中医药适宜技术推广协同治理机制构建研究

目的通过构建中医药适宜技术推广协同治理机制,增强群众对中医药适宜技术的接受度,为进一步提升中医药适宜技术推广应用的力度与深度提供参考。方法梳理中医药适宜技术相关政策,运用协同治理理论,从协同驱动主体、制度保障、服务资源3个维度思考中医药适宜技术推广协同运转机制。结果结合协同驱动主体、制度保障、服务资源3个维度的要素,构建横向联动、纵向同质化执行的中医药适宜技术推广协同治理机制。结论基于协同驱动主体、制度保障、服务资源3个维度构建的中医药适宜技术推广协同治理机制,对于提高中医药适宜技术的普及性、满足基层群众多元化多层次健康需求具有现实意义。

Innovative Fuel Energy Saving Practices among the Small Farming Households, Ethiopia

Many studies have indicated that traditional cooking stoves are inefficient and their use leads to the acceleration of deforestation, the decline of land productivity, subsequently triggering climate changes and human health problems. On the other hand, the introduced ＂improved cooking stoves＂ also have their own disadvantages. Therefore, the case study was conducted aiming to study the rationale of using traditional stoves and document the innovative biomass energy saving practices of the community. The research studied two pilot areas in rural community with different agro-ecology and farming systems. Moreover, individual and focus group discussions were conducted among women households using transect and random sampling. The f＇mdings indicate that use of traditional stoves is dominant practice due to flexibility, simplicity and multi-functionality. Moreover, the biomass fuel use is integral part of the fanning system, socio-cultural framework and habits and customs of local community. The study has documented local innovation practices of biomass energy saving by improving stoves and chimney, combining different crops in food cooking, improving local beer processing, shifting crop-land to woodland. Moreover, the study reveals that the enclosure of communal forests due to the modem extension services is attributed with long distance travel to collect fuel wood, leading to conflicts and declines livelihood diversity of the poor population. Hence, consideration of local initiatives in development of appropriate and sustainable technology is essential.

Sustainabilty of Rice Processing in Rural Sub-Saharan Africa

Energy and environmental sustainability are important considerations for increased rice production. This study examined the energy utilization and sustainability of rice processing in sub-Saharan Africa. The community of Gadan Loko village in the song local government of Adamawa State, Nigeria was selected as the focus of study. Rice parboiling, the most energy intensive process in rice processing is carried out usually by women in small quantities of about 13.2 kg using traditional pots on tripod support stoves. The parboiled rice is sun dried on mats before it is taken to the milling stalls where it is milled using milling machines driven by single cylinder diesel engines. There were large variations in the quality of milled rice due to lack of consistency in processing parameters. Accumulation of rice husk in the community created important environmental issues. In this study, methods of improving sustainability of rice processing were investigated. The areas included： the utilization of waste heat from the diesel engines for improved drying and efficient pre-soaking; the utilization of solar energy for pre-soaking; the utilization of rice husks as alternative fuel to firewood; and the optimization and redesign of the stoves and parboiling vessels to minimize heat loss to the environment. The results showed that the utilization of rice husk as alternative fuel and the redesign of the stoves and parboiling vessels will increase the sustainability of rice processing and can be easily adopted by the community. While solar energy pre-soaking was not economical and the utilization of waste heat from the diesel engines for drying and pre-soaking would be difficult to implement at the rural scale, because most of the parboiling is done far away from the milling stalls. The study showed that research, development of appropriate technology, and education （RATE） of the rural community is an important way of increasing sustainability.

Comparison of Modernization Paths between China and Japan

China twice missed the opportunities of industrial revolution during the late Qing Dynasty, and fell behind Japan both in economic growth and modernization level. Faced with the historic opportunity of the third industrial revolution, China seized the first window of opportunity through opening-up and reform. However, how to seize the second window of opportunity provided by the new technological revolution to catch up in technologies and industries becomes the key issue for China in upgrading China＇s economy and transitioning from “made in China” to “intelligent manufacturing in China.” Based on theoretical models and numerical simulations, this paper summarizes and analyzes the different industrial and technological evolutionary patterns of China during the Modernization Movement in the Qing Dynasty and Japan during the Meiji Restoration. The main finding of this paper is that an economy can only expand its overall products in the most convenient way and maximize economic surplus when it chooses the appropriate technology which suites its own factor endowments for production. This implies that governments of late developing countries shouM focus on the structural upgrade of their factor endowments instead of purely pursuing advanced industries and technologies.

A SUSTAINABLE LOW COST PROCESS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF BIODIESEL SUITABLE FOR UNDERDEVELOPED REGIONS

Access to fuels for transportation and electric power for buildings is a critical component for prosperity.Reliable sources of energy are often difficult to access in rural or underdeveloped regions.Although developing countries in tropical regions are often rich in biological resources,such as biomass and oil seeds,however,extreme poverty,lack of an educated populace and an absence of a reliable manufacturing infrastructure mean that these resources go largely untapped.This contribution will describe the design of a promising prototype for an appropriate technology for the sustainable,low-cost production of biodiesel and its required raw materials from locally available materials and feed stocks.The biodiesel processor will be fuelled by wood or charcoal,consist of no moving parts and utilize passive temperature control.This novel process will be safe,easy to operate and suitable for individual or community scale production.The project described herein has been developed in collaboration with the African Centre for Renewable Energy and Sustainable Technology(ACREST),an NGO in Cameroon.Further,the implementation of this process by a student team in Bangang Village,Cameroon in sub-Saharan Africa will be described.This project is part of a student led People,Prosperity and the Planet design project,sponsored by the U.S.Environmental Protection Agency.

Rural Urban Sustainability in Malinalco, Mexico

Design of a rural-urban sustainable consists six small businesses that use appropriate technologies, human work and natural resources of the region. The six sustainable technological-economic activities will be localized in a single field, so, there is interaction between all activities and workers. The site also have to educate the surrounding communities to environmental issues. It is also a demonstration of how to improve the economic development of a region without damaging the environment. The proposal is to create a cooperative society with interested persons of the area and working groups for the six proposed technical and economic activities.