Herpes simplex virus typeⅠ induces an autophagic response and accelerates the fragmentation of apolipoproteins E protein

OBJECTIVE How infection of Herpes simplex virus typeⅠ(HSV-1) induces enhancement of autophagy.MEHTODS The wild type HSV-1 strain Kos 1.1 was propagated in Vero cells and purified.SK-N-SH cells seeded in DMEM/F12 were exposed to HSV-1 with 6 h or 12 h and multiplicity of infection(MOI) for 10 or 40 in each experiment.The infectious titers of the HSV-1 samples were determined by plaque assays.MDC staining to test the number of autophagosome within the cell after infection with time and moi was indicated in each experiment.At the molecular level,Western blotting and immunofluorescence analyses were done to study the expression of the proteins related to the cell autophagy.The mRNA transcribed from the gene related to autophagy was quantified by reverse transcription followed by real-time PCR.After intranasal infection of different transgenic mice,immunoflurorence studies were done to detected the expression of Aβ42 and proteins related to autophagy from the brain sections.Morris water maze experiment was performed to test the change of spatial learning and memory between different transgenic mice.RESULTS SK-N-SH cell showed time-and moi-dependent increase of MDC positive staining after HSV-1 infection.Western blotting analysis showed that LC3-Ⅱ was less in mock-infected cells but it was detected after 12 h from 10 to 40 moi HSV-1 infected cells.The level increased in a viral concentration-dependent manner.In agreement with the Western blotting results,direct fluorescence microscopy revealed that the signals of LC3 were consistent with their localization on autophagic compartments.P62,another protein related to autophagoysome formation,also increased with MOI.15 ku fragment of intracellular apolipoproteins E(APOE) protein increased after infection,but at the mRNA level it remained the same.The expression of APP showed less decrease but intracellular Aβ42 increased significantly compared with the mock group.Within the brain,after intranasal infection for 7 d,autophagy related proteins LC3 b and P62 increased as well,at the same time Aβ42 was found co-localized with LC3 b within the cell.Behavior test revealed that 17-month-old APOE4 mice had pool spatial learning and memory after infection compared with other groups.CONCLUSION HSV-1 induces an autophagic response and accelerates the fragmentation of APOE protein.

Role of apolipoproteins,ABCA1 and LCAT in the biogenesis of normal and aberrant high density lipoproteins

In this review, we focus on the pathway of biogenesis of HDL, the essential role of apoA-I, ATP binding cassette transporter A1（ABCA1）, and lecithin： cholesterol acyltransferase（LCAT） in the formation of plasma HDL; the generation of aberrant forms of HDL containing mutant apoA-I forms and the role of apoA-IV and apoE in the formation of distinct HDL subpopulations. The biogenesis of HDL requires functional interactions of the ABCA1 with apoA-I（and to a lesser extent with apoE and apoA-IV） and subsequent interactions of the nascent HDL species thus formed with LCAT. Mutations in apoA-I, ABCA1 and LCAT either prevent or impair the formation of HDL and may also affect the functionality of the HDL species formed. Emphasis is placed on three categories of apoA-I mutations. The first category describes a unique bio-engineered apoA-I mutation that disrupts interactions between apoA-I and ABCA1 and generates aberrant prep HDL subpopulations that cannot be converted efficiently to a subpopulations by LCAT. The second category describes natural and bio-engineered apoA-I mutations that generate preβ and small size a4 HDL subpopulations, and are associated with low plasma HDL levels. These phenotypes can be corrected by excess LCAT. The third category describes bio-engineered apoA-I mutations that induce hypertriglyceridemia that can be corrected by excess lipoprotein lipase and also have defective maturation of HDL.The HDL phenotypes described here may serve in the future for diagnosis, prognoses and potential treatment of abnormalities that affect the biogenesis and functionality of HDL.

Progress in the Study of the Correlation between Apolipoproteins and Endometrial Cancer

In recent years, Lipid metabolism disorder has been closely related to malignant tumors. Apolipoprotein (Apo), as an important protein in lipoprotein transport and metabolism, plays an important role in the process of tumor proliferation. Endometrial carcinoma (EC) is a common gynecological malignant tumor, and its incidence is increasing year by year;in which obesity is an independent risk factor for the occurrence and prognosis of EC. This paper discusses the correlation and possible mechanism between different types of Apo and the occurrence, development and prognosis of EC, and briefly reviews the clinical application of some drugs in EC.

Lipids, Lipoproteins and Apolipoproteins Abnormalities inPatients undergoing Dialysis

Twenty hemodialysis (HD) patients and 20 patients on continuous am-bulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) were investigated for lipids, lipoproteins andapolipoproteins abnormalities. HD patients had elevated serum triglyceride, de-creased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C ) and apolipoprotein A-I(Apo A-I ), whi1e CAPD patients had elevated total cho1esterol, triglyceride,low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), Apolipoprotein B (Apo B), Apo B/Apo A-Iratio, and decreased HDL-C, Apo A-I. Because of the molecular sievingeffects of peritoneum, CAPD have a negative effect on these abnormalities. CAPDpatients might be at greater risk of developing coronary artery disease than HD patients who are also at increased riskas compared with normals.

Apolipoproteins and amyloid fibril formation in atherosclerosis

Amyloid fibrils arise from the aggregation of misfolded proteins into highly-ordered structures.The accumulation of these fibrils along with some non-fibrillar constituents within amyloid plaques is associated with the pathogenesis of several human degenerative diseases.A number of plasma apolipoproteins,including apolipoprotein(apo)A-I,apoA-II,apoC-II and apoE are implicated in amyloid formation or influence amyloid formation by other proteins.We review present knowledge of amyloid formation by apolipoproteins in disease,with particular focus on atherosclerosis.Further insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying their amyloidogenic propensity are obtained from in vitro studies which describe factors affecting apolipoprotein amyloid fibril formation and interactions.Additionally,we outline the evidence that amyloid fibril formation by apolipoproteins might play a role in the development and progression of atherosclerosis,and highlight possible molecular mechanisms that could contribute to the pathogenesis of this disease.

Associations between physical activity levels and ATPase inhibitory factor 1 concentrations in older adults

Background:Adenosine triphosphatase inhibitory factor 1(IF1)is a key protein involved in energy metabolism.IF1 has been linked to various agerelated diseases,although its relationship with physical activity(PA)remains unclear.Additionally,the apolipoprotein A-I(apoA-I),a PA-modulated lipoprotein,could play a role in this relationship because it shares a binding site with IF1 on the cell-surface ATP synthase.We examined here the associations between chronic PA and plasma IF1 concentrations among older adults,and we investigated whether apoA-I mediated these associations.Methods:In the present work,1096 healthy adults(63.8%females)aged 70 years and over who were involved in the Multidomain Alzheimer Prevention Trial study were included.IF1 plasma concentrations(square root of ng/mL)were measured at the 1-year visit of the Multidomain Alzheimer Prevention Trial,while PA levels(square root of metabolic equivalent task min/week)were assessed using questionnaires administered each year from baseline to the 3-year visit.Multiple linear regressions were performed to investigate the associations between the first-year mean PA levels and IF1 concentrations.Mediation analyses were conducted to examine whether apoA-I mediated these associations.Mixedeffect linear regressions were carried out to investigate whether the 1-year visit IF1 concentrations predicted subsequent changes in PA.Results:Multiple linear regressions indicated that first-year mean PA levels were positively associated with IF1 concentrations(B=0.021;SE=0.010;p=0.043).Mediation analyses revealed that about 37.7%of this relationship was mediated by apoA-I(B_(ab)=0.008;SE=0.004;p=0.023).Longitudinal investigations demonstrated that higher concentrations of IF1 at the 1-year visit predicted a faster decline in PA levels over the subsequent 2 years(time×IF1:B=0.148;SE=0.066;p=0.025).Conclusion:This study demonstrates that regular PA is associated with plasma IF1 concentrations,and it suggests that apoA-I partly mediates this association.Additionally,this study finds that baseline concentrations of IF1 can predict future changes in PA.However,further research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms underlying these observations.

Impact of apolipoprotein E isoforms on sporadic Alzheimer's disease:beyond the role of amyloid beta

The impact of apolipoprotein E(ApoE)isoforms on sporadic Alzheimer's disease has long been studied;however,the influences of apolipoprotein E gene(APOE)on healthy and pathological human brains are not fully understood.ApoE exists as three common isoforms(ApoE2,ApoE3,and ApoE4),which differ in two amino acid residues.Traditionally,ApoE binds cholesterol and phospholipids and ApoE isoforms display diffe rent affinities for their receptors,lipids transport and distribution in the brain and periphery.The role of ApoE in the human depends on ApoE isoforms,brain regions,aging,and neural injury.APOE E4 is the strongest genetic risk factor for sporadic Alzheimer's disease,considering its role in influencing amyloid-beta metabolism.The exact mechanisms by which APOE gene variants may increase or decrease Alzheimer's disease risk are not fully understood,but APOE was also known to affect directly and indirectly tau-mediated neurodegeneration,lipids metabolism,neurovascular unit,and microglial function.Consistent with the biological function of ApoE,ApoE4 isoform significantly alte red signaling pathways associated with cholesterol homeostasis,transport,and myelination.Also,the rare protective APOE variants confirm that ApoE plays an important role in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis.The objectives of the present mini-review were to describe classical and new roles of various ApoE isoforms in Alzheimer's disease pathophysiology beyond the deposition of amyloid-beta and to establish a functional link between APOE,brain function,and memory,from a molecular to a clinical level.APOE genotype also exerted a heterogeneous effect on clinical Alzheimer's disease phenotype and its outcomes.Not only in learning and memory but also in neuro psychiatric symptoms that occur in a premorbid condition.Cla rifying the relationships between Alzheimer's disease-related pathology with neuropsychiatric symptoms,particularly suicidal ideation in Alzheimer's disease patients,may be useful for elucidating also the underlying pathophysiological process and its prognosis.Also,the effects of anti-amyloid-beta drugs,recently approved for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease,could be influenced by the APOE genotype.

Isoform-and cell-state-specific APOE homeostasis and function

Apolipoprotein E is the major lipid transporter in the brain and an important player in neuron-astrocyte metabolic coupling.It ensures the survival of neurons under stressful conditions and hyperactivity by nourishing and detoxifying them.Apolipoprotein E polymorphism,combined with environmental stresses and/or age-related alterations,influences the risk of developing late-onset Alzheimer’s disease.In this review,we discuss our current knowledge of how apolipoprotein E homeostasis,i.e.its synthesis,secretion,degradation,and lipidation,is affected in Alzheimer’s disease.

Liver as a new target organ in Alzheimer's disease:insight from cholesterol metabolism and its role in amyloid-beta clearance

Alzheimer's disease,the primary cause of dementia,is characterized by neuropathologies,such as amyloid plaques,synaptic and neuronal degeneration,and neurofibrillary tangles.Although amyloid plaques are the primary characteristic of Alzheimer's disease in the central nervous system and peripheral organs,targeting amyloid-beta clearance in the central nervous system has shown limited clinical efficacy in Alzheimer's disease treatment.Metabolic abnormalities are commonly observed in patients with Alzheimer's disease.The liver is the primary peripheral organ involved in amyloid-beta metabolism,playing a crucial role in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease.Notably,impaired cholesterol metabolism in the liver may exacerbate the development of Alzheimer's disease.In this review,we explore the underlying causes of Alzheimer's disease and elucidate the role of the liver in amyloid-beta clearance and cholesterol metabolism.Furthermore,we propose that restoring normal cholesterol metabolism in the liver could represent a promising therapeutic strategy for addressing Alzheimer's disease.

Ferroptosis mechanism and Alzheimer's disease

Regulated cell death is a genetically determined form of programmed cell death that commonly occurs during the development of living organisms.This process plays a crucial role in modulating homeostasis and is evolutionarily conserved across a diverse range of living organisms.Ferroptosis is a classic regulatory mode of cell death.Extensive studies of regulatory cell death in Alzheimer’s disease have yielded increasing evidence that fe rroptosis is closely related to the occurrence,development,and prognosis of Alzheimer’s disease.This review summarizes the molecular mechanisms of ferroptosis and recent research advances in the role of ferro ptosis in Alzheimer’s disease.Our findings are expected to serve as a theoretical and experimental foundation for clinical research and targeted therapy for Alzheimer’s disease.

Hepatocyte growth factor enhances the ability of dental pulp stem cells to ameliorate atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-knockout mice

BACKGROUND Atherosclerosis(AS),a chronic inflammatory disease of blood vessels,is a major contributor to cardiovascular disease.Dental pulp stem cells(DPSCs)are capable of exerting immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects by secreting cytokines and exosomes and are widely used to treat autoimmune and inflam-mation-related diseases.Hepatocyte growth factor(HGF)is a pleiotropic cytokine that plays a key role in many inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.AIM To modify DPSCs with HGF(DPSC-HGF)and evaluate the therapeutic effect of DPSC-HGF on AS using an apolipoprotein E-knockout(ApoE-/-)mouse model and an in vitro cellular model.METHODS ApoE-/-mice were fed with a high-fat diet(HFD)for 12 wk and injected with DPSC-HGF or Ad-Null modified DPSCs(DPSC-Null)through tail vein at weeks 4,7,and 11,respectively,and the therapeutic efficacy and mechanisms were analyzed by histopathology,flow cytometry,lipid and glucose measurements,real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR),and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay at the different time points of the experiment.An in vitro inflammatory cell model was established by using RAW264.7 cells and human aortic endothelial cells(HAOECs),and indirect co-cultured with supernatant of DPSC-Null(DPSC-Null-CM)or DPSC-HGF-CM,and the effect and mechanisms were analyzed by flow cytometry,RT-PCR and western blot.Nuclear factor-κB(NF-κB)activators and inhibitors were also used to validate the related signaling pathways.RESULTS DPSC-Null and DPSC-HGF treatments decreased the area of atherosclerotic plaques and reduced the expression of inflammatory factors,and the percentage of macrophages in the aorta,and DPSC-HGF treatment had more pronounced effects.DPSCs treatment had no effect on serum lipoprotein levels.The FACS results showed that DPSCs treatment reduced the percentages of monocytes,neutrophils,and M1 macrophages in the peripheral blood and spleen.DPSC-Null-CM and DPSC-HGF-CM reduced adhesion molecule expression in tumor necrosis factor-αstimulated HAOECs and regulated M1 polarization and inflammatory factor expression in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW264.7 cells by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway.CONCLUSION This study suggested that DPSC-HGF could more effectively ameliorate AS in ApoE-/-mice on a HFD,and could be of greater value in stem cell-based treatments for AS.

CYP2C19、APOE基因在慢性血管疾病中的表征及其与抗血小板药物研究进展

研究背景:研究证实阿司匹林对控制慢性血管疾病进展有显著效果,抗血小板药物应运而生。目前状况:抗血小板药物成为防治老年慢性疾病(chronic diseases of old age)不能或缺的常规性辅助治疗方案,阿司匹林、氯吡格雷、华法林、地奥斯明、利伐沙班等临床应用逐年增多,但效果参差不齐;同时,发生抗血小板药物抵抗或出血风险等不良反应的情况逐年增多,不但影响疗效,有些还威胁患者的生命,长期应用抗血小板药物的安全性问题可见一斑,安全有效的抗血小板方案备受关注。研究方法:对使用抗血小板药物的慢性血管疾病患者,观察其临床表现和治疗反应,检测其CYP2C19、APOE基因突变情况,用对照研究的方法探讨CYP2C19、APOE基因突变,慢性血管疾病临床表征及其与抗血小板药物反应的关系。结果和结论:CYP2C19和APOE基因突变在慢性血管疾病中可能有明确的临床特征,精准地掌控CYP2C19和APOE基因突变及其与临床药物精准靶点的关系,对慢性血管疾病的精准诊断和精准治疗都有现实意义。

Seed-Specific Expression of Apolipoprotein A-IMilano Dimer in Engineered Rice Lines

Apolipoprotein A-IMilano(ApoA-IM)has been shown to significantly reduce coronary atherosclerotic plaques.However,the preparation of cost-effective pharmaceutical formulations of ApoA-IM is limited by the high cost and difficulty of purifying the protein and producing the highly effective dimeric form.The aim of this study was to create an expression cassette that specifically drives the expression of dimeric ApoA-IM in the protein bodies of rice seeds.The ApoA-IM protein under control of the 13 kDa prolamin promoter is expressed exclusively in its dimeric form within the seeds,and immunocytochemical and immunogold analyses confirmed its expression in different caryopsis tissue such as seed coat,aleurone cell and endosperm,particularly in amyloplast and storage vacuoles.A plant-based ApoA-IM production system offered numerous advantages over current production systems,including the direct production of the most therapeutically effective dimeric ApoA-IM forms,long-term protein storage in seeds,and ease of protein production by simply growing plants.Therefore,seeds had the potential to serve as a costeffective source of therapeutic ApoA-IM.

Replacement of leisure-time sedentary behavior with various physical activities and the risk of dementia incidence and mortality:A prospective cohort study

Background:Whether or not there is targeted pharmacotherapy for dementia,an active and healthy lifestyle that includes physical activity(PA)may be a better option than medication for preventing dementia.We examined the association between leisure-time sedentary behavior(SB)and the risk of dementia incidence and mortality.We further quantified the effect on dementia risk of replacing sedentary time with an equal amount of time spent on different physical activities.Methods:In the UK Biobank,484,169 participants(mean age=56.5 years;45.2%men)free of dementia were followed from baseline(2006-2010)through July 30,2021.A standard questionnaire measured individual leisure-time SB(watching TV,computer use,and driving)and PA(walking for pleasure,light and heavy do-it-yourself activity,strenuous sports,and other exercise)frequency and duration in the 4 weeks prior to evaluation.Apolipoprotein E(APOE)genotype data were available for a subset of 397,519(82.1%)individuals.A Cox proportional hazard model and an isotemporal substitution model were used in this study.Results:During a median 12.4 years of follow-up,6904 all-cause dementia cases and 2115 deaths from dementia were recorded.In comparison to participants with leisure-time SB<5 h/day,the hazard ratio((HR),95%confidence interval(95%CI))of dementia incidence was 1.07(1.02-1.13)for 5-8 h/day and 1.25(1.13-1.38)for>8 h/day,and the HR of dementia mortality was 1.35(1.12-1.61)for>8 h/day.A 1 standard deviation increment of sedentary time(2.33 h/day)was strongly associated with a higher incidence of dementia and mortality(HR=1.06,95%CI:1.03-1.08 and HR=1.07,95%CI:1.03-1.12,respectively).The association between sedentary time and the risk of developing dementia was more profound in subjects<60 years than in those>60 years(HR=1.26,95%CI:1.00-1.58 vs.HR=1.21,95%CI:1.08-1.35 in>8 h/day,p for interaction=0.013).Replacing 30 min/day of leisure sedentary time with an equal time spent in total PA was associated with a6%decreased risk and 9%decreased mortality from dementia,with exercise(e.g.,swimming,cycling,aerobics,bowling)showing the strongest benefit(HR=0.82,95%CI:0.78-0.86 and HR=0.79,95%CI:0.72-0.86).Compared with APOEε4 noncarriers,APOEε4 carriers are more likely to see a decrease in Alzheimer’s disease incidence and mortality when PA is substituted for SB.Conclusion:Leisure-time SB was positively associated with the risk of dementia incidence and mortality.Replacing sedentary time with equal time spent doing PA may be associated with a significant reduction in dementia incidence and mortality risk.

Apolipoprotein E2 inhibits mitochondrial apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells through ERK1/2/CREB/BCL-2 signaling

Background: Apolipoprotein E2(ApoE2) is a pleiotropic protein that influences several aspects of cancer metabolism and development. Evading apoptosis is a vital factor for facilitating cancer cell growth. However, the role and mechanism of ApoE2 in regulating cell apoptosis of pancreatic cancer remain unclear. Methods: In this study, we firstly detected the m RNA and protein expressions of ApoE2 in PANC-1 and Capan-2 cells by real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. We then performed TUNEL and flow cytometric analyses to explore the role of recombinant human ApoE2, p CMV6-ApoE2 and si ApoE2 in the apoptosis of PANC-1 and Capan-2 cells. Furthermore, we investigated the molecular mechanism through which ApoE2 affected apoptosis in PANC-1 cells using immunofluorescence, immunoprecipitation, Western blotting and co-immunoprecipitation analysis. Results: ApoE2 phosphorylated ERK1/2 and inhibited pancreatic cancer cell apoptosis. In addition, our data showed that ApoE2/ERK1/2 altered the expression and mitochondrial localization of BCL-2 via activating CREB. ApoE2/ERK1/2/CREB also increased the total BCL-2/BAX ratio, inhibited the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore and the depolarization of mitochondrial transmembrane potential, blocked the leakage of cytochrome-c and the formation of the apoptosome, and consequently, suppressed mitochondrial apoptosis. Conclusions: ApoE2 regulates the mitochondrial localization and expression of BCL-2 through the activation of the ERK1/2/CREB signaling cascade to evade the mitochondrial apoptosis of pancreatic cancer cells. ApoE2 may be a distinct prognostic marker and a potential therapeutic target for pancreatic cancer.

Apolipoprotein C1 promotes tumor progression in gastric cancer

Background:Gastric cancer(GC)is a malignancy with the worst prognosis that seriously threatens human health,especially in East Asia.Apolipoprotein C1(apoc1)belongs to the apolipoprotein family.In addition,apoc1 has been associated with various tumors.However,its role in GC remains unclear.Methods:Firstly,we quantified its expression in GC and adjacent tumor tissues,using The Cancer Genome Atlas(TCGA).Next,we assessed cell invasion and migration abilities.Finally,we revealed the role of apoc1 in the tumor microenvironment(TME),immune cell infiltration and drug sensitivity.Results:Firstly,in TCGA database,it has been shown that elevated expression of apoc1 was identified in various cancers,including GC,then we found that high expression of apoc1 was significantly correlated with poor prognosis in GC.Histologically,apoc1 expression is proportional to grade,cancer stage,and T stage.The experimental results showed that apoc1 promoted cell invasion and migration.Then GO,KEGG,and GSEA pathway analyses indicated that apoc1 may be involved in the WNT pathway and immune regulation.Furthermore,we found out the tumor-infiltrating immune cells related to apoc1 in the tumor microenvironment(TME)using TIMER.Finally,we investigated the correlation between apoc1 expression and drug sensitivity,PD-1 and CTLA-4 therapy.Conclusions:These results suggest that apoc1 participates in the evolution of GC,and may represent a potential target for detection and immunotherapy in GC.

Apolipoprotein A1 suppresses the hypoxia-induced angiogenesis of human retinal endothelial cells by targeting PlGF

AIM:To investigate the anti-angiogenic effect of apolipoprotein A1(apoA1)on primary human retinal vascular endothelial cells(HRECs)and explore the possible mechanism.METHODS:The primary HRECs were transfected with apoA1-GFP recombinant lentiviral and were compared with cells undergoing transfection with empty lentiviral vectors.Hypoxia chambers were used to simulate the anoxic environment of cells under pathological condition.The concentrations of secreted vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF)and placental growth factor(PlGF)were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA).Cell migration ability was detected by wound healing assay.The sprouting of HRECs was determined by tube formation assay.The protein levels of extracellular signal regulated kinase 1/2(ERK1/2)and phosphor ylated ERK1/2(p-ERK1/2)were measured by Western blot.RESULTS:Overexpressed apoA1 in hypoxia-induced HRECs significantly suppressed PlGF(0.67±0.10 folds,P=0.007).Overexpressed apoA1 also attenuated hypoxiainduced cell migration(0.32±0.11 folds,P<0.0001),tube formation(0.66±0.01 folds,P<0.0001)and the phosphorylation levels of ERK(0.6±0.11 folds,P=0.025).Pretreatment of mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase(MEK)inhibitor(U0126)further reduced the PlGF and angiogenesis in hypoxia-induced HRECs.CONCLUSION:ApoA 1 inhibits the angiogenesis at least in part by inactivating ERK1/2 in hypoxia-induced HRECs.Moreover,apoA1 suppresses the PlGF expression,which selectively associated with pathological angiogenesis.

Association of apolipoprotein E gene polymorphism with the occurrence and therapeutic effect of ischemic stroke

At present,ischemic stroke seriously affects people's life and health,and its occurrence,development and therapeutic effect are affected by many factors.With the deep research on ischemic cerebral apoplexy disease,people have a deeper understanding of its virulence genes.The apolipoprotein E genotype is the research focus recently,its genetic type is not only involved in the occurrence and development of ischemic cerebral apoplexy,but also causes different therapeatic effects.In this paper,we reviewed the relationship between apolipoprotein E gene polymorphism and lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis in ischemic stroke,as well as the differences in the therapeutic effects of thrombolysis,thrombectomy and lipid-lowering among different genotypes.

Improving Cardiovascular Risk Assessment to Optimize Therapy

Background: Quantifying ten-year cardiovascular risk can be challenging. Different online risk calculators provide different risk estimates and online risk calculators use only one point in time. However, risk factors occur over the lifetime of the individual. Purpose: This manuscript provides three solutions to improving ten-year cardiovascular risk assessment in individuals at intermediate risk. Methods: Measuring Lipoprotein(a)—Lp(a) is recommended for assessing cardiovascular risk in all individuals who are in the intermediate risk category by standard online risk calculators. Lp(a) is primarily determined by genetic inheritance. It has the undesirable properties of being proatherosclerotic, proinflammatory, and prothrombotic. Measuring apolipoprotein B (apo B) provides a good index of the number of atherosclerotic particles present. Studies have demonstrated that small, dense LDL cholesterol particles are more atherogenic than larger, less dense LDL cholesterol particles. Measuring high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) provides a good estimation of the degree of inflammation in the vascular system. Inflammation is a critical component of heart attacks and strokes. It is increased in diabetes and obesity. Treatment to reduce inflammation results in a reduction of cardiovascular events, independent of lipid values. Results: The above three risk factors should be measured in all patients with an intermediate risk score. Routine assays are readily available at a reasonable cost. They are independent risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Their recommendation is based on the pathophysiology of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Successful therapy will result in the decrease of each of these risk factors. Conclusion: The recommended approach will improve the assessment of cardiovascular risk and guide the physician and patient to the correct treatment recommendations.

Alzheimer’s Disease Aβ-Amyloid Plaque Morphology Varies According to APOE Isotype

Background: The apolipoprotein E (APOE, gene;apoE, protein) ε4 allele is the most commonly identified genetic risk factor for typical late-onset sporadic Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Each APOE ε4 allele roughly triples the relative risk for AD compared to that of the reference allele, APOE ε3. Methods: We have employed hyperspectral fluorescence imaging with an amyloid-specific, conformation-sensing probe, p-FTAA, to elucidate protein aggregate structure and morphology in fresh frozen prefrontal cortex samples from human postmortem AD brain tissue samples from patients homozygous for either APOE ε3 or APOE ε4. Results: As expected APOE ε4/ε4 tissues had a significantly larger load of CAA than APOE ε3/ε3. APOE isoform-dependent morphological differences in amyloid plaques were also observed. Amyloid plaques in APOE ε3/ε3 tissue had small spherical cores and large coronas while amyloid plaques in APOE ε4/ε4 tissues had large irregular and multi-lobulated plaques with relatively smaller coronas. Despite the different morphologies of their cores, the p-FTAA stained APOE ε3/ε3 amyloid plaque cores had spectral properties identical to those of APOE ε4/ε4 plaque cores. Conclusions: These data support the hypothesis that one mechanism by which the APOE ε4 allele affects AD is by modulating the macrostructure of pathological protein deposits in the brain. APOE ε4 is associated with a higher density of amyloid plaques (as compared to APOE ε3). We speculate that multilobulated APOE ε4-associated plaques arise from multiple initiation foci that coalesce as the plaques grow.