The Cap Pushing Response (CPR) is a free-flying technique used to study learning and memory in honey bees (Apis mellifera). The series of experiments outlined in this paper aimed to test whether honey bees exhibit the...The Cap Pushing Response (CPR) is a free-flying technique used to study learning and memory in honey bees (Apis mellifera). The series of experiments outlined in this paper aimed to test whether honey bees exhibit the cognitive concept of “expectancy” utilizing the CPR in a weight differentiation paradigm. Five previous experiments in our laboratory have explored whether the concept of expectancy can account for honey bee performance and have all failed to support the cognitive interpretation. The first experiment examined if bees could differentiate between the two caps in the amount of force they used to push the cap and the distance the cap was pushed when the caps were presented one at a time. The second experiment explored cap weight preference by presenting bees with a choice between the two caps. The third and fourth experiments tested the bee’s ability to expect reward or punishment based on cap weight. Results revealed that bees were found to have a strong preference for the light cap and therefore were not able to expect reward or punishment based on cap weight. These experiments contribute to the debate on whether bees have “cognitive” representations and continue to support the behaviorist interpretation.展开更多
logical testing model and resource lifecycle information,generate test cases and complete parameters,and alleviate inconsistency issues through parameter inference.Once again,we propose a method of analyzing test resu...logical testing model and resource lifecycle information,generate test cases and complete parameters,and alleviate inconsistency issues through parameter inference.Once again,we propose a method of analyzing test results using joint state codes and call stack information,which compensates for the shortcomings of traditional analysis methods.We will apply our method to testing REST services,including OpenStack,an open source cloud operating platform for experimental evaluation.We have found a series of inconsistencies,known vulnerabilities,and new unknown logical defects.展开更多
对Parlay APIs协议和SIP协议中与呼叫相关的部分作了对比,首先提出了两者与呼叫相关的核心概念的映射关系,列举了SIP Server工作在两种常用模式下的具体概念映射模型;随后阐述了Parlay CC API与SIP消息之间的映射,并给出实例加以说明;...对Parlay APIs协议和SIP协议中与呼叫相关的部分作了对比,首先提出了两者与呼叫相关的核心概念的映射关系,列举了SIP Server工作在两种常用模式下的具体概念映射模型;随后阐述了Parlay CC API与SIP消息之间的映射,并给出实例加以说明;接着对二者的地址映射问题进行了讨论;最后给出了一个基于SIP的Par-lay CC API构建基本会话的时序关系。展开更多
Using culture-independent technique polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) and conventional culture techniques, ecological risk of transgenic maize pollen on gut bacteria of the...Using culture-independent technique polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) and conventional culture techniques, ecological risk of transgenic maize pollen on gut bacteria of the Chinese honeybee, Apis cerana cerana, was assessed. Honeybees were fed with Bt-transgenic maize pollen, non-transgenic near isoline pollen, linear crylAh gene (800 ng mL^-1) and supercoiled plasmid DNA (800 ng mL^-1) under laboratory conditions. The DGGE profile showed that the number of DGGE bands varied from 10.7 to 14.7 per sample, and the Shannon's index ranged from 0.85 to 1.00. The similarity calculated by PAST was mostly above 92%, indicating no obvious changes among treatments or within replicates. 14 bacterial strains affiliated with Alphaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria were isolated and characterized on media under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. These results demonstrated that transgenic crylAh maize pollen did not induce significant changes of the honeybee gut bacterial community composition under laboratory conditions.展开更多
By screening the worker (Apis cerana cerana) heads cDNA library using a fragment of the mrjp3 gene of Apis cerana as probe, 120 positive clones were obtained. The clone containing A. cerana cerana MRJP3 (AccMRJP3)...By screening the worker (Apis cerana cerana) heads cDNA library using a fragment of the mrjp3 gene of Apis cerana as probe, 120 positive clones were obtained. The clone containing A. cerana cerana MRJP3 (AccMRJP3) cDNA was selected. Based on the sequencing of the inserts of the positive clone, a sequence of AccMRJP3 cDNA which is 1 887 bp long including a poly (A) tail was obtained. The AccMRJP3 cDNA encompassed an open-reading frame (ORF) with 1 779 bp encoding 593 amino acids. The un-translated regions (UTR) of the 5′ end and 3′end are 46 bp and 160 bp in length, respectively. Similar to AmMRJP3 and AdMRJP3, the putative AccMRJP3 also has a repetitive region. The comparison of the repetitive region of AccMRJP3, AmMRJP3 and AdMRJP3 shows some differences between them.展开更多
Intra-abdominal injection of amitraz(0.25 nmol per honeybee,i.e.,approx 2.3 nmol/g)to emerging worker bees,in vivo,led to a significant hypertrehalosemia(300-400%)followed by a hyperglucosemia(≈600%).Maxima were reac...Intra-abdominal injection of amitraz(0.25 nmol per honeybee,i.e.,approx 2.3 nmol/g)to emerging worker bees,in vivo,led to a significant hypertrehalosemia(300-400%)followed by a hyperglucosemia(≈600%).Maxima were reached at 0.5 and 2h,respectively.A strong negative correlation between glucosemia and trehalosemia appeared after injection of pure phentolamine (1 nmol per bee),suggesting stimulation of trehalase activities.Simultaneous administration of the α-blocker at≥0.25 nmol per individual suppressed the hyperglycemic response of amitraz. The formamidine pesticide thus likely acts on the honeybee α-aminergic system.1989 Academic Press,Inc.展开更多
The stinging response thresholds of individual European and Africanized worker honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) were analyzed. Workers of each genotype performing defense (guard and soldier bees) and non-defense (nest an...The stinging response thresholds of individual European and Africanized worker honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) were analyzed. Workers of each genotype performing defense (guard and soldier bees) and non-defense (nest and forager bees) associated tasks were collected and exposed to an electric stimulus of 0.5 mA, and the time they took to sting a leather substrate was recorded. Africanized bees had significant lower thresholds of response than European bees. Guards and soldiers were faster to sting than nest and forager bees for the Africanized genotype, whereas for the European genotype, guards stung significantly faster than bees of the other three task groups. This is the first study that shows that individual bees specialized in two defensive tasks also have a lower response threshold for stinging. Our results fit a model of division of labor based on differences in response thresholds to stimuli among workers of different genotypes and task groups.展开更多
[ Objective ] This study aimed to clone and analyze the gene sequence encoding carbonic anhydrase-related protein lO-like ( CARP X) from Apis mellif era. [Method] The cDNA sequence of CARPX gene was cloned through R...[ Objective ] This study aimed to clone and analyze the gene sequence encoding carbonic anhydrase-related protein lO-like ( CARP X) from Apis mellif era. [Method] The cDNA sequence of CARPX gene was cloned through RT-PCR, and then analyzed with bioinformatic method. [Result] The full-length cDNA sequence of CARPX was 972 bp long and encoded 324 amino acid residues, including a signal peptide and two transmembrane domains. The predicted molecular mass was 37.1 kDa and the predicted isoeleetric point was 7.458. The CARP X from A. mellifera shared close relationship with proteins from Apisflorae, Bombtas impatiens, Bombus terrestris, Nasonia vitripennis and Acyrthosiphon pisum. The insect CARP X family may include two subfamilies. [ Conclusion] The results pro- vide basis for studying CARPs family.展开更多
The aim of this study was to draw a retrospective analysis on the lethality of Imidacloprid(Gaucho®)and Fipronil(Régent TS®)on Apis mellifera between 1992 and 2016 in France.Early monitoring reports in ...The aim of this study was to draw a retrospective analysis on the lethality of Imidacloprid(Gaucho®)and Fipronil(Régent TS®)on Apis mellifera between 1992 and 2016 in France.Early monitoring reports in the 1992-2002 period notified these two embedded insecticides to be at the origin of massive colony collapse disorders.Ecotoxicological analyses based on the LD50 of Imidacloprid and Fipronil highlighted their differential lethality by both contact(Imidacloprid:81 ng/honeybee vs.Fipronil:5.9 ng/honeybee)and ingestion(Imidacloprid:3.7 ng/honeybee vs.Fipronil:4.2 ng/honeybee),but failed to point Imidacloprid’s high solubility as a higher lethal agent.Chemical properties and action mode of these two insecticides originated neural disfunction in the case of Imidacloprid,and honeybee brood immune depression for Fipronil.Despite the conduction of these monitoring reports and laboratory researches,Fipronil was completely banned in 2005 but Imidacloprid only in 2016.展开更多
Samples of workers of honeybee were collected from 42 colonies in 13 localities in the Lake Chad Basin (parts of Cameroon, Chad, and Nigeria) and analysed using classical morphometry. Measurements of 35 morphological ...Samples of workers of honeybee were collected from 42 colonies in 13 localities in the Lake Chad Basin (parts of Cameroon, Chad, and Nigeria) and analysed using classical morphometry. Measurements of 35 morphological characters of body size, colour and pilosity were taken from 10 workers per colony and the data subjected to one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), principal components analysis (PCA), hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), stepwise discriminant analysis (DA) and Pearson’s product-moment correlation analysis. A one-way ANOVA revealed that means of 21 of the morphometric characters differed significantly (p 0.05). The bees formed one cluster in a PCA. However, scatter plots of altitude against principal component 1 of PCA (loaded with characters of body size) revealed an increase of size of the bees along the gradient of the Lake Chad Basin. The coefficient of determination (R2) indicated that 88% and 77% of the variation in size might be explained by altitude in the southeastern and southwestern parts of the basin, respectively. Additionally, there was a very highly significant strong positive relationship between principal component 1 and altitude (r(30) = 0.618, p < 0.0005). Similarly, HCA and DA classified the colonies into three morphoclusters whose distribution closely followed the altitude of the area.展开更多
文摘The Cap Pushing Response (CPR) is a free-flying technique used to study learning and memory in honey bees (Apis mellifera). The series of experiments outlined in this paper aimed to test whether honey bees exhibit the cognitive concept of “expectancy” utilizing the CPR in a weight differentiation paradigm. Five previous experiments in our laboratory have explored whether the concept of expectancy can account for honey bee performance and have all failed to support the cognitive interpretation. The first experiment examined if bees could differentiate between the two caps in the amount of force they used to push the cap and the distance the cap was pushed when the caps were presented one at a time. The second experiment explored cap weight preference by presenting bees with a choice between the two caps. The third and fourth experiments tested the bee’s ability to expect reward or punishment based on cap weight. Results revealed that bees were found to have a strong preference for the light cap and therefore were not able to expect reward or punishment based on cap weight. These experiments contribute to the debate on whether bees have “cognitive” representations and continue to support the behaviorist interpretation.
文摘logical testing model and resource lifecycle information,generate test cases and complete parameters,and alleviate inconsistency issues through parameter inference.Once again,we propose a method of analyzing test results using joint state codes and call stack information,which compensates for the shortcomings of traditional analysis methods.We will apply our method to testing REST services,including OpenStack,an open source cloud operating platform for experimental evaluation.We have found a series of inconsistencies,known vulnerabilities,and new unknown logical defects.
文摘对Parlay APIs协议和SIP协议中与呼叫相关的部分作了对比,首先提出了两者与呼叫相关的核心概念的映射关系,列举了SIP Server工作在两种常用模式下的具体概念映射模型;随后阐述了Parlay CC API与SIP消息之间的映射,并给出实例加以说明;接着对二者的地址映射问题进行了讨论;最后给出了一个基于SIP的Par-lay CC API构建基本会话的时序关系。
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (2007CB109203 and 2009CB118902)
文摘Using culture-independent technique polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) and conventional culture techniques, ecological risk of transgenic maize pollen on gut bacteria of the Chinese honeybee, Apis cerana cerana, was assessed. Honeybees were fed with Bt-transgenic maize pollen, non-transgenic near isoline pollen, linear crylAh gene (800 ng mL^-1) and supercoiled plasmid DNA (800 ng mL^-1) under laboratory conditions. The DGGE profile showed that the number of DGGE bands varied from 10.7 to 14.7 per sample, and the Shannon's index ranged from 0.85 to 1.00. The similarity calculated by PAST was mostly above 92%, indicating no obvious changes among treatments or within replicates. 14 bacterial strains affiliated with Alphaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria were isolated and characterized on media under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. These results demonstrated that transgenic crylAh maize pollen did not induce significant changes of the honeybee gut bacterial community composition under laboratory conditions.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(30200206) Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(302113).
文摘By screening the worker (Apis cerana cerana) heads cDNA library using a fragment of the mrjp3 gene of Apis cerana as probe, 120 positive clones were obtained. The clone containing A. cerana cerana MRJP3 (AccMRJP3) cDNA was selected. Based on the sequencing of the inserts of the positive clone, a sequence of AccMRJP3 cDNA which is 1 887 bp long including a poly (A) tail was obtained. The AccMRJP3 cDNA encompassed an open-reading frame (ORF) with 1 779 bp encoding 593 amino acids. The un-translated regions (UTR) of the 5′ end and 3′end are 46 bp and 160 bp in length, respectively. Similar to AmMRJP3 and AdMRJP3, the putative AccMRJP3 also has a repetitive region. The comparison of the repetitive region of AccMRJP3, AmMRJP3 and AdMRJP3 shows some differences between them.
文摘Intra-abdominal injection of amitraz(0.25 nmol per honeybee,i.e.,approx 2.3 nmol/g)to emerging worker bees,in vivo,led to a significant hypertrehalosemia(300-400%)followed by a hyperglucosemia(≈600%).Maxima were reached at 0.5 and 2h,respectively.A strong negative correlation between glucosemia and trehalosemia appeared after injection of pure phentolamine (1 nmol per bee),suggesting stimulation of trehalase activities.Simultaneous administration of the α-blocker at≥0.25 nmol per individual suppressed the hyperglycemic response of amitraz. The formamidine pesticide thus likely acts on the honeybee α-aminergic system.1989 Academic Press,Inc.
文摘The stinging response thresholds of individual European and Africanized worker honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) were analyzed. Workers of each genotype performing defense (guard and soldier bees) and non-defense (nest and forager bees) associated tasks were collected and exposed to an electric stimulus of 0.5 mA, and the time they took to sting a leather substrate was recorded. Africanized bees had significant lower thresholds of response than European bees. Guards and soldiers were faster to sting than nest and forager bees for the Africanized genotype, whereas for the European genotype, guards stung significantly faster than bees of the other three task groups. This is the first study that shows that individual bees specialized in two defensive tasks also have a lower response threshold for stinging. Our results fit a model of division of labor based on differences in response thresholds to stimuli among workers of different genotypes and task groups.
基金Supported by the Science and Technology Project of Education Commission of Shaanxi Province (11JK0618)
文摘[ Objective ] This study aimed to clone and analyze the gene sequence encoding carbonic anhydrase-related protein lO-like ( CARP X) from Apis mellif era. [Method] The cDNA sequence of CARPX gene was cloned through RT-PCR, and then analyzed with bioinformatic method. [Result] The full-length cDNA sequence of CARPX was 972 bp long and encoded 324 amino acid residues, including a signal peptide and two transmembrane domains. The predicted molecular mass was 37.1 kDa and the predicted isoeleetric point was 7.458. The CARP X from A. mellifera shared close relationship with proteins from Apisflorae, Bombtas impatiens, Bombus terrestris, Nasonia vitripennis and Acyrthosiphon pisum. The insect CARP X family may include two subfamilies. [ Conclusion] The results pro- vide basis for studying CARPs family.
文摘The aim of this study was to draw a retrospective analysis on the lethality of Imidacloprid(Gaucho®)and Fipronil(Régent TS®)on Apis mellifera between 1992 and 2016 in France.Early monitoring reports in the 1992-2002 period notified these two embedded insecticides to be at the origin of massive colony collapse disorders.Ecotoxicological analyses based on the LD50 of Imidacloprid and Fipronil highlighted their differential lethality by both contact(Imidacloprid:81 ng/honeybee vs.Fipronil:5.9 ng/honeybee)and ingestion(Imidacloprid:3.7 ng/honeybee vs.Fipronil:4.2 ng/honeybee),but failed to point Imidacloprid’s high solubility as a higher lethal agent.Chemical properties and action mode of these two insecticides originated neural disfunction in the case of Imidacloprid,and honeybee brood immune depression for Fipronil.Despite the conduction of these monitoring reports and laboratory researches,Fipronil was completely banned in 2005 but Imidacloprid only in 2016.
文摘Samples of workers of honeybee were collected from 42 colonies in 13 localities in the Lake Chad Basin (parts of Cameroon, Chad, and Nigeria) and analysed using classical morphometry. Measurements of 35 morphological characters of body size, colour and pilosity were taken from 10 workers per colony and the data subjected to one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), principal components analysis (PCA), hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), stepwise discriminant analysis (DA) and Pearson’s product-moment correlation analysis. A one-way ANOVA revealed that means of 21 of the morphometric characters differed significantly (p 0.05). The bees formed one cluster in a PCA. However, scatter plots of altitude against principal component 1 of PCA (loaded with characters of body size) revealed an increase of size of the bees along the gradient of the Lake Chad Basin. The coefficient of determination (R2) indicated that 88% and 77% of the variation in size might be explained by altitude in the southeastern and southwestern parts of the basin, respectively. Additionally, there was a very highly significant strong positive relationship between principal component 1 and altitude (r(30) = 0.618, p < 0.0005). Similarly, HCA and DA classified the colonies into three morphoclusters whose distribution closely followed the altitude of the area.