Comprehensive applicability evaluation of four precipitation products at multiple spatiotemporal scales in Northwest China

Precipitation plays a crucial role in the water cycle of Northwest China.Obtaining accurate precipitation data is crucial for regional water resource management,hydrological forecasting,flood control and drought relief.Currently,the applicability of multi-source precipitation products for long time series in Northwest China has not been thoroughly evaluated.In this study,precipitation data from 183 meteorological stations in Northwest China from 1979 to 2020 were selected to assess the regional applicability of four precipitation products(the fifth generation of European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ECMWF)atmospheric reanalysis of the global climate(ERA5),Global Precipitation Climatology Centre(GPCC),Climatic Research Unit gridded Time Series Version 4.07(CRU TS v4.07,hereafter CRU),and Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission(TRMM))based on the following statistical indicators:correlation coefficient,root mean square error(RMSE),relative bias(RB),mean absolute error(MAE),probability of detection(POD),false alarm ratio(FAR),and equitable threat score(ETS).The results showed that precipitation in Northwest China was generally high in the east and low in the west,and exhibited an increasing trend from 1979 to 2020.Compared with the station observations,ERA5 showed a larger spatial distribution difference than the other products.The overall overestimation of multi-year average precipitation was approximately 200.00 mm and the degree of overestimation increased with increasing precipitation intensity.The multi-year average precipitation of GPCC and CRU was relatively close to that of station observations.The trend of annual precipitation of TRMM was overestimated in high-altitude regions and the eastern part of Lanzhou with more precipitation.At the monthly scale,GPCC performed well but underestimated precipitation in the Tarim Basin(RB=-4.11%),while ERA5 and TRMM exhibited poor accuracy in high-altitude regions.ERA5 had a large bias(RB≥120.00%)in winter months and a strong dispersion(RMSE≥35.00 mm)in summer months.TRMM showed a relatively low correlation with station observations in winter months(correlation coefficients≤0.70).The capture performance analysis showed that ERA5,GPCC,and TRMM had lower POD and ETS values and higher FAR values in Northwest China as the precipitation intensity increased.ERA5 showed a high capture performance for small precipitation events and a slower decreasing trend of POD as the precipitation intensity increased.GPCC had the lowest FAR values.TRMM was statistically ineffective for predicting the occurrence of daily precipitation events.The findings provide a reference for data users to select appropriate datasets in Northwest China and for data developers to develop new precipitation products in the future.

Preliminary Study on Overseas Applicability of Chinese Architectural Design Standards:Taking China-Aided Construction Projects in Asia Since the Belt and Road Initiative as Examples

This research takes China-aided construction projects in Asia since the Belt and Road Initiative as examples to explore the applicability of Chinese architectural design standards in other Asian countries.So far,the standards demonstrated the highest applicability in South Asia is the best followed by Southeast Asia.Chinese architectural design standards for educational buildings showed the highest applicability,followed by office,medical,and sports buildings.This study puts forward some strategies to improve the applicability of Chinese architectural design standards.These strategies include integrating regionalism and local cultural traditions,optimizing energy efficiency,and aligning designs with local usage habits.This study serves as a reference for similar projects in the future.

Complexity and applicability analysis among OVM, GFM and FVDM models

The complexity and applicability of three relative car-following models are investigated and they are the optimal velocity model （OVM）,the generalized force model （GFM） and the full velocity difference model （FVDM）.The vehicle trajectory data used is collected from the digital pictures obtained at a 30-storey building near Ⅰ-80 freeway.Three different calibrating methods are used to estimate the model parameters and to study the relationships between model complexity and applicability from overall,inter-driver and intra-driver analysis.Results of the three methods of the OVM,GFM and FVDM show that the complexity and applicability are not consistent and the complicated models are not always superior to the simple ones in modeling car-following.The findings of this study can provide useful information for car-following behavior modeling.

外泌体来源非编码RNA对骨关节炎微环境的作用及临床应用进展

背景:骨关节炎是一种常见的关节退行性疾病,其发生发展的病因学机制尚不清楚。早期骨关节炎的及时诊治十分重要,目前尚无确切有效的方法。外泌体来源广泛,其中包含非编码RNA(Non-coding RNAs,ncRNAs),如微小RNAs、环状RNAs和长链非编码RNAs。外泌体ncRNAs可直接从原始细胞递送至邻近或远程细胞,通过细胞间通讯调节细胞活性,在重塑骨关节微环境中具有重要的调控作用。目的:总结外泌体来源ncRNAs对骨关节炎关节内微环境的干预作用,以及在临床应用中取得的进展,阐明其在骨关节炎诊治方面的潜力。方法:以“exosomes,non-coding RNA,osteoarthritis,application,signal pathway,synovial fluid,cartilage cells,cartilage matrix,subchondral bone,mechanism”为检索词在PubMed数据库中进行检索,最终纳入66篇相关文献进行综述分析。结果与结论:①外泌体来源ncRNAs在骨关节炎的发病过程中对关节内微环境具有重要调控作用,主要体现在外泌体ncRNAs调控关节内炎症反应、软骨细胞及软骨基质的退化,软骨下骨重塑和细胞间通讯。②外泌体中的ncRNAs可以作为骨关节炎的生物标志物,帮助骨关节炎的早期诊断和监测疾病进展与预后。③外泌体ncRNAs可作为骨关节炎的治疗靶点,外泌体携带miRNAs递送到关节的软骨细胞及软骨基质,发挥调控作用。④外泌体ncRNAs可以通过调控基因表达、促进细胞间通讯,提高软骨组织工程的效果,修复或再生受损软骨。⑤未来研究者应继续发掘外泌体来源ncRNAs对骨关节炎的干预机制,并可结合最新软骨组织工程的研究成果应用到临床之中,这将有效帮助解决骨关节炎患者的病痛。

Advances in ethnopharmacology,phytochemistry and pharmacology of Erigerontis Herba and its Chinese medicine prescriptions

Erigerontis Herba(EH),the dried whole plant of Erigeron breviscapus,is well-known for circulating blood,activating meridians to alleviate pain,expelling wind,and clearing away cold.It has been extensively utilized in southern China for the treatment of stroke hemiplegia,chest stuffiness and pains,rheumatic arthralgia,headache,and toothache.This review focuses on the botany,ethnopharmacology,phytochemistry,pharmacology and toxicity of EH and its related prescriptions to offer new insights for prospective research of EH.Relevant information about EH was retrieved from ancient records and books,PubMed,China National Knowledge Infrastructure,Chinese Pharmacopoeia,Web of Science,Doctoral and Master’s Theses,and various electronic databases.EH is a member of Compositae family and is mainly grown in southern China.Traditional Chinese medicine records that EH has the effects of circulating blood and removing blood stasis,expelling wind,and removing cold,as well as relieving rigidity of muscle and relieving pain.By now,nearly 200 ingredients have been characterized from EH,including flavonoids,caffeoyls,aromatic acids,coumarins,pentacyclic terpenoids,volatile oil and other compounds.EH extracts,EH related prescriptions(Dengzhan Xixin injection,Dengzhan Shengmai capsules,etc.)or compounds(scutellarin,scutellarein,etc.)possessed obvious therapeutic effects of ischemic stroke,cerebral hemorrhage,myocardial infarction,Alzheimer’s disease,diabetes and its complications,gastric cancer,bone,and joint degenerative diseases.Scutellarin,the major active compound of EH,has been used as a quality marker.And no obvious toxicity of EH has been reported.According to its traditional applications,ethnopharmacology,phytochemistry,pharmacology,and toxicity,EH was applied as a valuable herb for clinical application in food and medicine fields.While several compounds have been shown to possess diverse biological activities,the underlying mechanisms of their actions remain elusive.To fully exploit the medicinal potential of EH,further studies on understanding the effective material basis and mechanisms are warranted.

使用合规农药能确保农产品“地头”质量安全吗?——基于豇豆农户的扎根理论分析

新的农产品质量安全法首次将小农户施药行为纳入监管范围,进一步厘清农户施药行为的影响机理与因素,有助于政府精准施策。通过对海南3个村32户农民豇豆种植过程的全程蹲点跟踪,对豇豆施药环节的参与式观察与深度访谈,运用扎根理论分析了访谈资料。研究发现:农户施药环节是一个复杂的行为选择过程,即使施用合规农药也不能确保农产品在产地的质量安全。在合规农药视角下影响农户施药行为选择的最重要因素是信息渠道,其次是农产品质量安全管理的政策强度、农产品市场价格和农村劳动用工成本。同时,邻里效应在农户施药行为选择中的作用越来越弱。在此基础上提出,要增加农户用药信息的有效供给渠道,加强农产品质量安全的全面检测,坚持为农户提供形式多样的有针对性的有效培训,增加重要食用农产品质量安全关键技术供给与推广,加强农产品“优质优价”市场建设的政策建议,并进一步指出海南自贸港建设和RECP协议实施背景下提升海南农产品质量安全水平的紧迫性。

Efficient Preparation and Characterization of Functional Graphene with Versatile Applicability

Graphene,as star versatile materials having extraordinarily high electric conductivity,electron mobility,thermal conductivity,thermal stability,optical transparency,and mechanical strength,has attracted much attention from scientists and engineers in the field of materials,chemistry,physics,energy,and environment in the last decade and achieved fruitful accomplishment.This review discusses preparation strategies,functionality,characterization,and applications for two dimensional nanosheet and quasi-onedimensional nanoribbon of graphene through direct exfoliation of graphite,chemical vapor deposition of hydrocarbon,laser-induced direct synthesis of graphene,laser etched graphene oxide in the dry state without the use of toxic reducing agent hydrazine,unzipping carbon nanotube,and polycondensation of polycyclic aromatics on the basis of 178 representative references mostly in 2015.The stabilization of graphene oxide prepared in chemical preparation in " top-down" is emphasized.Several vital classic methods of characterizing molecular structure,C/O ratio,defect,morphology,single-or few-layered( 2 to 10 layers) structure,porous and hollow structures,including Raman spectroscopy,AFM,SEM,TEM,STM,electron diffraction,X-ray diffraction,and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy are systematically introduced.Because graphene possesses novel incomparable multifunctionalities,its versatile applications as novel conducting additives,reinforcing filler,separation membrane,sensor,anticorrosive coating,catalyst,electromagnetic shield,lubricant,and flexible electrode materials in electrochemical and electronic devices,including photovoltaic cells,supercapacitors,rechargeable batteries,sensors,field effect transistors,light emitting diodes,separation membranes,adsorbents and absorbents,catalysts,electro-optic modulator,terahertz emitter and detector,and semiconductors,have been mentioned.Especially in the aspect of both high performance and cost-effectiveness,graphene is expected to be even superior to the expensive carbon nanotubes.

Gradation equation of coarse-grained soil and its applicability

Gradation equation is one way to describe the gradation of coarse-grained soil conveniently,exactly and quantitatively.With the gradation equation,the influence of gradation on the mechanical behaviors of coarse-grained soil can be expressed quantitatively.A new gradation equation with a parameter is proposed.The basic properties and applicability of the new equation are studied.The results show that the proposed equation has the applicability to express coarse-grained soil gradation(CSG),and the range of the parameter β is found to be 0<β<1.The value ofbdetermines the gradation curve shape.If β>0.5,the gradation curve is sigmoidal,otherwise the gradation curve is hyperbolic.For well graded gradations,the parameter has the value of 0.13<β<1.Several CSGs used in domestic and foreign earth-rockfill dams are probed,and the value of the parameterbfalls in the range of 0.18 to 0.97.The investigation of the range of β is of value to guide the design for CSG of earth-rockfill dam.

Preliminary Study on Applicability of Microsatellite DNA Primers from Parasite Protozoa Trypanosoma cruzi in Free-living Protozoa

In this paper, we took the lead in studying on specificity of the microsatellite DNA loci and applicability of mi crosatellite DNA primers in protozoa. In order to study characters of microsatellites in free living protozoa, eight microsatellite loci primers developed from Trypanosoma cruzi (MCLE01, SCLE10, MCLE08, SCLE11, MCLF10, MCLG10, MCL03, MCL05) were employed to amplify microsatellite in four free living protozoa, including Bodo designis, Euglena gracilis FACHB848, Paramecium bruzise and Tetrahymena thermophila BF1. In the amplification systems of P. bruzise, four loci (SCLE10, SCLE11, MCLF10, MCL03) were amplified successfully, and four amplification fragments were in proper size. In genome of E. gracilis FACHB848, five of eight primers brought five clear amplification bands. In B. designis, three (No.4, 5 and 7) of eight loci produced clear and sharp products without stutter bands, whereas no bands appeared in T. thermophila BF1. Further, eight 300-500 bp amplification fragments were cloned and sequenced. Nevertheless, all sequenced products did not contain corresponding microsatellite sequence, although Bodo is in the same order and has the nearest phylogenetic relation with Trypanosoma among these four species. Thus, the microsatellite DNA primers can not be applied among order or more far taxa, and the specificity of microsatellite DNA is very high in protozoa. The results of this study will contribute to our understanding of microsatellite DNA in protozoa.

流通式-时间分辨分析技术在地质领域的应用进展

流通式-时间分辨分析系统(简称FT-TRA)是二十一世纪初新发展起来的一种快速反应(溶解)-在线分析系统,由淋洗液混合单元、反应单元与分析单元组成,核心功能是通过特定流动相淋洗样品池中的微量样品,分离或去除样品中的特定组分,并监测样品不同元素和矿物组分的出溶特征,实现高分辨的在线过程分析。本文综述了FT-TRA系统的技术原理与软硬件组成、实验方法与操作要点及地质应用发展过程,重点对该系统在地质应用过程中出现的争议点进行阐释与分析,并基于其发展现状展望其未来发展方向与潜力。FT-TRA系统目前主要的地质应用包括古海洋学与古环境学研究代用指标的验证(如有孔虫、介形虫淋洗)、矿物溶解过程与反应动力学研究、环境样品的元素相态分析等。FT-TRA系统以溶解并提取有孔虫/介形虫壳体的元素组成信号作为还原古海洋指标的重要手段,与传统批处理法相比,该方法被认为具有实时监测清洁程度、降低损失率并实现差异溶解的优势,能够获取更精细的壳体化学组成信息;测试矿物溶解态与溶解参数也是FT-TRA系统的重要功能之一,该系统的实验室模拟能够与模型结合探究不同类型矿物在稳态下的溶解动力学,为研究矿物在自然状态下的溶解过程提供启示;近些年来该系统还逐渐被用于矿物反应性测试,其中将气相CO_(2)作为淋滤液与矿物反应的研究可能在全球变暖及CO_(2)的人工捕捉课题上具有潜在应用价值。FT-TRA系统运行中涉及的不同组分的溶解机制是其应用过程中亟待解决的重要问题,进一步完善其溶解动力学原理必然将为该系统的未来发展提供更多如多类型地质样品溶解、矿物的模拟合成等新思路。

Applicability of the Friedberg-Lee-Zhao Method

Friedberg, Lee and Zhao (FLZ) proposed a method for effectively evaluating the eigenenergies and eigen wavefunctions of quantum systems. In this work, we study several special cases to investigate applicability of the method.Concretely, we calculate the ground-state eigenenergy of the Hellmann potential as well as the Cornell potential, and also evaluate the energies of the systems where linear term is added to the Coulomb as a perturbation. The results obtained in this method have a surprising agreement with the traditional method or the numerical results. Since the results in this method have obvious analyticity compared to that in other methods, and because of the simplicity for calculations this method can be applied to solving the Schrodinger equation and provides us a better understanding of the physical essence of the concerned systems. But meanwhile applications of the FLZ method are restricted at present, especially for certain potential forms, but due to its obvious advantages, it should be further developed.

On the applicability of adiabatic approximation in multiphonon recombination theory

A recent paper by C.H.Henry and D.V.Lang claims that the adiabatic approximation breaks down in the neighborhood of the intersection of the adiabatic potential curves for the two electronic states,between which multiphonon transitions occur.It is shown that their claim is not justified;what they consider to be the sign of failure of the adiabatic approximation is no more than an indication of the fact that owing to the uncertainty principle,there is a finite neighborhood around the above mentioned point of intersection,throughout which multi-phonon transitions can occur.Direct calculation of the multi-phonon transition probability on the basis of the adiabatic approximation gives in fact a result identical with the result obtained with their version of the theory.Further discussions contend that in more general situations Henry and Lang's formulation of the theory will no longer be applicable and a proper adiabatic approximation treatment by first lifting the degeneracy at the intersection point will be necessary.

论监察从宽处罚建议制度的适用及其完善

监察从宽处罚建议是监察机关在职务犯罪案件调查过程中享有的一项职权,该项制度对于落实宽严相济的刑事政策以及提高职务犯罪案件调查效果具有重要意义。《中华人民共和国监察法》《中华人民共和国监察法实施条例》对监察从宽处罚建议制度的适用条件和程序进行了明确规定,监察实践中该项制度的适用也取得了较好的效果。但是结合规范与实践分析,监察从宽处罚建议适用制度仍然存在着适用条件模糊、适用效力不清以及适用比例不均衡等现象,为此应当在厘清监察从宽处罚建议性质的基础上,有针对性地对该项制度进行完善,以发挥其在职务犯罪案件处理中的作用。

Applicability of the Welch method for examining self-noise level parameters for broadband seismometers

Seismometer self-noise levels were determined using Sleeman’s three-sensor method in combination with the Welch method for different parameter combinations. The self-noise levels decreased with the increasing segment window length, which is equivalent to the subwindow length, and with the increasing segment overlap rate for different frequency points at a fixed band. After the statistical examination of 9800 different parameter combinations, a zone of reasonable self-noise calculation parameter combinations was identified. Reasons for the unsuitability of certain parameter combinations were explored with respect to their distortion of the seismometer’s self-noise levels.

On Applicability of Public Rental Housing

Applicability of public rental housing was analyzed from the perspectives of site selection, tenant and indoor environment. Special needs of seniors and the physically disabled, in particular, were taken into consideration, indoor barrier-free designs were analyzed to further improve applicability of public rental housing.

A Preliminary Analysis on the Applicability of ERA5 Reanalysis Data in Guangdong Province

In order to effectively use the ERA5 reanalysis data,observation data in and around Guangdong Province was used to evaluate the reanalysis data by analyzing the correlation coefficient and deviation. The results showed that among the surface elements,the sea level pressure and air temperature performed the best reproducibility,second the relative humidity and wind speed,and they had better performance in the Pearl River Delta and its surrounding areas,while the worst was wind direction. Except the relative humidity,elements had better performance at higher levels than lower levels among the ERA5 reanalysis upper-air data.

梯度人工骨修复支架调控骨骼系统组织的修复与再生

背景:梯度人工骨修复支架模拟了骨骼系统中的独特特征,在骨骼系统再生中具有巨大的应用潜力。目的:综述梯度人工骨修复支架在骨骼系统组织工程中的最新研究进展,并阐述了其优势与制造策略。方法:由第一作者检索Web of Science和PubMed数据库2000-2023年发表的文献,英文检索词为“gradient,bone regeneration,scaffold”,最终筛选后对76篇文献进行分析总结。结果与结论:①作为骨骼系统组织高效、高质量修复的重要手段,梯度人工骨修复支架目前针对骨组织、骨-软骨、肌腱-骨组织的天然梯度特征进行了仿生设计,这些支架能够一定程度地从结构、成分上模拟原生组织的细胞外基质,从而促进细胞黏附、迁移、增殖和分化,促进受损组织向原生状态再生恢复。②先进制造技术为梯度人工骨修复支架制备提供了更多可能;目前已经开发了通过空间差异化纤维排布和生物活性物质加载构建的梯度电纺纤维支架;分层叠加、分级孔隙率与生物3D打印技术制造的梯度3D打印支架;原位分层注射、简单逐层叠加、冷冻干燥法制造的梯度水凝胶支架;另外还包括其他方式或多方法联用的支架;这些支架在体外实验中展示了良好的生物相容性,在小型动物实验中能够加速组织再生并且观察到组织学结构明显改善。③目前开发的梯度人工骨修复支架仍需进一步优化,提高在梯度尺度上的匹配性,进一步明确材料与组织相互作用,避免降解产物导致的副反应等问题,未来需要结合相关学科优势与临床需求进一步优化。

富血小板血浆来源的血小板细胞外囊泡分离技术与应用

背景:血小板细胞外囊泡是循环中最丰富的囊泡,富含丰富的生物活性分子、遗传物质及蛋白质等信息分子,参与细胞通讯和物质交换,不仅具有良好的促凝活性,还具有促进组织修复和再生的巨大潜力,在再生医学具有广泛的应用前景。目的:从血小板细胞外囊泡的分泌机制、在再生医学领域的应用及临床转化的限制因素进行阐述,为血小板细胞外囊泡的临床转化提供一些理论支撑。方法:应用计算机检索2005年1月至2023年8月PubMed数据库与血小板细胞外囊泡有关的文章,英文检索词为“platelet-derived,plateletrich plasma,extracellular vesicles,isolated,microvesicles exosomes,applications”,最后纳入符合主题标准的文献62篇进行综述分析。结果与结论:(1)活化的血小板细胞外囊泡可产生血小板微囊泡和血小板外泌体两种类型的囊泡,前者的分泌可能与肌动蛋白细胞骨架的不对称性相关,后者的分泌可能与H^(+)-ATP酶的调节相关。(2)血小板细胞外囊泡是血小板浓缩物和血小板本身的潜在效应物,可能通过促进血管生成、影响细胞行为、促凝与止血以及发挥炎症作用等几方面影响组织再生。(3)血小板细胞外囊泡在组织损伤、肌肉再生、软骨再生、骨关节炎等再生医学领域已有临床前报道,作为伤口愈合的潜在治疗方法已有临床试验数据,但血小板细胞外囊泡的分离方法、样本来源以及激活剂的种类等因素限制了血小板细胞外囊泡在再生医学领域的临床转化。(4)未来血小板细胞外囊泡可能成为再生医学中替代富血小板血浆的无细胞疗法,其临床转化还需要积极寻找鉴别血小板细胞外囊泡和血小板外泌体的特异性标志物,在激活剂刺激血小板细胞外囊泡产生的机制以及血小板细胞外囊泡的最佳收集方式、最佳储存方法、保质期限、临床应用的推荐剂量和最佳临床适应证还需要继续深入研究。

美国公法域外适用机制及中国因应研究

公法域外适用衍生于国际体系的结构性演变,有着经济全球化下独特的政治、经济与意识形态背景。其在公法域外适用需求的显现、国家主权观念的转换、公法禁忌原则的突破以及法律形式的嬗变上,具备了一定的存在基础。但是近年来,囿于美国国际法理念的转变,其由原先对严格属地主义的固守转为对国家利益至上的推崇,因而在公法域外适用上愈发地恣意与专断,使公法域外适用存在严重的法律、外交和道德张力。为应对美国公法域外适用,中国须秉承防御与建设共进的思路。一方面,加强国际合作共同抗衡美国公法域外适用制度的滥用,同时健全中国的反制法律体系;另一方面,梳理总结美国多年来在公法域外适用过程中形成的丰富经验,在此基础上构建完善符合国际法基本原则的中国法域外适用制度。

固态胶原基材料在医疗器械中的应用

背景:胶原蛋白是细胞外基质的主要构成成分,具有稳定的三螺旋结构特性、良好的生物学特性和可加工性,是一种理想的生物医用材料,已被广泛应用于医疗器械领域。目的:分析固态胶原基材料的主要产品形态、技术特点、制备工艺和临床应用。方法:应用计算机检索PubMed和中国知网数据库收录的有关固态胶原基材料在医疗器械领域应用的研究,英文检索词为“collagen,collagen sponge,collagen membrane,collagen powder,collagen gel,decellularized extracellular martix,medical device,clinical application”,中文检索词为“胶原,胶原海绵,胶原膜,胶原粉,胶原凝胶,脱细胞基质,医疗器械,临床应用”。根据纳入与排除标准对所有文章进行初筛后,保留质量和相关性较高的92篇文献进行综述。结果与结论:以动物源来源固态胶原基材料作为医疗器械制备材料,已在原料提取、制备工艺及临床应用等方面取得显著进展,海洋生物胶原和重组胶原增加了胶原来源的可选择性。固态胶原基医疗器械产品类型丰富,制备方法多样,其中交联改性是提升材料性能的重要途径,值得被深入研究。在产品开发思路上,固态胶原基医疗器械产品研究正朝着立体化和仿生化方向发展,与其他生物材料、药物复合的研究也展现出巨大潜力。尽管国内已有不少胶原基医疗器械应用于临床,但在人工皮肤、软骨修复和神经损伤修复等领域的产品开发仍显不足,需在技术和产业化上进一步突破与创新。