Investigation of Types and Hazard of Weeds in Coffea arabica Orchads in Nujiang River Basin

[Objective] Through the investigation of weeds in Coffea arabica orchads in NuJiang River basin, this study aimed to provide scientific guidance for the weed control and improving the ecological and economic benefits of the plantation of Cof- fea arabica. [Method] The types of weeds and the characteristics of weed occur- rence in Coffea arabica orchads in Nujiang River basin were investigated from July to August in 2012. [Result] The results showed that there were 69 types of weeds belonging to 21 families in Coffea arabica orchads. The predominant harmful types were shown as follows： Commelina nudiflora L. ＋ Leptochloa chinensis, Cyperus ro- tundus L. ＋ Bidens pilosa L. ＋ Eleusine indica, Imperata cylindrical ＋ Ageratum conyzoides L. ＋ Eupatorium odoratum L., Ageratum conyzoides L. ＋ Digitaria san- guinalis （L.） Scop. The preponderant weeds consisted mainly of 10 species, namely, Cyperus rotundus L., Commelina nudiflora L., Leptochloa chinensis, Digitaria san- guinalis （L.） Scop, Imperata cylindrical, Bidens pilosa L., Ageratum conyzoides L, E- upatorium odoratum L., Eleusine indica and Chenopodium serotinum L. [Conclusion] The result from this study is of great significance for the plantation of Coffea arabica in Nujiang River basin, as well as the control of weeds.

Effects of drip irrigation modes on growth and physiological characteristics of Arabica coffee under different N levels

The objective of this study was to obtain the water-saving and efficient production mode of Arabica coffee. The effects of three drip irrigation modes,conventional drip irrigation( CDI),alternate drip irrigation( ADI) and fixed drip irrigation( FDI) on growth,photosynthetic characteristics,biomass accumulation and irrigation water use efficiency of Arabica coffee were investigated under three nitrogen levels,high nitrogen( NH),middle nitrogen( NM) and low nitrogen( NL). The results show that there was a significant Logistic curve between the plant height,the stem diameter of Arabica coffee and growth days. Compared with CDI,ADI had no significant effects on leaf net photosynthetic rate,stomatal conductance,instantaneous water use efficiency and biomass accumulation above ground of Arabica coffee,while FDI decreased significantly,ADI and FDI increased irrigation water use efficiency by 50. 59% and 32. 85%,respectively. Compared with NH,with the reduction of N application rate,net photosynthetic rate,stomatal conductance,biomass accumulation above ground and irrigation water use efficiency decreased by 6. 81%-12. 30%,13. 70%-22. 69%,9. 61%-16. 67% and 9. 78%-15. 64%,respectively. Compared with CDINH,ADINHdecreased net photosynthesis rate and the stomatal conductance not significantly,other treatments decreased by 9. 16%-19. 22%,14. 49%-32. 91%,and decreased biomass accumulation above ground by 8. 26%-27. 34% except ADINH,and increased irrigation water use efficiency by 16. 46%-60. 95% except CDINMand CDINL. Therefore,alternate drip irrigation under high N level( ADINH) is the best water and nitrogen coupling mode of young Arabica coffee tree for water efficiency.

New Dammarane Triterpenoids,Caffruones A–D,from the Cherries of Coffea arabica

In present study,four new dammarane-type triterpenoids,namely caffruones A–D(1–4),were isolated from the cherries of Coffea arabica.Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis including 1D,2D NMR(HSQC,HMBC,^(1)H–^(1)H COSY,and ROESY),HRMS and IR spectra.This is the first time that tetracyclic triterpenes have been reported in genus Coffea.

Characterization of New Ent-kaurane Diterpenoids of Yunnan Arabica Coffee Beans

Five new ent-kaurane diterpenoids,named mascaroside Ⅲ–Ⅴ(1–3),and 20-nor-cofaryloside Ⅰ–Ⅱ(4–5),together with seven known diterpenoids,were isolated from methanol extracts of the green coffee beans of Yunnan Arabica Coffee.Their chemical structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analyses.Meanwhile,cytotoxicity assay against HL-60,A-549,SMMC-7721,MCF-7 and SW480 cell lines showed that they have not evident inhibition of cytotoxicity.

Genetic Diversity Analysis of Coffee (<i>Coffee arabica</i>L.) Germplasm Accessions Growing in the Southwestern Saudi Arabia Using Quantitative Traits

Coffee (Coffea arabica) is an economically important crop cultivated on the terraced slopes and narrow valleys of the mountains in the south-western Saudi Arabia. The objective of the study was to evaluate genetic diversity among nineteen coffee accessions collected from different coffee growing areas based on quantitative morphological and pomological traits. Data of 17 quantitative traits were collected and subjected to various statistical analyses. The analysis of variance showed significant differences (P < 0.05) among the accessions for the majority of quantitative traits measured. A principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) were used to determine the nature and degree of divergence among accessions. PCA showed that four principal components explained about 85.62% of the total variation. Differentiation of germplasm into different clusters was because of cumulative effects of a number of characters. Cluster and distance analysis of quantitative traits revealed the existence of five different groups. The maximum distance was seen between clusters IV and V (76.4) while the minimum was seen between I and II (16.13). Accessions like KSA6 and KSA8 from Tallen valley and KSA10 and KSA11 from Hada and Shada valleys collection are recommenced for the next breeding work as they are high yielder accessions compared to the others. However, it is suggested to complete the present results by additional assessment of the in situ collection and variety trials. These results are of great interest for future breeding programs for this species.

Severity of Leaf Rust and Brown Eyespot in Genotypes of Coffea arabica L.Cultivated with High Plant Density

This study investigated the severity of leaf rust and brown eyespot in genotypes of Coffea arabica L. cultivated with high plant density in the region of Caparaó-ES. The experiment was conducted in a competition field, cultivated with high plant density (8333 plants per hectare), following a randomized block design, with 16 genotypes and four replications. The plants were evaluated during consecutive harvests to study two complete reproductive cycles (from 2010 to 2012). Data were obtained for the phenologicalstages of flowering, graining, maturation and vegetative rest of each cycle. The severity of leaf rust (Hemileia vastratrix) and brown eyespot (Cercospora coffeicola) was evaluated using descriptive scales. It was observed that the genotypes are able to keep a considerable level of resistance to the leaf rust and brown eyespot when cultivated with increased density. The genotypes presented variability regarding the severity of the leaf rust and brown eyespot, indicating the existence of differential levels of resistance between them. For cultivation with high plant density, the genotypes Katipó, Paraíso MG H419-1, H419-3-3-7-16-4-1-1, Araponga MG1, Catucaí Amarelo 24/137, Catiguá MG2, Sacramento MG1, Pau-Brasil MG1, Catiguá MG3, Oeiras MG 6851 and Tupi present higher level of resistance for leaf rust. In addition, the genotypes Paraíso MG H419-1, Catiguá MG2, Pau-Brasil MG1, Catiguá MG3, Oeiras MG 6851, Tupi, Catuaí IAC 44, Catuaí IAC 81 and Catuaí IAC 144 present higher level of resistance for brown eyespot.

Mechanism of Action of Low Dose Preparations from <i>Coffea arabica</i>, <i>Gelsemium</i>and <i>Veratrum</i>Based on <i>in Vivo</i>and <i>in Vitro</i>Neurophysiological Findings

Low dose remedies are widely administered in medicine. We used Tele-Stereo-EEG and the hippocampal slice preparation to measure physiological effects of orally given Coffea D6 (40 mg/kg), Gelsemium D4 (10 mg/kg) and Veratrum D6 (30 mg/kg) in rats. Adult rats were implanted with electrodes positioned stereotactically into four brain regions. Changes in field potentials were transmitted wirelessly. After frequency analysis data from 6 - 8 animals were averaged. For in vitro testing, preparations were superfused directly on hippocampal slices. Stimulation of Schaffer Collaterals by single stimuli (SS) or theta burst stimulation (TBS) resulted in stable population spike amplitudes. All three low dose preparations produced decreases of spectral power. Statistically significant changes were observed in delta, theta and alpha2 spectral power. In the hippocampal slice preparation Coffea facilitated signal transfer presumably by enhancing glutamate AMPA receptor transmission. Gelsemium showed a similar effect, but only after single shock stimulation. Opposite to this, attenuation of the electric pathway was recognized after theta burst stimulation due to AMPA receptor and glutamate metabotropic II receptor mediated transmission. Veratrum was able to attenuate glutamatergic due to receptor-mediated signalling sensitive to AMPA and NMDA. The results strongly speak in favour of the existence of biologically active molecules in these low dose preparations.

Physicochemical Characteristics of Mauritia arabica Shell with High Temperature Calcination

Mauritia arabica shell (MAS), is widely applied as a Chinese tradition medicine after thermal decomposition. However, it is still uncertain how the thermal decomposition process affects the physicochemical properties of MAS. Moreover, the influences of these properties on the bioavailability have not been well understood. In this investigation, a temperature-programmed pyrolysis process is applied to calcine MAS to achieve the desired MAS with different physicochemical properties. The results showed that a weight loss of 43.27% - 44.73% was detected after MAS was calcined at 900°C, which was mainly attributed to the decomposition of protein, the phase transition of calcium carbonate from aragonite to calcite, and the decomposition of calcium carbonate. The activation energy in the heating duration was calculated by applying the Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose model (KAS), which was 58.13 kJ/mol for crystalline transformation and 181.27 kJ/mol for decomposition. Besides,according to the analyses from Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) tests, the crystalline of calcium carbonate in MAS was aragonite. These results provide beneficial temperature parameters for the pretreatments of MAS for pharmaceutical usages.

Modeling Leaf Area Estimation for Arabica Coffee (<i>Coffea Arabica</i>L.) Grown at Different Altitudes of Mana District, Jimma Zone

This study was aimed at establishing allometric models for estimating LA (Leaf Area) of eight Coffea arabica genotypes in Mana district of Jimma Zone Oromia Regional State, South Western Ethiopia (7&deg;46'N, 36&deg;0'E). Many Methodologies and instruments have been devised to facilitate measurement of leaf area. However, these methods are destructive, laborious and expensive. For modeling leaf area, leaf width, leaf length and leaf area of 1200 leaves (50 leaves for each genotype) was measured for model calibration and the respective measurements on 960 leaves were used for model validation. Linear measurement was taken from leaves and branch diameters of eight genotypes of C. arabica, cultivated in field following a randomized complete blocks design at three altitudes (High, Medium and Low) were evaluated to identify best option for input in the models, and to validate the method to estimate the leaf area. Linear and non-linear models were tested for their accuracy to predict leaf area of the eight C. arabica genotypes. The use of linear model resulted in high accuracy for all of the eight C. arabica genotypes. No significant effect of growing altitude and genotype was obtained among the slopes of the models. Therefore, one single model was fitted to the combined data of all genotypes at all altitudes (LA = 0.6434LW). Comparison between observed and predicted leaf area was made using this model in another independent dataset, conducted for model validation, exhibited a high degree of correlation (r = 0.98 - 0.99, P < 0. 01). The over or under estimation of the leaf area using this model ranges between 0.02% to 1.7% and this model is adequate to estimate the leaf area for the eight C. arabica genotypes. Hence, this model can be proposed to be reliably used and with this developed model, researchers can estimate the leaf area of newly released eight genotypes of C. arabica at different altitudes accurately.

Antioxidant Activity and Lipoxygenase Inhibitory Effect of <i>Caralluma arabica</i>and Related Polyphenolic Constituents

Phytochemicals have been of great interest as a source of natural antioxidants used for health promotion, food preservation, food flavoring and cosmetics. In this research, alcoholic extract from Caralluma arabica and different solvent fractions were evaluated for their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties as well as their polyphenolic compositions. The total antioxidant property was estimated by the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2, 2-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS+) and β-carotene bleaching tests. Among the ethanol extract and three fractions, the ethyl acetate fraction showed the highest phenolic content (33.1 mg gallic acid/g) and the best antioxidant activity. The ascorbic acid equivalent antioxidant capacities of the ethyl acetate fraction were 143.64, 381.3, 112.6 μmol/g in FRAP, ABTS and DPPH assays, respectively. This study verified that the ethanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction from Caralluma arabica have strong antioxidant activity that was correlated with their high level of phenolic content. Furthermore, the same extract showed appreciable anti-inflammatory via Lipoxygenase inhibitory activity (LOX), the IC50 values ranged from 11.2 - 30.77 μg/mL. Moreover, Ethyl acetate fraction showed the strongest cytotoxic effect (IC50 = 87.55 μg/mL) against MCF-7 breast cancer cell line. These findings suggest that Caralluma arabica may be considered as an interesting source of antioxidants for nutraceutical industries.

Participatory Breeding on Arabica Coffee to Obtain Superior Local Varieties to Support Origin Specialty Coffee Product Development in Indonesia

A participatory breeding on Arabica coffee involving farmers and plant breeders to select superior local varieties has been conducted at Lintong highland （North Sumatra）, Gayo highland （Central Aceh, Northern Sumatra） and Kendenan Plateau （Enrekang, South Sulawesi）. The aim of using this method was to find out superior varieties of Arabica coffee having appropriate specific traits and adaptable to such locations and accelerating the process of variety adoption by local farmers. Selection process was initiated by the farmer（s） based on high yielding performance by using their native experiences. The next step was conducted by plant breeder in collaboration with coffee farmers and other relevant scientists to evaluate more detail of cup quality, resistance to leaf rust and/or parasitic nematode as well as yielding potential and agronomic traits at different farmer＇s sites for several years observations. Research finding showed that three selected varieties namely Sigarar Utang, Gayo 1 and Gayo 2 had already been released by Minister of Agriculture for commercial planting at North Sumatera and Gayo highland. They performed excellent cup profile with high yielding ability （more than 1 t/ha） and tolerant to leaf rust disease. Therefore, it could support origin specialty coffee product at Gayo and Lintong highlands. However, observation over of selected local variety at Kendenan Plateau namely Salongge variety performed lower yielding ability （below 1 t/ha） and less stable yield over years as well as more heterogenous population in their offsprings than that of existing released varieties planted at the same location. Therefore, it could not be released as local varieties which adapted to specific location.

Modeling of Molecular Distillation Parameters： Case Study of Green Coffee Oil （Coffea arabica）

In principle, the free fatty acids, diterpene fatty acid esters and triglycerides from green coffee oil can be separated effectively, by a suitable separation process, due to the differences between molar mass and vapor pressures. In addition, in the case of component separation by molecular distillation, boiling point is replaced by evaporation rate at a given temperature. Several experiments and theoretical analyses have been carried out to identify the impact of important parameters （mean free path, evaporation rate, relative volatility and Knudsen number）, which determine the performance of these processes and degree of separation. In this work, a process development based on molecular distillation, for the enrichment of coffee diterpenes from green coffee oil is presented. The distillates were enriched in diterpene fatty acid esters and free fatty acids, while the residues were enriched in high molar mass triglycerides.

Applicability of the Method of Linear Dimensions to Estimate Leaf Area in Improved Genotypes of Coffea arabica and Coffea canephora

There are different methods to determinate leaf area in coffee plants;however, methodologies that allow measurement of leaf area accurately and in nondestructive ways are very important, as they are less economically costly and enable measurements on the same leaf over time, making it possible to describe accurate patterns of growth. The objective of this study was to investigate the applicability of the method to estimate leaf area using linear dimensions of leaves for improved genotypes of Coffea arabica L. and Coffea canephora Pierre ex A. Froehner. The experiment was conducted in two separated competition fields, each one following factorial schemes 10 × 2, with 10 genotypes and 2 methods to obtain the leaf area: measuring linear dimensions, and using equation model (estimated leaf area) and leaf area integrator (real leaf area). The genotypes for both Coffea arabica L. and Coffea canephora Pierre ex A. Froehner have different leaf areas, making it possible to discriminate groups of genotypes for both species using the size of their leaves as classification criteria. Even with the differences between genotypes, the pattern of leaf shape remains similar, confirming the applicability of the method to estimate leaf area using linear dimensions of leaves for improved genotypes, such as the model proposed by Barros, without the occurrence of loss of accuracy for the improved genotypes, for both Arabica and Conilon coffee, studied in this experiment.

Sensory Profile of Fermented Arabica Coffee in the Perception of American Cupping Tasters

The consumption of specialty coffees has been growing year after year, indicating that several niches and market forms according to the sensorial orientation of the consumers, as well as the cupping tasters and agents are responsible for the composition of blends, and for the physical and sensory classification of the coffees in the industry. This study presented 5 methods of spontaneous and induced fermentation to different North American cupping tasters, in order to evaluate coffee quality potential, based on the Specialty Coffee Association (SCA) protocol. During the months of May to July of 2017, 150 coffee samples were evaluated. Initial results indicate that North American cupping tasters evaluated dry fermented coffees using yeast culture as superiors, in the sensorial aspect, than the more conventional methods in Brazil. Such indication opens new discussions on the acceptance of a determined product, followed by the potential for modification of the sensory route as of the fermentation that will affect the attributes.

Effect of Growth Regulators in Production and Rooting of Coffea arabica L.Minicuttings

The plants of C. arabica do not naturally produce a large number of orthotropic sprouts, hindering clonal multiplication by cutting, which would be the simplest technique with a lower cost of production compared to other methods of vegetative propagation. An alternative form, used successfully in the propagation of eucalyptus, is propagation by minicutting, which consists of pruning the shoot apex of the plant, forming the ministumps, which in variable time interval emits the shoots that will be used to make minicutting. In C. arabica plants the number of shoots can be increased with the application of growth regulators and fertilizers. So, the purpose of this work was to verify the effect of growth regulators and foliar fertilizers on the emission and development of orthotropic shoots of C. arabica. The experiment was installed in a randomized complete block design, with ten treatments composed by growth regulators and fertilizers: T1 (Control);T2 (Stimulate + Sturdy + Enervig);T3 (Stimulate + Vitakelp + Biozyme);T4 (Tiba + Sturdy + Enervig);T5 (Tiba + Vitakelp + Biozyme);T6 (Brs + Sturdy + Enervig) T7 (Brs + Vitakelp + Biozyme);T8 (Stimulate);T9 (TIBA);T10 (Brs-Brassinoesteroid), each plot consisting of two plants. Biometric and physiological parameters were evaluated for the ministumps, as well as the biometric parameters of the shoots and plant survival. The results showed that there was no influence of the treatments on the biometric parameters of the ministumps. A greater number of orthotopic sprouts were obtained in treatments with the TIBA growth regulator, as well as a greater plant survival of the minicuttings, after 25 days of transplanting in a greenhouse. It was concluded that TIBA treatments influenced the production and quality of clonal minicuttings of C. arabica.

Botanical Aspects,Caffeine Content and Antioxidant Activity of Coffea arabica

Brazil is the largest coffee exporter in the world. In addition, it occupies the second position, among the consuming countries of the drink. To investigate the chemical composition and quality of the coffee drink from Coffea arabica species, samples grown in the city of Ourinhos, the third most productive region in the state of Sao Paulo, a study of its properties and characteristics was conducted. The pharmacobotanical characteristics were investigated performed according to usual techniques in these researches through macroscopic and microscopic studies through cross-sections. The oil obtained for analysis was extracted by soxhlet, and the caffeine content was measured for green grains using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) using as stationary phase, column C18 and gradient mobile phase formed by 80% water and 20% methanol. The concentration obtained was 44.983 ± 0.86 μg/mL. The antioxidant activity was measured in triplicate through the DPPH test of the in natura coffee oil, and presented antioxidant action of EC50 25.89 ± 1.16 μg/mL.

Coffee Leaf Rust(Hemileia vastatrix)Disease in Coffee Plants and Perspectives by the Disease Control

Coffee Leaf Rust(CLR)is caused by Hemileia vastatrix in Coffea spp.It is one of the most dangerous phytopathogens for coffee plantations in terms of coffee productivity and coffee cup quality.In this review,we resume the problem of CLR in Mexico and the pathogenesis of H.vastatrix.The review abord plant-pathogen interactions which lead a compatible or incompatible interactions and result in CLR disease or resistance,respectively.The review abord Coffea spp.defense response pathways involved in H.vastatrix pathogenicity.Additionally,current measures to control H.vastatrix proliferation and germination were aborded focused on phytosanitary actions,and biological and chemical control.Finally,new trendlines to reduce the impact of CLR as nanoparticles and nanotechnology were analyzed.

Damage and Control Suggestions for the Emerging Disease Coffee Root Rot

[Objectives]The paper was to elucidate the symptoms,morphological characteristics,etiological factors,and current extent of damage associated with coffee root rot disease.[Methods]The symptoms,morphological characteristics,and etiological factors associated with coffee root rot disease were systematically observed,described,and analyzed.The assessment of damage was carried out using a specialized investigative methodology.[Results]The application of bottom fertilizer containing Fusarium incarnatum facilitated the pathogen's entry through root wounds during transplantation,resulting in the development of water-soaked depression lesions in the affected areas.This infection significantly reduced the number of lateral roots in coffee plants,leading to symptoms such as wilting,withering,and ultimately,the death of the aboveground foliage.F.incarnatum exhibited three distinct types of spore morphology:macroconidia,which were sickle-shaped;mesoconidia,which were spindle-shaped;and microconidia,which were oval-shaped.The incidence rate of the disease in the affected region reached 100%,with a disease index exceeding 91,indicating severe damage.[Conclusions]This study serves as a valuable reference for the prevention and management of the emerging disease known as coffee root rot.

‘波邦’咖啡叶绿体基因组密码子使用特征研究

本研究对小粒咖啡‘波邦’叶绿体基因组进行系统分析,探讨影响密码子使用偏性形成的因素。结果表明,‘波邦’叶绿体基因组密码子偏好性较弱,倾向于A/T结尾的密码子。ENC-GC3s绘图、PR2绘图以及中性绘图分析表明,‘波邦’密码子偏好性受突变影响的同时,也受自然选择等因素的影响,但自然选择起到更大的作用。进一步对应分析发现,基因表达水平、基因长度、GC含量对‘波邦’密码子偏性也有影响。密码子使用频率结果表明,拟南芥、烟草和酿酒酵母可考虑作为‘波邦’基因的表达受体系统,其中,烟草与酿酒酵母更为理想。研究表明,在‘波邦’中发现了GCT、TGT、GAT等20个高频密码子,确定了GCA、GCT、TGT等21个最优密码子。

绿肥种植密度对咖啡幼龄园杂草群落及咖啡生长的影响

绿肥种植是一种比较理想的杂草控制技术,通过田间试验研究了绿肥硬皮豆不同种植密度对咖啡幼龄园杂草群落和咖啡生长的影响。绿肥种植5月后,对5种硬皮豆种植密度〔S0、S1、S2、S3、S4分别为0、0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0 kg·(667 m^(2))^(-1)〕的杂草群落和咖啡生长情况开展调查。结果表明,随着硬皮豆种植密度的增加,优势杂草香附子重要值显著降低,杂草群落及优势杂草香附子的高度、密度、盖度及生物量均低于对照S0。随着硬皮豆种植密度增加,杂草群落Margalef丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数先降低后增加,Simpson优势度指数逐渐降低,Pielou均匀度指数逐渐增加。硬皮豆种植处理下杂草群落高度、密度、盖度及生物量的响应比均显著低于对照S0,硬皮豆种植显著降低了Simpson优势度指数的响应比,显著提高了Pielou均匀度指数的响应比。功能群分类中禾本科的重要值表现为S2和S3处理显著高于对照S0,其余功能群的重要值差异不显著。杂草功能群分类的重要值与群落多样性指数间相关性不显著。硬皮豆种植后咖啡植株的株高、冠幅、地径、叶长、叶宽、一级分枝对数、最长一级分枝长、最长一级分枝节间数及叶片厚度均高于对照S0,其中叶宽差异达显著水平。整体上,硬皮豆种植在一定程度上促进了咖啡植株生长,对杂草群落及优势杂草香附子具有显著的控制效果,显著降低了杂草群落优势度,短期内对杂草群落丰富度及多样性无影响。咖啡幼龄园种植硬皮豆建议采用种植密度1.0 kg·(667 m^(2))^(-1),可获得较高的经济效益和生态效益。