Climate Change vs Cultural Heritage: An Adaptation Strategy for the Archaeological Site of Ancient Messene

This article examines the effects of climate change on archaeological sites, using as a case study the archaeological site of Ancient Messene in Greece, and proposes an integrated adaptation strategy. In order to determine the site’s most significant risks, a climate data analysis was conducted, taking into account three different climate emission scenarios (Representative Concentration Pathways) and two future periods (2031-2060, 2071-2100). The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) vulnerability assessment methodology was adopted to assess the vulnerability of the archaeological site to the effects of climate change. This is the first time such a methodology has been followed in Greece. The analysis revealed that the site’s critical hazards are fire, desertification, and flooding. The geographical location of the site in an intensely dry microclimate and the lack of safe and functional electromechanical and road infrastructure increase its vulnerability. The materials of the monuments are indirectly and directly impacted by climate change, whereas the vegetation is negatively impacted by the frequency of extreme events, especially wildfires. Based on the analysis results, a five-axis adaptation strategy was developed.

History of Most Significant Buddhist Archaeological Sites in Gandhara(Pakistan)Discovered During the 20th Century

Gandhara is an ancient name of the region which presently comprises on the surrounding area of Peshawar Valley in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.The spread of Buddhism in ancient times followed the path of the Silk Road and one of the main routes of the Great Silk Route passed through the Karakorum linking Kashgar with Kashmir and Gandhara.About 1,000 years,countless people travelled along this Silk Route.Their evidences are depicted on the rocky cliffs on the way sides and on rough boulders,strewn in the upper valley of the Indus River and its tributaries.The region of Gandhara,due to its prime position,therefore served as a gateway to Silk Route giving access to Central Asia and to the countries of East and West.While Magadha was known as the first holy land of Buddhism,whereas Gandhara served as second holy land of Buddhism,which was a centre of Buddhist religious practices.The Buddhist sanctuaries generally have statutes of the Buddha or Bodhisattvas to shrine.A large number of antiquities which were discovered during the 20th century by the course of excavations from the different archaeological sites in Gandhara are now pride procession of Museums both at home and abroad.This paper presents an investigation about the history and sterling discovery of the some outstanding and remarkable archaeological sites in Gandhara region(Pakistan)during the 20th century carried out mainly by Archaeological Survey of India(ASI),which was established in 1860 by the British Government in India.

Application of 3D GPR attribute technology in archaeological investigations

Ground penetrating radar （GPR） attribute technology has been applied to many aspects in recent years but there are very few examples in the field of archaeology. Especially how can we extract effective attributes from the two- or three-dimensional radar data so that we can map and describe numerous archaeological targets in a large cultural site？ In this paper, we applied GPR attribute technology to investigate the ancient Nanzhao castle-site in Tengchong, Yunnan Province. In order to get better archaeological target （the ancient wall, the ancient kiln site, and the ancient tomb） analysis and description, we collated the GPR data by collected standardization and then put them to the seismic data processing and interpretation workstation. The data was processed, including a variety of GPR attribute extraction, analysis, and optimization and combined with the archaeological drilling data. We choose the RMS Amplitude, Average Peak Amplitude, Instantaneous Phase, and Maximum Peak Time to interpret three archaeological targets. By comparative analysis, we have clarified that we should use different attributes to interpret different archaeological targets and the results of attribute analysis after horizon tracking is much better than the results based on a time slice.

The Morphology, Phase Composition and Effect of Corrosion Product on Simulated Archaeological Iron

The immersion corrosion of archaeological iron in solution(0.06mol·L- 1NaCl+0.03mol·L -1 Na2SO4+ 0.01mol·L- 1 NaHCO3)simulating soil water composition was presented.The evolution of archaeological iron from iron to iron oxide and to iron oxy-hydroxides compounds was investigated by scanning electron microscope(SEM) and X-ray diffraction(XRD)analysis.According to the morphology,phase composition,and transformation proc- ess,the contributions of each corrosion product to archaeological iron were discussed.

Micromorphological Features of Paleo-Stagnic-Anthrosols at Archaeological Site of Sanxingdui,China

The archaeological site of the Sanxingdui may date back as far as 5,000 years ago. The typical profiles of Palaeo-Stagnic-Anthrosols near the ancient site were selected, which aimed to identify diagnostic horizons employing methodology of soil taxonomic classification and to reveal the micromorphological properties of the paleosols. Under long-term anthropogenic mellowing, the discernible differentiation between anthrostagnic epipedon and its subhorizons as well as hydragric horizon and its subhorizons occurred in Paleo-Stagnie-Anthrosols at the archaeological site of the Sanxingdui. The mieromorphological properties diversified among each specific diagnostic subhorizon, e.g., the developed microstructure in cultivated subhorizon within anthrostagnic epipedon, closely arranged particles and considerable micropores beneficial to both of water conservation and filtration in plow subhorizon within anthrostagnic epipedon, and automorphic optical-orientation clays and calcareous corrosion in hydragric horizons. The findings above of micromorphological features related with diagnostic horizons are significant for soil taxonomic classification.

Shallow geophysical investigations at the Akhmim archaeological site,Suhag,Egypt

Ground penetrating radar, electromagnetic terrain conductivity, and electric tomography have proven to be effective tools if they are combined together to investigate archeological sites. We have conducted a geophysical survey at the Akhmim archaeological site, the main objective of our survey is to locate additional buried structures for further excavation. Geophysical data were acquired in the area using the GEM-300 multi-frequency terrain conductivity profiler, the SIR 2000 ground penetrating radar, and the Syscal R2 resistivity meter systems. The results of the integrated interpretation show a number of buried features and a strong linear zone about 1 m wide that coincides with the suspected trend of a buried wall. There appears to be two parallel ridges of strong reflections on either side, indicating two parallel walls extended East-West and a room is identified at the bottom left comer of the site. Moreover, the interpretation results of some selected GPR and dipoledipole resistivity profiles adjacent to the open-air museum suggest the existence of a second statue of Ramses Ⅱ to the right of the previously discovered statue which could still be buried in the sand.

NO3- and HSO3- Induced Corrosion of Simulated Archaeological Iron in Humid-Acid Atmosphere

NO3- and HSO3- induced corrosion of simulated archaeological iron in humid-acid atmosphere was studied by using periodic wet-dry tests. Surface tension tests, electrochemical impedance measurement, stereoscopic microscopy and energy dispersive atomic X-ray analysis (EDAX) were used to investigate the corrosion processes and products. The results of mass loss measurement showed that the corrosion kinetics can be approximately described by △W - AtB. With the addition of NO3-, the value of B increases. NO3- acts as an inhibitor in the HSO3- bearing pollutant during the corrosion process. Both the electrochemical impedance measurement and surface tension test confirmed the result of mass loss measurement. In addition, we found that the attack of anions to the metal at the initial corrosion stage was in good agreement with their surface activity.

Spatial Distribution of Archaeological Sites in Lakeshore of Chaohu Lake in China Based on GIS

There are about 19 Neolithic Age sites and 120 Shang-Zhou dynasties sites in the western lakeshore of Chaohu Lake,Anhui Province,China.Based on sites data,topographic data,drainage maps,administrative maps and SPOT5 remote sensing data,spatial analysis methods were introduced into the archaeology of Chaohu Lake Basin with Geographic Information System(GIS).The spatial analysis methods include:1) Point Density Analysis with density model to acquire the shift of the sites;2) Distance Analysis to reveal the spatial structure of the sites;3) 3D Analysis based on Digital Elevation Model to get micro-geomorphologic features of the sites;and 4) Buffer Analysis to discover the relationship between the sites and rivers.The results indicate that the archaeological sites spread from the western lakeshore of Chaohu Lake gradually to the northwest,later to the south,and then symmetrically spread.Controlled by productive forces and other factors,ancient people preferred to reside in those places near water,or in plain and fertile land,which resulted in linear and decentralized distribution of the sites,and presented such disciplines as river valley directivity,terrace directivity and soil directivity.This paper indicates that the distribution of archaeological sites was influenced earlier by natural elements and later by human elements in the study period.The research is important for the integration of GIS and archaeology.

Numerical simulation of the behaviors of test square for prehistoric earthen sites during archaeological excavation

During the process of archaeological excavation in the regions of Southeast China, collapse of test square usually occurs due to poor site-specific conditions. In this paper, the fast Lagrangian analysis of continua in three dimensions（FLAC3D） is employed to reveal the behaviors of test square. Taking the archaeological works in Liangzhu prehistoric earthen sites as the research background, the paper first introduces the geological setting, excavation procedure and monitoring scheme of the studied test square. Then, the deformation of four sides of the test square is modeled using FLAC3D. By comparison, it shows that the numerical results are consistent with the results from field monitoring. The result suggests that the numerical simulation can be effectively applied to representing the actual behaviors of the test square,which is helpful for determination of excavation scheme and stability evaluation of the test square during archaeological excavation.

NON-DESTRUCTIVE MEASUREMENTS OF LEAD AND BARIUM IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL BONE SAMPLES USING XRF

The lead and barium contents in sixteen archaeological bone samples from 10 persons buried in Dalsby, Sweden, were determined by means of X- ray fluorescence analysis using two "Co sources for excitation and a planar Ge detector for registration of the X- rays. The lead concentrations were found to be less than 168μ g/g, and the barium concentrations were in the range of 15- 97μg/g.

Archaeological investigation by geotomo-graphy: structure of the foundation of Yingxian timber pagoda

It is significant to take a non-destructive inspection, one of advanced techniques, for detecting the internal structure and the present status of ancient cultural relics. The results detected by geotomography in Yingxian timber pagoda, Shanxi Province, are presented in this paper. The embankment in the stepped foundation shows a three circular structure in horizontal: the circular platform core is hard, homogenous and unharmed, out of which there are some radial collapsed grooves. The middle circle with a thickness of 2 to 4 m is a compacted layer and its loading capacity decreases then. The outer protective layer has a larger porosity and a weak loading capacity. An abnormal body is found out in the core, which has a circular shape and a reverse high-absorption coefficient in the shallow part, but appears a long-band shape and a low-absorption coefficient in the deep part. It might be a disturbance caused by artificial activities: the shallow part is probably a channel filled with loosen soil and the deep part is a hidden cave. It is found that the foundation of the courtyard is homogenous and integrated. Two soft and weakened areas in the north are related to the long-term run-off and drainage of groundwater. The inclination of the timber pagoda to the northwest and northeast relates to several factors, such as the inherited subsidence of the northern foundation, the lower loading capacity of the outer stepped foundation, seismic activity and timber deformation.No.2 FENG R.et al.: ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATION BY GEOTOMOGRAPHY

A new inorganic-organic hybrid material as consolidation material for Jinsha archaeological site of Chengdu

An organic-inorganic epoxy-silica-acrylate(ESA) hybrid material was used for the consolidation of Jinsha archaeological site of Chengdu in China.The hybrid materials have multiple functional groups,such as anhydride,epoxy,hydroxyl and carboxyl,which can form networks at room temperature and result in an enhanced chemical and water resistance of the consolidated soil.With increasing of TEOS content,the hybrid materials keep colorless with only some reduction of transparency,while the hybrid materials obviously turn from moderate yellowish to brown yellow with the increase of the epoxy resin(EOR) content after 120 min UV irradiation.SEM observation indicates that the hybrid soil consolidation materials can effectively penetrate into the soil substrate,fill up most of the pores,decrease the area porosity and consolidate the Jinsha archaeological soil.The consolidation performances are in the sequence:ESA > K2SiO4(PS) > tetraethyl orthosilicate(TEOS).

Studies on rock magnetic and paleointensity of some archaeological artifacts from Tamilnadu,India

This study investigates the magnetic mineralogy and paleointensity values of a collection of archaeological artifacts(pottery) . The actual magnetic carriers and their domain states present in the archaeological pottery were obtained using the low field susceptibility,thermomagnetic curves and acquisition of isothermal remanence. The magnetic mineralogy of all the samples was dominated by ferrimagnetic mineral(magnetite/magnetite with low titanium content) ,which was suitable for paleointensity measurements. The geomagnetic paleointensity value obtained by subjecting them to modified Thellier and Thellier method,is found to be(48.81±0.15) μT.

Digitizing the Undigitized: Converting Traditional Archaeological Records into Computerized, Three-Dimensional Site Reconstruction

Archaeological excavation involves disintegration, removal, and reassembly of the archaeological record;as such it is considered by many to be an unrepeatable, destructive activity. This perception has contributed to an advancement in archaeological practice, namely, the development of computerized recording systems that digitally record archaeological excavations spatially and volumetrically during fieldwork. This paper is concerned with those archaeological sites where digital field recording has not been done. These sites, recorded by traditional methods, should not be excluded from attempts to restructure the spatial, volumetric, and stratigraphic archaeological data. A thorough methodology for the conversion of traditional records into digitized data is presented, including the detailed procedures required for three-dimensional plotting of recorded data—both the excavated material and the drawn site maps and cross-sections. Finally, the use of these methods is demonstrated on a complex Early to Middle Pleistocene site, illustrating the benefits of digitization and three-dimensional reconstruction in resolving stratigraphic and spatial questions.

Study of the Firing Temperature of Marajoara Archaeological Ceramics by EPR Associated to INAA Data

The Marajó Island is the largest island of the Marajō archipelago, located in the north of Brazil. In this region, at the end of 19th century, it was identified an archaeological society named Marajora, which occupied the island from 400 to 1,350 AD. It was characterized by a ceramic style recognized by its beauty and exuberance. Until this moment, the physical and chemical analysis studies in this ceramics are scarce and this kind of studies may help archaeological studies performed in the island. With this purpose, this work presents a preliminary study of the firing temperature in the ceramics. For that, the elementary concentrations of 109 samples from Museu de Archaeology and Ethnology Museum of the University of Sáo Paulo and samples collected in the Marajá Island were studied. The samples were analyzed using instrumental neutron activation analysis in which the elemental concentration of Ce, Co, Cr, Cs, Eu, Fe, Hf, K, La, Lu, Na, Nd, Rb, Sc, Sm, Ta, Tb, Th, U, Yb and Zn were determined. The interpretation of the results was made using multivariate statistical approaches and showed the existence of three chemical groups. Some samples of each cluster were chosen for the determination of their firing temperatures by electron paramagnetic resonance, in order to verify if different firing temperatures was associated with different elemental groups of ceramic samples. The results showed that there are no statistical differences in the firing temperature between the samples from Archaeology and Ethnology Museum and the contemporary samples of the Marajá Island.

Archaeological Ruins of Liangzhu City Being Inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List

Ruins of Liangzhu City,once the center of power and belief of Liangzhu Culture,reveals an early regional state once existed in「aihu Lake area in the downstream region ol Yangtze River in I ate Neolithic China,based on rice cultivation,with obvious social dififerentiati on and unified belief system.

Development of a zoning management plan for petra archaeological park (PAP), Jordan

As Petra is increasingly becoming a major tourism destination in Jordan, this underlies not only challenges to conserve the habitats and species in Petra but also offers great opportunities to promote academic research and investigation, demonstrate sustainable development and initiation of environmentally sound development and nature based tourism. This investigation is based on both desktop studies and field missions. The desktop part is relied on reviewing various studies and reports that highlighting natural resources in the area. Two field missions were conducted aiming to document various information from related authorities and institutions operating in Petra and also to undertake ground truthing of habitats and species information. The missions also included interviews with Park staff, representatives from ongoing projects and initiatives in Petra (Seyaha-USAID) and many locals belonging to various tribes in Wadi Musa and The Bdul. The study presents a synthesis to findings from these studies and visits. Broadly, the park can be zoned into three mega zones: 1) Wadi Arabah and the steep gorges to the west including the Artemisia and annual grasses steppe to the west, 2) Mountainous ridges and rocky slopes of the Mediterranean region located almost centrally in the park and at the southern limit and part of the eastern borders and 3) Central basin and steep limestone scarps and weathered sandstone. Based on lists of key and indicator species, some key/sensitive sites of conservation value have been suggested. Aspects of grazing, agricultural activities, tourism and water resources and their implications on management schemes have been discussed.

Living （on） Archaeological Sites in Turkey： Engagement of Local Communities into Decision Making Process

Archeological sites have been considered as ＂dead＂ sites consisted from building remain buried into ground in modern heritage management doctrines for a long period. Thus their conservation policies are mainly shaped according to this Western perspective. After the spread of international doctrines in conservation of cultural heritage to other parts of the world, it was realized that some archaeological sites were more than group building remains. They were pilgrim sites for the local communities continuously for centuries onwards. Even in some cases, they have traditional management systems to take care for the site. This has raised the awareness about the gaps in modern heritage conservation approaches. International organizations have mentioned about the involvement of local groups in heritage management systems considering their traditional and cultural association with the cultural site. This has provided shifting of conservation approaches from conventional approaches towards living heritage approach in such delicate cultural heritage sites. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the historic generation of policies towards local communities living on archaeological sites in Turkey comparing the policies between living （on） archaeological sites and living archaeological sites approach.

Impact of Urban Areas on Historical and Archaeological Buildings

The present paper is talking about the recent situation of the archeological buildings which exist through modern urban environments. Urban expansion has a large effect on the archeological buildings continuity since such type of development impresses several serious challenges which conservation plans as well as preservation polices must deal with. A number of that main challenges are mega-constructions （tunnels, damps, roads, etc.）, pollution, socio-cultural impacts and traffic. Within Um Qias, the archeological buildings face similar challenges consistent with the urban environment where it is presented and that challenges are reviewed in the local community behavior.

The Historical Fiction Based on True Stories:An Analysis of the Menghui Gushu by Huang Jianhua with the Aid of Historical Records and Archaeological Objects of Art

The Gushu Chuanqi[Legend of Ancient Shu]trilogy is historically grounded,although it is largely fictional.Five characteristics of the society represented in the trilogy,i.e.,walled cities,sacred statues,silk fabrics,burials,and pottery,were examined with the aid of related historical records and archaeological objects of art unearthed in Sichuan.This paper made a comparative study of these things with their respective textual descriptions in the Menghui Gushu[Ancient Shu Revisited in the Dream],the first volume of the Gushu Chuanqi[Legend of Ancient Shu]trilogy by Huang Jianhua.The results support the assertion that the trilogy is not a free interpretation of history but historical fiction based on true stories.