Cinnamon extract suppresses experimental colitis through modulation of antigen-presenting cells

AIM:To investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of cinnamon extract and elucidate its mechanisms for targeting the function of antigen presenting cells.METHODS:Cinnamon extract was used to treat murine macrophage cell line(Raw 264.7),mouse primary antigen-presenting cells(APCs,MHCII+) and CD11c+dendritic cells to analyze the effects of cinnamon extract on APC function.The mechanisms of action of cinnamon extract on APCs were investigated by analyzing cytokine production,and expression of MHC antigens and co-stimulatory molecules by quantitative real-time PCR and flow cytometry.In addition,the effect of cinnamon extract on antigen presentation capacity and APC-dependent T-cell differentiation were analyzed by [H3]-thymidine incorporation and cytokine analysis,respectively.To confirm the anti-inflammatory effects of cinnamon extract in vivo,cinnamon or PBS was orally administered to mice for 20 d followed by induction of experimental colitis with 2,4,6 trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid.The protective effects of cinnamon extract against experimental colitis were measured by checking clinical symptoms,histological analysis and cytokine expression prof iles in inflamed tissue.RESULTS:Treatment with cinnamon extract inhibited maturation of MHCII+ APCs or CD11c+ dendritic cells(DCs) by suppressing expression of co-stimulatory molecules(B7.1,B7.2,ICOS-L),MHCII and cyclooxygenase(COX)-2.Cinnamon extract induced regulatory DCs(rDCs) that produce low levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines [interleukin(IL)-1β,IL-6,IL-12,interferon(IFN)-γ and tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-α] while expressing high levels of immunoregulatory cytokines(IL-10 and transforming growth factor-β).In addition,rDCs generated by cinnamon extract inhibited APC-dependent T-cell proliferation,and converted CD4+ T cells into IL-10high CD4+ T cells.Furthermore,oral administration of cinnamon extract inhibited development and progression of intestinal colitis by inhibiting expression of COX-2 and pro-inflammatory cytokines(IL-1β,IFN-γ and TNF-α),while enhancing IL-10 levels.CONCLUSION:Our study suggests the potential of cinnamon extract as an anti-inflammatory agent by targeting the generation of regulatory APCs and IL-10+ regulatory T cells.

Blocking CD38-driven fratricide among T cells enables effective antitumor activity by CD38-specific chimeric antigen receptor T cells

Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell(CAR T) therapy is a kind of effective cancer immunotherapy. However,designing CARs remains a challenge because many targetable antigens are shared by T cells and tumor cells. This shared expression of antigens can cause CAR T cell fratricide. CD38-targeting approaches(e.g.,daratumumab) have been used in clinical therapy and have shown promising results. CD38 is a kind of surface glycoprotein present in a variety of cells, such as T lymphocytes and tumor cells. It was previously reported that CD38-based CAR T cells may undergo apoptosis or T cell-mediated killing(fratricide) during cell manufacturing. In this study, a CAR containing a sequence targeting human CD38 was designed to be functional. To avoid fratricide driven by CD38 and ensure the production of CAR T cells, two distinct strategies based on antibodies(clone MM12 T or clone MM27) or proteins(H02 H or H08 H) were used to block CD38 or the CAR single-chain variable fragment(scFv) domain, respectively, on the T cell surface.The results indicated that the antibodies or proteins, especially the antibody MM27, could affect CAR T cells by inhibiting fratricide while promoting expansion and enrichment. Anti-CD38 CAR T cells exhibited robust and specific cytotoxicity to CD38+ cell lines and tumor cells. Furthermore, the levels of the proinflammatory factors TNF-a, IFN-g and IL-2 were significantly upregulated in the supernatants of A549CD38+ cells. Finally, significant control of disease progression was demonstrated in xenograft mouse models. In conclusion, these findings will help to further enhance the expansion, persistence and function of anti-CD38 CAR T cells in subsequent clinical trials.

Activation of killer cells with soluble gastric cancer antigen combined with anti-CD3 McAb

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The human leucocyte differentiation antigens (HLDA) workshops: the evolv-ing role of antibodies in research, diagnosis and therapy

The 8^th International Workshop on Human Leucocyte Differentiation Antigens （chaired by HZ and managed by BS） was run over a 4-year period and culminated in a conference in December 2004. Here we review the achievements of the HLDA Workshops and provide links to information on CD molecules and antibodies against them, including the 93 new CDs assigned in the 8^th Workshop. We consider what remains to be achieved （including an estimate of the number of leucocyte surface molecules still to be discovered）, and how the field can best move forward.

Impact of PRRSV on activation and viability of antigen presenting cells

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome(PRRS) is one of the most important diseases of swine industry. The causal agent, PRRS-virus(PRRSV), is able to evade the host immune response and survive in the organism causing transient infections. Despite all scientific efforts, there are still some gaps in the knowledge of the pathogenesis of this disease. Antigen presenting cells(APCs), as initiators of the immune response, are located in the first line of defense against microorganisms, and are responsible for antigen recognition, processing and presentation. Dendritic cells(DCs) are the main type of APC involved in antigen presentation and they are susceptible to PRRSV infection. Thus, PRRSV replication in DCs may trigger off different mechanisms to impair the onset of a host effective immune response against the virus. On the one side, PRRSV may impair the basic functions of DCs by regulating the expression of major histocompatibility complex class Ⅱ and CD80/86. Other strategy followed by the virus is the induction of cell death of APCs by apoptosis, necrosis or both of them. The impairment and/or cell death ofAPCs could lead to a failure in the onset of an efficient immune response, as long as cells could not properly activate T cells. Future aspects to take into account are also discussed in this review.

Key role of human leukocyte antigen in modulating human immunodeficiency virus progression: An overview of the possible applications

Host and viral factors deeply influence the human immunodeficiency virus(HIV) disease progression. Among them human leukocyte antigen(HLA) locus plays a key role at different levels. In fact, genes of the HLA locus have shown the peculiar capability to modulate both innate and adaptive immune responses. In particular, HLA class Ⅰmolecules are recognized by CD8+ T-cells and natural killers(NK) cells towards the interaction with T cell receptor(TCR) and Killer Immunoglobulin Receptor(KIR) 3DL1 respectively. Polymorphisms within the different HLA alleles generate structural changes in HLA classⅠpeptide-binding pockets. Amino acid changes in the peptide-binding pocket lead to the presentation of a different set of peptides to T and NK cells. This review summarizes the role of HLA in HIV progression toward acquired immunodeficiency disease syndrome and its receptors. Recently, many studies have been focused on determining the HLA binding-peptides. The novel use of immune-informatics tools, from the prediction of the HLA-bound peptides to the modification of the HLAreceptor complexes, is considered. A better knowledge of HLA peptide presentation and recognition are allowing new strategies for immune response manipulation to be applied against HIV virus.

Studies on mechanism of Sialy Lewis-X antigen in liver metastases of human colorectal carcinoma

INTRODUCTIONSialyl Lewis-X antigen ,correlated with carcinoma, is a group of carbohydrate antigen containing oligosaccharide expressed of embryonic tisue and glycoproteins on cell surface of embryonic tissue[1].The SLeX antigen located on cell surface is synthesized principally by two enzymes ,al ,3fucosyltransfrease and a2, 3sialyctransferase.In adults ,SLeX antigen is expressed principally on the surfaces of granulocytic cells and some tumor cells .

The Secondary Structure of Heated Whey Protein andIts Hydrolysates Antigenicity

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR) and circular dichroism(CD) were used to investigate the conformational changes of heated whey protein(WP) and the corresponding changes in the hydrolysates immunoreactivity were determined by competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).Results showed that the contents of α-helix and β-sheet of WP did not decrease much under mild heating conditions and the antigenicity was relatively high;when the heating intensity increased(70 ℃ for 25 min or 75 ℃ for 20 min),the content of α-helix and β-sheet decreased to the minimum,so was the antigenicity;However,when the WP was heated at even higher temperature and for a longer time,the β-sheet associated with protein aggregation begun to increase and the antigenicity increased correspondingly.It was concluded that the conformations of heated WP and the antigenicity of its hydrolysates are related and the optimum structure for decreasing the hydrolysates antigeniity is the least content of α-helix and β-sheet.Establishing the relationship between the WP secondary structure and WP hydrolysates antigenicity is significant to supply the reference for antigenicity reduction by enzymolysis.

Detection of microbial antigenic components of circulating immune complexes in HIV patients:Involvement in CD4^+ T lymphocyte count depletion

Objective:To investigate the prevalence of microbial antigenic components of circulating immune complexes amongst grades of CD4 T lymphocyte counts in HIV sero positive and seronegative participants.Methods:Polyethelene glycol(PEG-600) and buffering methods of precipitation and dissociation of immune complexes was used to generate immune solution from sera of 100 HIV sero-positive and 100 HIV sero-negative participants.These were categorized into 3 grades based on CD4 count:】 500 cell/mm,200-499 cell/mm3 and 【200 cell/mm3.The immune solutions were assayed using membrane based immunoassay and antibody titration, along side its unprocessed serum for detection of various microbial antigens and or antibodies. CD4 T cell counts were estimated using Patec Cyflow SL-3 Germany.Results:Antigenic component of immune complexes of various infectious agents was detected in 99 and 70 HIV seropositive and HIV sero-negative participants,respectively.In group A,there were 10 HIV positive participants,including 4(40.0%) had circulating immune complexes(CICs) due to Salmonella species only:1(10.0%) due to Salmonella-Plasmodium falciparum(P.falciparum),SalmonellaP. falciparum-HCV and P.falciparum antigens,respectively.In group B,45(45.4%) HIV seropositive participants with CICs had CD4 T lymphocyte count between 200-499 cells/mm^3.Out of these,20(44.4%) had CICs due to Salmonella species only:9(20%) due to Salmonella-P. falciparum.In group C,there were 44(44.4%) HIV sero-positive participants,including 3(6.8%) due to Salmonella species only:24(54.4%) due to Salmonella-P.falciparum:2(4.5%) due to P. falciparum only.Conclusions:In HIV sero-positive participants,presence of heterogeneity of Salmonella species-P.falciparum antigens was highly incriminated in CD4 count depletion but not homogeneity of malaria parasites antigens.Malaria parasites antigens only were incriminated in CD4^+ count depletion amongst HIV sero-negative participants.Before taking any decision on the management of HIV-1-positive individuals,their malaria and Salmonella paratyphi status should be assessed,but not malaria status alone.

EXPRESSION CLONING OF A PROTECTIVE LEISHMANIA ANTIGEN

Parasite-specific CD8+ T cells have been shown to transfer protection against nLeishmania major in susceptible BALB/c mice.An epitope-tagged expression library was used to identify the antigen recognized by a protective CD8+ T cells clone. The expression library allowed recombinant proteins made in bacteria to be captured by macrophages for presentation to T cells restricted to major histompatibility complex class n. A conserved 36-kilodalton member of the tryptophanaspartic acid repeat family of proteins was identified that was expressed in both stages of the parasite life cycle. A 24-kilodalton portion of this antigen protected susceptible mice when administered as a vaccine with interleukin-12before injection.

Rejection of Experimental Hodgkins Lymphoma by T-Cells Engineered with a CD19 Chimeric Antigen Receptor

T cells engineered to express chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) combining an external antibody binding domain with the CD3ζ T cell receptor (TCR) signaling domain for triggering cell activation are being used for immunotherapeutic targeting of tumor cells in a non-HLA restricted manner. In this study we transduced T cells with a CD19-CAR construct containing a truncated CD34 gene (tCD34) marker and used these to target the B cell antigen CD19 on the surface of a Hodgkin’s lymphoma (HL) cell line (L591) both in vitro and in vivo. Levels of tCD34 expression in transduced peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) ranged from 6% - 20% and this was increased to 82% after selection for transduced tCD34+ cells. In vitro cytotoxicity testing on a CD19+ HL cell line (L591) showed specific cell lysis initiated by the CD19-CAR transduced PBMCs. Importantly, CD19-CAR T cells prevented the growth of L591 HL tumor cells when co-injected subcutaneously (sc) in 6/6 severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice. There was no evidence of anti-tumor activity when CD19-CAR T cells were infused intravenously (iv) at the same time as L591 HL tumor cells were injected sc. However, 3/6 SCID mice showed tumor rejection within 83 days after iv infusion of CD19-CAR T cells 3 - 9 days after establishment of L591 HL tumors, while all control animals succumbed to tumors within 60 days. Interestingly, immuno-histochemical analysis of L591 HL tumors demonstrated that CD19-CAR T cells were detected not earlier than 11 days after infusion within the tumor mass. These results suggest that CD19 is a potentially attractive target for the immunotherapy of HL.

初诊急性髓系白血病骨髓CD34^+ CD38^-细胞群比例是初次诱导缓解率的预后因素

为了研究非M3急性髓系白血病(AML non-M3)CD34+CD38-细胞群及其G0期比例与临床和实验室特征的关系,使用流式细胞仪检测40例初治AML non-M3骨髓单个核细胞CD34和CD38的表达,测定各群细胞的细胞周期,并分析CD34+CD38-细胞群及其G0期比例与临床实验室特征及初次诱导缓解率的关系。结果显示,CD34+CD38-细胞群及其G0期的比例与染色体核型、初诊WBC计数及FLT3/ITD阳性均无明显相关性,但与诱导治疗后骨髓中幼稚细胞比例相关。诱导停疗第7天骨髓中有幼稚细胞患者CD34+CD38-细胞比例为(12.47±26.26)%,诱导停疗第7天无幼稚细胞患者CD34+CD38-细胞比例为(2.62±7.20)%(p=0.031)。诱导停疗第1天骨髓中可见幼稚细胞患者CD34+细胞群比例为(17.40±21.20)%,而诱导停疗第1天无幼稚细胞患者该比例为(5.64±6.96)%(p=0.001)。CR组患者治疗前CD34+CD38-细胞群的比例为(2.51±9.72)%,明显低于非CR组患者(24.92±27.04%)(p=0.001)。而在AML non-M2b患者中,CR组患者治疗前CD34+CD38-细胞群的比例为(1.60±4.82)%,较非CR组患者更为降低(p<0.001)。单因素分析显示,诱导化疗后是否取得CR与年龄(p=0.022)、CD34+CD38-细胞群比例(p=0.008)、诱导停疗第7天骨髓幼稚细胞比例(p=0.011)相关。多因素分析显示,仅有CD34+CD38-细胞群的比例与是否获得CR有相关趋势(p=0.052)。结论:初治AML患者CD34+CD38-细胞群的比例是AML初次诱导缓解率的预后因素。

Regulatory T cells suppress autoreactive CD4^+ T cell response to bladder epithelial antigen

AIM： To investigate the role of regulatory T （Treg） cells in CD4^＋ T cell-mediated bladder autoimmune infammation. METHODS： Urothelium-ovalbumin （URO-OVA）/OT-II mice, a double transgenic line that expresses the membrane form of the model antigen （Ag） OVA as a self-Ag on the urothelium and the OVA-specific CD4^＋ T cell receptor specifc for the I-Ab/OVA323-339 epitope in the periphery, were developed to provide an autoimmune environment for investigation of the role of Treg cells in bladder autoimmune infammation. To facilitate Treg cell analysis, we further developed URO-OVA^GFP-Foxp3/OT-II mice, a derived line of URO-OVA/OT-II mice that express the green fuorescent protein （GFP）-forkhead box protein P3 （Foxp3） fusion protein. RESULTS： URO-OVA/OT-II mice failed to develop bladder infammation despite the presence of autoreactive CD4^＋ T cells. By monitoring GFP-positive cells, bladder infltration of CD4^＋ Treg cells was observed in URO-OVA^GFP-Foxp3/OT-II mice. The infiltrating Treg cells were functionally active and expressed Treg cell effector molecule as well as marker mRNAs including transforming growth factor-β, interleukin （IL）-10, fibrinogen-like protein 2, and glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor （GITR）. Studies further revealed that Treg cells from URO-OVA^GFP-Foxp3/OT-II mice were suppressive and inhibited autoreactive CD4^＋ T cell proliferation and interferon （IFN）-g production in response to OVA Ag stimulation. Depletion of GITR-positive cells led to spontaneous development of bladder infammation and expression of inflammatory factor mRNAs for IFN-γ, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α and nerve growth factor in URO-OVA^GFP-Foxp3/OT-II mice. CONCLUSION： Treg cells specifc for bladder epithelial Ag play an important role in immunological homeostasis and the control of CD4^＋ T cell-mediated bladder autoimmune infammation.

慢性髓系白血病患者CD34^+ CD38^-细胞水平JunB和CDH13基因启动子区域的甲基化状态研究

慢性髓系白血病(CML)是骨髓造血干细胞恶性增殖的克隆性疾病,在CML患者细胞水平由于JunB和CDH13基因启动子区甲基化而使这2个抑癌基因的表达受损。为了探讨正常人和CML患者CD34+ CD38-细胞水平JunB和CDH13(cadhe rin-13)基因启动子区域甲基化状态及表达水平的差异,应用流式细胞仪分选出CD34+ CD38-细胞,采用甲基化特异性聚合酶链反应(MS-PCR)检测5例正常人和8例CML患者骨髓CD34+ CD38-细胞JunB和CDH13基因启动子区域甲基化状态,用实时定量PCR(RT-PCR)检测JunB和CDH13基因的表达情况。结果表明:JUNB和CDH13基因在正常人骨髓CD34+ CD38-细胞中呈完全性非甲基化状态,CML患者骨髓CD34+ CD38-细胞中JunB和CDH13基因启动子区甲基化比例分别为87.5%(7/8)和50%(4/8),明显高于正常人(p<0.05)。CML患者骨髓CD34+ CD38-细胞中JunB和CDH13基因mRNA相对表达水平与正常人的相比明显降低(2-??CT分别为1/5.21和1/10.63)。结论:在CML患者骨髓CD34+ CD38-细胞中JunB和CDH13基因启动子区域都发生了高度的甲基化,它们的mRNA表达水平也明显降低,JunB和CDH13基因启动子区域甲基化在CML的发病机制中起到一定的作用,甲基化检测对CML的靶向治疗及新的治疗方法具有重要意义。

Roles and mechanisms of the CD38/cyclic adenosine diphosphate ribose/Ca^(2+) signaling pathway

Mobilization of intracellular Ca2+ stores is involved inmany diverse cell functions, including: cell proliferation;differentiation; fertilization; muscle contraction; secre-tion of neurotransmitters, hormones and enzymes;and lymphocyte activation and proliferation. Cyclic ad-enosine diphosphate ribose(cADPR) is an endogenousCa2+ mobilizing nucleotide present in many cell typesand species, from plants to animals. cADPR is formedby ADP-ribosyl cyclases from nicotinamide adenine di-nucleotide. The main ADP-ribosyl cyclase in mammalsis CD38, a multi-functional enzyme and a type Ⅱ mem-brane protein. It has been shown that many extracel-lular stimuli can induce cADPR production that leadsto calcium release or influx, establishing cADPR as asecond messenger. cADPR has been linked to a widevariety of cellular processes, but the molecular mecha-nisms regarding cADPR signaling remain elusive. Theaim of this review is to summarize the CD38/cADPR/Ca2+ signaling pathway, focusing on the recent advanc-es involving the mechanism and physiological functionsof cADPR-mediated Ca2+ mobilization.

Dopamine Inhibits the Expression of Hepatitis B Virus Surface and e Antigens by Activating the JAK/STAT Pathway and Upregulating Interferon-stimulated Gene 15 Expression

Background and Aims:Hepatitis B virus(HBV)infection is a major risk factor for cirrhosis and liver cancer,and its treatment continues to be difficult.We previously demonstrated that a dopamine analog inhibited the packaging of pregenomic RNA into capsids.The present study aimed to determine the effect of dopamine on the expressions of hepatitis B virus surface and e antigens(HBsAg and HBeAg,respectively)and to elucidate the underlying mechanism.Methods:We used dopamine-treated HBVinfected HepG2.2.15 and NTCP-G2 cells to monitor HBsAg and HBeAg expression levels.We analyzed interferon-stimulated gene 15(ISG15)expression in dopamine-treated cells.We knocked down ISG15 and then monitored HBsAg and HBeAg expression levels.We analyzed the expression of Janus kinase(JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription(STAT)pathway factors in dopamine-treated cells.We used dopamine hydrochloride-treated adeno-associated virus/HBV-infected mouse model to evaluate HBV DNA,HBsAg,and HBeAg expression.HBV virus was collected from HepAD38.7 cell culture medium.Results:Dopamine inhibited HBsAg and HBeAg expression and upregulated ISG15 expression in HepG2.2.15 and HepG2-NTCP cell lines.ISG15 knockdown increased HBsAg and HBeAg expression in HepG2.2.15 cells.Dopamine-treated cells activated the JAK/STAT pathway,which upregulated ISG15 expression.In the adeno-associated virus-HBV murine infection model,dopamine downregulated HBsAg and HBeAg expression and activated the JAK-STAT/ISG15 axis.Conclusions:Dopamine inhibits the expression of HBsAg and HBeAg by activating the JAK/STAT pathway and upregulating ISG15 expression.

Dual Roles of CD38 in Autophagy

CD38 is a versatile, ubiquitously expressed protein that was identified as a multifunctional enzyme. Recently, cumulating evidence has suggested that CD38 is involved in autophagy, which is an evolutionarily conserved lysosomal degradation and recycling system. Acting as a enzyme, CD38 utilizes nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP) to synthesize nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP), which acts as a key messenger for Ca2+-mobilizing in lysosome by targeting two-pore channels (TPCs) or transient receptor potential mucolipins (TRPMLs). Multiple studies have indicated that CD38 is involved in autophagy by modulating intracellular Ca2+ signaling. However, the control of autophagy by CD38 signaling is the subject of two contrary views. The autophagosomes trafficking and fusion with lysosomes to form autolysosomes are crucial steps in autophagy. On the one hand, the avail-able evidence indicates that lysosome trafficking and fusion to autophagosomes is positively modulated by CD38. On the other hand, overexpression of TPC2, which is positively modulated by CD38, was shown to promote the accumulation of autophagosomes, thus suppress autophagy. This review will reveal the interesting contrary dual roles of CD38 in autophagy, and critical insight into the molecular mechanisms of CD38 in autophagy regulation.

血清CD38水平与心力衰竭患者生活质量评估的临床研究

目的 研究心力衰竭患者血清白细胞分化抗原38(CD38)水平的表达情况,并据此构建用于心力衰竭患者活动耐量与生活质量的预测模型。方法 应用酶联免疫吸附试验(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA)检测51例心力衰竭患者(心力衰竭组)及8例健康受试者(对照组)的血清CD38水平。根据入院后堪萨斯城心肌病调查问卷(Kansas City Cardiomyopathy Questionnaire-12,KCCQ-12)评分的中位数进一步将心力衰竭患者分为低KCCQ-12评分组及高KCCQ-12评分组。通过套索回归(LASSO)筛选预测变量,建立心力衰竭患者活动耐量与生活质量的预测模型。采用受试者工作特征曲线、校准曲线及决策曲线评价模型,自举重采样(bootstrap-resampling)进行模型的内部验证。结果 与对照组比较,心力衰竭组的血清CD38水平明显升高(0.09±0.08ng/ml vs 0.30±0.37ng/ml,P=0.025)。心力衰竭组患者血清CD38水平与白细胞数量的相关性系数为0.253(P=0.073)。高KCCQ-12评分组的血清CD38水平较低KCCQ-12评分组明显升高(0.42±0.49分vs 0.20±0.17分,P=0.035)。通过LASSO筛选预测变量,最终纳入血清CD38水平等8个变量建立用于心力衰竭患者的活动耐量与生活质量的预测模型,该模型的曲线下面积为0.939,具有良好的区分度及校准度。经Bootstrap内部验证(取样次数500次),一致性指数(C-index)为0.918。结论 心力衰竭患者的血清CD38水平显著升高。基于血清CD38水平构建的预测模型有利于协助评估心力衰竭患者的活动耐量与生活质量。

酸枣仁皂苷A对缺血缺氧再灌注的H9C2细胞CD38/NAD^(+)信号通路相关因子表达的影响

目的观察酸枣仁皂苷A对缺血缺氧再灌注的H9C2细胞CD38/烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(NAD^(+))信号通路相关因子表达的影响。方法建立H9C2细胞缺血缺氧再灌注模型,将H9C2细胞分为正常组、模型组、CD38抑制剂+中药单体组和中药单体组,使用CCK-8法筛选中药单体干预的最佳浓度并检测细胞活力;生化法检测三磷酸腺苷(ATP)含量、活性氧(ROS)水平、NAD^(+)、还原型烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸(NADH)含量和NAD^(+)/NADH比值;酶联免疫法吸附试验(ELISA)检测炎症因子白细胞介素(IL)-1β、IL-6和肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α含量;Western印迹检测CD38、沉默信息调节因子2同源蛋白(SIRT)3和NOD样受体热蛋白结构域相关蛋白(NLRP)3蛋白表达。结果与正常组相比,模型组细胞活力明显下降,ATP含量明显下降,ROS水平及炎症因子IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α含量明显增加,NAD^(+)含量及NAD^(+)/NADH比值明显下降,CD38和NLRP3蛋白表达明显增加,SIRT3蛋白表达明显下降(均P<0.05);与模型组相比,中药单体组细胞活力明显上升,ATP含量明显增加,ROS水平明显下降,炎症因子IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α含量明显减少,NAD^(+)含量及NAD^(+)/NADH比值明显增高,CD38和NLRP3蛋白表达下降,SIRT3蛋白表达明显增加(均P<0.05);与中药单体组相比,CD38抑制剂+中药单体组细胞活力明显上升,ATP含量明显增加,ROS水平明显下降,炎症因子IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α含量明显减少,NAD^(+)含量及NAD^(+)/NADH比值明显增高,NLRP3蛋白表达明显下降,SIRT3蛋白表达明显增加(均P<0.05)。结论酸枣仁皂苷A能够改善H9C2细胞的缺血缺氧再灌注损伤,其机制可能与抑制CD38表达,改善能量代谢障碍和线粒体功能,减缓炎症反应有关。

去除CD38单克隆抗体干扰多发性骨髓瘤患者输血相容性检测的策略

目的探讨临床快速有效解决CD38单抗干扰输血相容性检测的方法。方法选取10例使用达雷木单抗(DARA)治疗的多发性骨髓瘤患者,采用盐水法、微柱凝胶法、凝聚胺法进行输血前相容性检测;采用二硫苏糖醇(DTT)处理红细胞,同时使用脐血细胞进行辅助验证,对比不同方法的检测情况。结果患者DARA治疗前后意外抗体筛查及鉴定、交叉配血实验盐水法和凝聚胺法均为阴性,微柱凝胶法在治疗后转为阳性,脐血细胞辅助验证均为阴性。DTT处理红细胞后,采用3种方法进行意外抗体筛查及鉴定、交叉配血实验,结果均为阴性。结论对于使用抗CD38单抗治疗的患者,急诊输血时可使用凝聚胺法,脐血进行辅助验证;平诊输血时可使用DTT处理去除CD38单抗的影响,采用灵敏度更高的微柱凝胶法,以确保输血的安全性和有效性。