度调节剂组成的不同配方的复配型防腐剂与单一型防腐剂的抑菌圈直径，筛选出抗菌力强、抗菌谱广的复配型配方。实验结果表明，筛选出的配方抗菌力及抗菌谱均高于单一型防腐剂。然后将优选配方用于新鲜肉糜的保藏实验中，其防腐效果显著高于对照组。

Antimicrobial Resistance and Plasmid Profiles of <i>Salmonella enterica</i>Serovars from Different Sources in Lagos, Nigeria

Introduction: Salmonella enterica Serovars remains one of the leading pathogens that cause diarrhoea and bloodstream infections in developing countries. The emergence of multidrug resistant (MDR) Salmonella has become a serious problem globally. This study investigated the antibiotic resistance and plasmid profiles of Salmonella isolates from different sources. Methods: Seventy-three samples comprised of clinical (30), hand swab (15), food (10) and water (18) were analyzed bacteriologically. Salmonella isolates were identified and characterized by standard procedures. Isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing and were further screened for plasmid DNA by standard methods. Results: A total of 27 Salmonella isolates made up of 5 (18.5%) S. typhi, 6 (22.2%) S. enteritidis, 9 (33.3) S. typhimurium, 5 (18.5%) S. cholerasuis, and 1 (3.7%) each of S.arizonae and S. vichow were obtained in this study. All the isolates developed resistance to three or more antibiotics evaluated. Four distinct resistance profiles: TetAmpCol, TetAmpColCot, TetAmpColCip and TetAmpColCotCip were recorded with 63% of the isolates exhibiting resistance profile TetAmpColCot. Specifically 23 of 27 (85.2%) of the isolates harboured plasmid DNA comprised of 12 distinct plasmid profiles of different sizes ranging from 3.2 kb to 30.2kb. Salmonella isolates of the same species from different sources differed in plasmid profile. Plasmid profile was found to show good discriminatory capability compared to antibiotics resistance profile. Conclusion: This study revealed that both resistance antibiogram and plasmid profile are still viable epidemiological tools for tracing the source of Salmonella isolates. A need for prudent use of antibiotics is suggested.

Urinary Tract Infections Identified in the Preoperative and Their Sensitivities to Antibiotics

Introduction: Urinary tract infection is a public health problem. Patients who have to undergo urology surgery are exposed to infectious complications if there is an untreated urinary tract infection. The objective of our study is to identify all the germs responsible for urinary tract infections discovered in the preoperative assessment of hospitalized patients with their susceptibility and antibiotic resistance profiles. Patients and Methods: This is a retrospective and descriptive study of 124 cases of cytobacteriological examination of urine collected over 2 years from January 1st, 2016 to December 31st, 2017, performed in the urology department of the University Hospital of Bocar S. Sall of Kati. The parameters studied were: age, sex, reason for admission, the diagnosis chosen, the result of the cytobacteriological examination of urine and the antibiogram. Results: We collected 124 cases of cytobacteriological examination of urine during this period. The average age of our patients was 58 years old with extremes ranging from 3 years to 84 years. The sex ratio was 6 in favor of men. 86 patients, or 69%, were admitted for micturition disorders. In 53.2%, the diagnosis was BPH followed by urolithiasis 22.6%. Cytobacteriological examination of urine identified 55 cases of urinary infection, 44%. In 34 cases or 60%, the germ responsible was an E. coli. Two germs were sensitive only to one antibiotic. Conclusion: This study made it possible to have an idea about the antibiotic susceptibility of germs involved in urinary tract infections. Awareness-raising for the proper use of antibiotics needs to be strengthened to minimize the risk of increasing antibiotic resistance.

A Retrospective Cross Sectional Study of Blood Culture Results in a Tertiary Hospital, Ekiti, Nigeria

The current study was conducted to determine the epidemiology and antibiotic sensitivity pattern of bacteria isolated from blood of septicemic patients for improved antibiotic therapy. A three-year descriptive study was done at Microbiology Laboratory, Ekiti State University Teaching Hospital, Ado Ekiti, from April 2012 to April 2015. Information compiled from patients’ records includes age, sex, isolated organisms and antibiotic susceptibility patterns. Three hundred and thirteen blood cultures were collected from neonatology and pediatrics wards, Out Patients’ Department (OPD) and from other adult patients. Forty one culture plates yielded mono microbial growth (no polymicrobial growth), giving an incidence of 13.1% positive blood culture (N = 41/313). There were 58.4% Gram negative bacilli and 41.6% Gram positive cocci in the microbial growth. Bacteria isolated were Staphylococcus aureus 34% (14/41), Klebsiella species 22% (9/41), Enterococci 17% (7/41), Proteus species 12% (5/41), Escherichia coli 7% (3/41) and Streptococcal pneumoniae 7% (3/41). There was a (35%) higher occurrence of septicemia in neonates than in any other age groups in the hospital. Bacterial sensitivity to 13 antibiotic agents was determined by antibiotics disc diffusion using modified Kirby Bauer’s method. Gram-positive organisms showed a higher antibiotic sensitivity ranging from 14% - 100% than the Gram-negative bacteria (11% - 80%). Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella species are the most prevalent organisms. The third generation Cephalosporins (Ceftriaxone) and Floroquinolone (Levofloxacin, Ofloxacin) have proved reliable for management of these blood infections.