The Holarctic erigonid genus Zornella has been surveyed. Four species are recognized in this genus, two Palaearctic: Z.cultrigera(L.Koch,11879) & Z.orientalis sp.nov., and two Nearctic: Z.armata(Banks, 1906) &...The Holarctic erigonid genus Zornella has been surveyed. Four species are recognized in this genus, two Palaearctic: Z.cultrigera(L.Koch,11879) & Z.orientalis sp.nov., and two Nearctic: Z.armata(Banks, 1906) & Z.cryptodon Chamberlin,1920.It is demonstrated that neither nearctic species is conspecific with Z.cultrigera as was thought by Holm and other authors. Z.orientalis sp.nov. is described from northeastern Siberia. All of the species are illustrated and their distributions mapped.展开更多
Drassyllus yaginumai Kamura, 1987 and Zelotes tortuosus Kamura, 1987 belonging to Gnaphosidae were captured by pitfall trap in maize and soybean fields during the survey of arthropod fauna of agricultural ecosystem in...Drassyllus yaginumai Kamura, 1987 and Zelotes tortuosus Kamura, 1987 belonging to Gnaphosidae were captured by pitfall trap in maize and soybean fields during the survey of arthropod fauna of agricultural ecosystem in Korea. Present work describes these 2 species with illustrations of taxonomic characters.展开更多
In the present paper, the authors describe one new species of the family Agelenidae from Korea, named Alloclubionoides persona sp. nov. This specimen is deposited at the Joo-Pil Spider Museum, Namyangju-Si, Kyunggi-Do.
Clubiona theoblicki nom. nov.=Clubiona quadrata Yu &Li, 2019:161,f 7A-E,8A-H.(Primary homonym of Clubiona quadrata Kraus, 1955, now in Etymology. The species is named after Theo Blick, one of the editors of World ...Clubiona theoblicki nom. nov.=Clubiona quadrata Yu &Li, 2019:161,f 7A-E,8A-H.(Primary homonym of Clubiona quadrata Kraus, 1955, now in Etymology. The species is named after Theo Blick, one of the editors of World Spider Catalog, which has improved spider taxonomy worldwide;noun (name) in genitive case. Diagnosis and Description, see Yu & Li,2019.展开更多
Recent years have seen a dramatic increase in the number of studies devoted to consistent individual differences in behavior, termed ＂behavioral syndromes＂ or animal ＂personality＂. In particular, ecologists and ev...Recent years have seen a dramatic increase in the number of studies devoted to consistent individual differences in behavior, termed ＂behavioral syndromes＂ or animal ＂personality＂. In particular, ecologists and evolutionary biologists alike seek to explore the functional consequences of individuals＇ personalities and explanations for their general maintenance. Understand ing the mechanistic underpinnings to personality is arguably key to a deeper understanding of their functional consequences and maintenance. In particular, consistent individual differences in metabolic rate have been proposed as a general explanation for the maintenance of consistent individual differences in boldness, aggressiveness, and activity level. In this paper we explore whether consistent individual differences in boldness are associated with heat rate, a proxy for metabolic rate, in two species of orbweaving spider： Larinioides cornutus and L. patagiatus. We first documented consistent individual differences in boldness in L. cornutus but not L. patagiatus, as estimated by individuals＇ latency to resume movement following an aversive stimulus. We also measured individuals＇ heart rate twice in a separate situation. We then tested for an association between individuals＇ boldness and their heart rate during these two events. We found that increased boldness was associated with increased heart. Thus, indi viduals that resumed movement quickly following an aversive stimulus also exhibited faster heart rates. Our studies provide fur ther evidence that consistent individual differences in key physiological attributes, like metabolic rate, might be a general mecha nism underlying consistent individual differences in behavior .展开更多
Biodiversity assessments can often be time- and resource-consuming. Several alternative approaches have been proposed to reduce sampling efforts, including indicator taxa and surrogates. In this study, we examine the ...Biodiversity assessments can often be time- and resource-consuming. Several alternative approaches have been proposed to reduce sampling efforts, including indicator taxa and surrogates. In this study, we examine the reliability of higher taxon surrogates to predict species richness in two experimental rice fields of Fujian Province, southeastern China during 2005 and 2009. Spider samples in transgenic and nontransgenie plots were collected using a suction sampler. Both the genus and family surrogates had significant and positive linear relationships with species richness in the transgenic and nontransgenic rice fields. The rice varieties did not significantly influence the linear relationships. Our findings suggest that higher-taxon surrogacy could be a useful alternative to complete species inventory for risk assessments of transgenic rice.展开更多
Contact with environmental microbes are arguably the most common species interaction in which any animal participates.Studies have noted diverse relationships between hosts and resident microbes,which can have strong ...Contact with environmental microbes are arguably the most common species interaction in which any animal participates.Studies have noted diverse relationships between hosts and resident microbes,which can have strong consequences for host development,physiology,and behavior. Many of these studies focus specifically on pathogens or beneficial microbes,while the benign microbes,of which the majority of bacteria could be described,are often ignored.Here,we explore the nature of the relationships between the grass spider Agelenopsis pennsylvanica and bacteria collected from their cuticles in situ.First,using culture-based methods,we identified a portion of the cuticular bacterial communities that are naturally associated with these spiders.Then,we topically exposed spiders to a subset of these bacterial monocultures to estimate how bacterial exposure may alter 3 host behavioral traits:boldness,aggressiveness,and activity level.We conducted these behavioral assays 3 times before and 3 times after topical application,and compared the changes observed in each trait with spiders that were exposed to a sterile control treatment.We identified 9 species of bacteria from the cuticles of 36 spiders and exposed groups of 20 spiders to 1 of 4 species of cuticular bacteria.We found that exposure to Dermacoccus nishinomiyaensis and Staphylococcus saprophyticus was associated with a lO-fold decrease in the foraging aggressiveness of spiders toward prey in their web.Since bacterial exposure did not have survival consequences for hosts,these data suggest that interactions with cuticular bacteria,even non- pathogenic bacteria,could alter host behavior.展开更多
Introduction The genus Tmarus Simon,1875 currently contains 226 species(WSC,2021)of which 24 are known to occur in China:T.byssinus Tang&Li,2009,T.circinalis Song&Chai,1990,T.digitiformis Yang,Zhu&Song,200...Introduction The genus Tmarus Simon,1875 currently contains 226 species(WSC,2021)of which 24 are known to occur in China:T.byssinus Tang&Li,2009,T.circinalis Song&Chai,1990,T.digitiformis Yang,Zhu&Song,2005,T.gladiatus Tang&Li,2010,T.hastatus Tang&Li,2009,T.koreanus Paik,1973,T.longqicus Song&Zhu,1993,T.menglae Song&Zhao,1994,T.ningshaanensis Wang&Xi,1998,T.orientalis Schenkel,1963,T.piger(Walckenaer,1802),T.qinlingensis Song&Wang,1994,T.rimosus Paik,1973,T serratus Yang,Zhu&Song,2005,T.shuquianglii Barrion,Barrion-Dupo&Heong,2013,T.songi Han&Zhu,2009,T.spicatus Tang&Li,2009,T.spinosus Zhu,Zhang,Zhang&Chen,2005,T.taibaiensis Song&Wang,1994,T.taishanensis Zhu&Wen,1981,T.taiwanus Ono,1977,T.unda-tus Tang&Li,2009,T.yani Yin,Peng,Gong&Kim,2004,and T.yiminhensis Zhu&Wen,1981.展开更多
文摘The Holarctic erigonid genus Zornella has been surveyed. Four species are recognized in this genus, two Palaearctic: Z.cultrigera(L.Koch,11879) & Z.orientalis sp.nov., and two Nearctic: Z.armata(Banks, 1906) & Z.cryptodon Chamberlin,1920.It is demonstrated that neither nearctic species is conspecific with Z.cultrigera as was thought by Holm and other authors. Z.orientalis sp.nov. is described from northeastern Siberia. All of the species are illustrated and their distributions mapped.
文摘Drassyllus yaginumai Kamura, 1987 and Zelotes tortuosus Kamura, 1987 belonging to Gnaphosidae were captured by pitfall trap in maize and soybean fields during the survey of arthropod fauna of agricultural ecosystem in Korea. Present work describes these 2 species with illustrations of taxonomic characters.
文摘In the present paper, the authors describe one new species of the family Agelenidae from Korea, named Alloclubionoides persona sp. nov. This specimen is deposited at the Joo-Pil Spider Museum, Namyangju-Si, Kyunggi-Do.
文摘Clubiona theoblicki nom. nov.=Clubiona quadrata Yu &Li, 2019:161,f 7A-E,8A-H.(Primary homonym of Clubiona quadrata Kraus, 1955, now in Etymology. The species is named after Theo Blick, one of the editors of World Spider Catalog, which has improved spider taxonomy worldwide;noun (name) in genitive case. Diagnosis and Description, see Yu & Li,2019.
文摘Recent years have seen a dramatic increase in the number of studies devoted to consistent individual differences in behavior, termed ＂behavioral syndromes＂ or animal ＂personality＂. In particular, ecologists and evolutionary biologists alike seek to explore the functional consequences of individuals＇ personalities and explanations for their general maintenance. Understand ing the mechanistic underpinnings to personality is arguably key to a deeper understanding of their functional consequences and maintenance. In particular, consistent individual differences in metabolic rate have been proposed as a general explanation for the maintenance of consistent individual differences in boldness, aggressiveness, and activity level. In this paper we explore whether consistent individual differences in boldness are associated with heat rate, a proxy for metabolic rate, in two species of orbweaving spider： Larinioides cornutus and L. patagiatus. We first documented consistent individual differences in boldness in L. cornutus but not L. patagiatus, as estimated by individuals＇ latency to resume movement following an aversive stimulus. We also measured individuals＇ heart rate twice in a separate situation. We then tested for an association between individuals＇ boldness and their heart rate during these two events. We found that increased boldness was associated with increased heart. Thus, indi viduals that resumed movement quickly following an aversive stimulus also exhibited faster heart rates. Our studies provide fur ther evidence that consistent individual differences in key physiological attributes, like metabolic rate, might be a general mecha nism underlying consistent individual differences in behavior .
文摘Biodiversity assessments can often be time- and resource-consuming. Several alternative approaches have been proposed to reduce sampling efforts, including indicator taxa and surrogates. In this study, we examine the reliability of higher taxon surrogates to predict species richness in two experimental rice fields of Fujian Province, southeastern China during 2005 and 2009. Spider samples in transgenic and nontransgenie plots were collected using a suction sampler. Both the genus and family surrogates had significant and positive linear relationships with species richness in the transgenic and nontransgenic rice fields. The rice varieties did not significantly influence the linear relationships. Our findings suggest that higher-taxon surrogacy could be a useful alternative to complete species inventory for risk assessments of transgenic rice.
文摘Contact with environmental microbes are arguably the most common species interaction in which any animal participates.Studies have noted diverse relationships between hosts and resident microbes,which can have strong consequences for host development,physiology,and behavior. Many of these studies focus specifically on pathogens or beneficial microbes,while the benign microbes,of which the majority of bacteria could be described,are often ignored.Here,we explore the nature of the relationships between the grass spider Agelenopsis pennsylvanica and bacteria collected from their cuticles in situ.First,using culture-based methods,we identified a portion of the cuticular bacterial communities that are naturally associated with these spiders.Then,we topically exposed spiders to a subset of these bacterial monocultures to estimate how bacterial exposure may alter 3 host behavioral traits:boldness,aggressiveness,and activity level.We conducted these behavioral assays 3 times before and 3 times after topical application,and compared the changes observed in each trait with spiders that were exposed to a sterile control treatment.We identified 9 species of bacteria from the cuticles of 36 spiders and exposed groups of 20 spiders to 1 of 4 species of cuticular bacteria.We found that exposure to Dermacoccus nishinomiyaensis and Staphylococcus saprophyticus was associated with a lO-fold decrease in the foraging aggressiveness of spiders toward prey in their web.Since bacterial exposure did not have survival consequences for hosts,these data suggest that interactions with cuticular bacteria,even non- pathogenic bacteria,could alter host behavior.
