Mapping the Dyke Swarms Emplaced within the Different Archean Cratons of the Indian Shield Using Google^(TM) Earth Images and Arc GIS^(TM) Techniques

The Indian shield comprises a number of Archean–Paleoproterozoic cratonic blocks and predominantly Meso–Neoproterozoic mobile belts with Archean protoliths.All these ancient cratons were thought to be integral parts of

Tourmaline from the Archean G.R.Halli gold deposit,Chitradurga greenstone belt,Dharwar craton(India):Implications for the gold metallogeny

Tourmaline occurs as a minor but important mineral in the alteration zc,ne of the Archean orogenic gold deposit of Guddadarangavanahalli （G.R.Halli） in the Chitradurga greenst^ne belt of the western Dharwar craton, southern India. It occurs in the distal alteration halo of the G.R.Halli golcl deposit as （a） clusters of very fine grained aggregates which form a minor constituent in the natrix of the altered metabasalt （AMB tourmaline） and （b） in quartz-carbonate veins （vein tourmaline）. ~[＇he vein tourmaline, based upon the association of specific carbonate minerals, is further grouped as （i） albite-tourmaline-ankerite-quartz veins （vein-1 tourmaline） and （ii） albite-tourmaline-calcite-quartz veins （vein-2 tourmaline）. Both the AMB tourmaline and the vein tourmalines （vein-I and vein-2） belong to the alkali group and are clas- sified under schorl-dravite series. Tourmalines occurring in the veins are zoned while the AMB tour- malines are unzoned. Mineral chemistry and discrimination diagrams 1eveal that cores and rims of the vein tourmalines are distinctly different. Core composition of the ve：n tourmalines is similar to the composition of the AMB tourmaline. The formation of the AMB tourmaline and cores of the vein tour- malines are proposed to be related to the regional D1 deformational event associated with the emplacement of the adjoining ca. 2.61 Ga Chitradurga granite whilst rims of the vein tourmalines vis-a- vis gold mineralization is spatially linked to the juvenile magmatic accretion （2.56-2.50 Ga） east of the studied area in the western part of the eastern Dharwar craton.

A primitive mantle source for the Neoarchean mafic rocks from the Tanzania Craton

Mafic rocks comprising tholeiitic pillow basalt, dolerite and minor gabbro form the basal stratigraphic unit in the ca. 2.8 to 2.6 Ga Geita Greenstone Belt situated in the NW Tanzania Craton. They outcrop mainly along the southern margin of the belt, and are at least 50 million years older than the supracrustal assemblages against which they have been juxtaposed. Geochemical analyses indicate that parts of the assemblage approach high Mg-tholeiite （more than 8 wt.% MgO）. This suite of samples has a restricted compositional range suggesting derivation from a chemically homogenous reservoir. Trace element modeling suggests that the mafic rocks were derived by partial melting within the spinel peridotite field from a source rock with a primitive mantle composition. That is, trace elements maintain primitive mantle ratios （Zr/Hf = 32-35, Ti/Zr - 107-147）, producing flat REE and HFSE profles [（La/Yb）pm = 0.9 -1.3], with abundances of 3-10 times primitive mantle and with minor negative anomalies of Nb [（Nb/ La）pm - 0.6-0.8] and Th [（Th/La）pm = 0.6-0.9]. Initial isotope compositions （εNd） range from 1.6 to 2.9 at 2.8 Ga and plot below the depleted mantle line suggesting derivation from a more enriched source compared to present day MORB mantle. The trace element composition and Nd isotopic ratios are similar to the mafic rocks outcropping -50 km south. The mafic rocks outcropping in the Geita area were erupted through oceanic crust over a short time period, between -2830 and-2820 Ma; are compositionally homogenous, contain little to no associated terrigenous sediments, and their trace element composition and short emplacement time resemble oceanic plateau basalts. They have been interpreted to be derived from a plume head with a primitive mantle composition.

Metamorphism of the northern Liaoning Complex:Implications for the tectonic evolution of Neoarchean basement of the Eastern Block,North China Craton

As one of the areas where typical late Archean crust is exposed in the Eastern Block of the North China Craton, the northern Laioning Complex consists principally of tonalitic-trondhjemitic-granodioritic （TTG） gneisses, massive granitoids and supracrustal rocks. The supracrustal rocks, named the Qingyuan Group, consist of interbedded amphibolite, hornblende granulite, biotite granulite and BIF. Petrological evidence indicates that the amphibolites experienced the early prograde （M1）, peak （M2） and post-peak （M3） metamorphism. The early prograde assemblage （M1） is preserved as mineral inclusions, represented by actinotite ＋ hornblende - plagioclase ＋ epidote ＋ quartz 4- sphene, within garnet porphyroblasts. The peak assemblage （M2） is indicated by garnet ＋ clinopyroxene ＋ hornblende ＋ plagioclase ＋ quartz ＋ ilmenite, which occur as major mineral phases in the rock. The post-peak assemblage （M3） is characterized by the garnet 4- quartz symplectite. The P-T pseudosections in the NCFMASHTO system constructed by using THERMOCALC define the P-T conditions of M1, M2 and M3 at 490-550 C＋（4.5 kbar, 780 810 C/7.65- 8.40 kbar and 630-670 ＋C]8.15-9.40 kbar, respectively. As a result, an anticlockwise P-T path involving isobaric cooling is inferred for the metamorphic evolution of the amphibolites. Such a P-T path suggests that the late Archean metamorphism of the northern Liaoning Complex was related to the intrusion and underplating of mantle-derived magmas. The underplating of voluminous mantle-derived magmas leading to metamorphism with an anticlockwise P-T path involving isobaric cooling may have occurred in continental magmatic arc regions, above hot spots driven by mantle plumes, or in continental rift envi- ronments. A mantle plume model is favored because this model can reasonably interpret many other geological features of late Archean basement rocks from the northern Liaoning Complex in the Eastern Block of the North China Craton as well as their anticlockwise P-T paths involving isobaric cooling.

Modern-style Subduction Processes in the Archean:Evidence from the Shangyi Complex in North China Craton

Three fragments of the Archean oceanic crust have been found between the Archean granulite belt and the Paleo-Proterozoic Hongqiyingzi group in North China craton, which spread along the Shangyi-Chicheng ancient fault. This paper presents integrated field, petrology, geochemistry and geochronology evidence of the ancient oceanic fragments. The magma crystallizing age of the tonalite in the Shangyi complex is 2512±19 Ma and the geochemical characteristics suggest that the Nbenriched basalts may be related to crustal contamination and formed in the intra-oceanic arc of the supra subduction zone setting.

Petrogenesis of Two Types of Archean TTGs in the North China Craton:A Case Study of Intercalated TTGs in Lushan and Non-intercalated TTGs in Hengshan

TTG （Tonalite-Trondhjemite-Granodiorite） gneisses, a major component of Precambrian continental crust, play a significant role in understanding the process and mechanism of the crustal evolution in the early periods of the Earth. In terms of field occurrence, there are two kinds of Archean TTGs in the NCC （North China Craton）： intercalated and non-intercalated TTGs. In this contribution, we make a comprehensive comparison of these two types of TTGs from the typical areas （Lushan and Hengshan） in the NCC with an aim to constrain their petrogenesis. The results suggest that they have similar mineral assemblages of Pl ＋ Qtz ＋ Bt ± Amp ± Kfs but different field appearances and geochemical compositions, thus probably reflecting different source materials and tectonic settings. Differences in the contents of characteristic elements, such as Sr, REE and HFSE, suggest that the non-intercalated TTGs in Hengshan were generated at deeper levels than those of intercalated TTGs in Lushan. Constraints from element contents and geochemical modeling results are consistent with derivation from dual sources involving both garnet amphibolite and rutile-bearing eclogite residues for the non-intercalated TTGs in Hengshan, whereas the compositions of intercalated TTGs in Lushan indicate that they were formed by partial melting with amphibolite to garnet-amphibolite residues. Moreover, accumulation of plagioclase is also required in the petrogenesis of intercalated TTGs in Lushan, at least for part of them. In addition, the non-intercalated TTGs in Hengshan display distinctly higher MgO, Mg#, Cr and Ni values and lower SiO2 average contents compared to the intercalated TTGs in Lushan. These features suggest that the former magma, at least a part, might have interacted with the mantle wedge during ascent. Considering all the above factors and in combination with the whole-rock Nd and zircon Hf isotopic data, it is suggested that the non-intercalated TTGs in Hengshan were produced by partial melting of subducted slab contaminated by the overlying mantle wedge at deeper levels and high pressures, whereas the intercalated TTGs in Lushan were generated by melting of the thickened lower crust at lower pressures and shallower depths. The tectonic settings of the two types of TTGs shed new light on the growth of the NCC.

Archean Basement and a Paleoproterozoic Collision Orogen in the Huoqiu Area at the Southeastern Margin of North China Craton: Evidence from Sensitive High Resolution Ion Micro-Probe U-Pb Zircon Geochronology

This paper reports sensitive high resolution ion micro-probe U-Pb zircon ages for the ＂Huoqiu Group＂ and granitoids of the Early Precambrian basement in the Huoqiu area, southeastern margin of the North China Craton. The ＂Huoqiu Group＂ is similar in rock association and metamorphism to the khondalite series, apart from it containing considerable amounts of banded iron formation. All detrital zircons from the ＂Huoqiu Group＂ meta-sedimentary rocks are 3.0 Ga and 2.75 Ga, without any 2.5 Ga and younger ones, as is commonly found in Paleoproterozoic khondalite series in other areas of the North China Craton. In the Huoqiu area, 2.75 Ga and 2.56 Ga granitoids have also been identified. This basement assemblage underwent strong metamorphism during the late Paleoproterozoic （-1.84 Ga） tectonothermal event that is widely developed in the North China Craton. Thus the formation time of the ＂Huoqiu Group＂ can be constrained between 2.75 and 1.84 Ga in terms of detrital and metamorphic zircon ages. It is considered, combined with regional data, that there may be a Paleoproterozoic collision orogen extending in a NWW-SEE direction to the southern margin of the North China Craton.

Eclogite-High-Pressure Granulite Belt in Northern Edge of the Archean North China Craton

The discovery of retrograded eclogites and high pressure basic granulites in the joining region of Hebei Shanxi Inner Mongolia (HSIM) abandon the old thoughts that Archean granulites in the North China craton are of middle or low pressure facies and promote the reconsideration of Early Precambrian cratonization tectonic process, and reveal the geological fact that the scale, rigid behavior and geological structure of Archean cratonic blocks have strong similarities to the present fundamental plate tectonics, which suggest new tectonic mechanism to understand the early continental evolution of the North China craton. (1) The retrograded eclogites and high pressure granulites constitute a ENE NE striking structure rock zone termed as the Sanggan structural belt. (2) The retrograded eclogites are closely associated with high pressure granulites. We can call this belt a transitional eclogite granulite facies metamorphic belt. Petrographically three metamorphic stages, at least, in the retrograded eclogite can be distinguished. ① The main mineral assemblage is composed of garnet+clinopyroxene+quartz+rutile. The mineral inclusions in garnet are fine grained quartz, rutile and small inclusions of fine grained second stage mineral aggregate. This aggregate consists of hypersthene+albite, and has the typical texture of small hypersthene core surrounded by albite micro grained grains. ② The second mineral assemblage is represented by corona of garnet and symplectite of clinopyroxene. The corona of garnet is composed of hypersthene+plagioclase+clinopyroxene+a minor amount of quartz and magnetite. The symplectite of clinopyroxene is composed of hypersthene + albite+clinopyroxene. The secondary mineral assemblage along boundaries between quartz and garnet (or clinopyroxene) is fine grained aggregate of hypersthene and clinopyroxene. ③ The third retrograded metamorphic minerals are mainly amphiboles replacing pyroxenes and plagioclases replacing garnets. The estimated metamorphic temperature and pressure of symplectitic minerals are 850-900 ℃ and 1.1-1.2 GPa, and those of the third stage are 600-700 ℃ and 0.6-0.7 GPa. They indicate a decompressional pTt path. (3) Geochemically, the compositions of the retrograded eclogites and high pressure basic granulites are the same as those of tholeiite and olivine tholeiite, which are Fe rich and show the differentiation tendency of tholeiitic cumulate rocks. Connecting with isotopic data, we can prove that the original rocks of retrograded eclogites and high pressure basic granulites were formed by partial melting of depleted mantle ( ε (Nd) =1.2-3.6) in the age of about 2 650-2 510 Ma. It might be formed in the lowermost crust by underplating and underwent high pressure metamorphism afterwards.

Geochemical Characteristics of Archean High-Grade Terrain of Kongling Complex and Early Crustal Evolution of Yangtze Craton

This paper reports the systematic studies of geochemistry on the meta sedimentary rocks, felsic gneisses and amphibolites of the Kongling complex from the Archean high grade terrain of the Yangtze craton. It shows that the amphibolites originated from a weakly depleted mantle resource. Nb negative anomaly, negative ε (Nd, t ) and the t DM ages which older than their isochron ages of the TTG gneisses imply the possible existence of the crust older than round about 2.7 Ga in the region. Three types of meta sedimentary rocks are identified from the Kongling complex. The first type originated from the juvenile crust with the features of the first cycle sedimentary rocks. Cratonic sedimentary rocks characterize the second type. Mobilization of REE and other elements resulted from partial melting during the migmatization is found in the third type of meta sedimentary rocks. Apart from the early TTG gneisses, some of the mafic rocks are also expected to be the source rocks of the first type of para rocks. The deposition times of the first and second type paragneisses are closed in the Neoarchean of about 2.7 Ga and the early period of Proterozoic respectively, and the period when cratonization of the Yangtze continental block completed is referred to be earlier than the Mesoproterozoic. Nd isotopic tracing on the magma sources of the Jinning granitic rocks in the region reveals that the major part of the Kongling basement is Neoarchean.

A review of Palaeoarchaean felsic volcanism in the eastern Kaapvaal craton:Linking plutonic and volcanic records

In the Kaapvaal craton of southern Africa, as well as other Archaean cratons worldwide, the progression from dominant tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite(TTG) to granite-monzogranite-syenogranite(GMS)rock types is interpreted to reflect progressive reworking and differentiation of the continental crust.Here we re-evaluate the early Archaean evolution of the Kaapvaal craton and propose a unified view of the plutonic and volcanic records based on elemental and isotopic(Nd, Hf) data and zircon U-Pb ages.We also report new whole-rock major and trace element analyses, zircon U-Pb ages and Hf-in-zircon analyses of igneous clasts from a conglomerate of the 3.2 Ga Moodies Group of the Barberton Greenstone Belt. Many of these clasts are derived from shallow intrusive rocks of granitic composition, which are scarcely represented in outcrop. Despite alteration, the volcanic rocks can be classified based on their trace element contents into two main groups by comparison with plutonic rocks. One group has characteristics resembling TTGs: relatively low and fractionated rare earth element concentrations with no Eu anomaly and relatively low concentrations of high field strength elements(Nb mostly ≤12 ppm). The second group has GMS-like characteristics: less fractionated REE, marked negative Eu anomalies and HFSE-increasing trends with progressing fractionation(Nb ≤ 50 ppm or more, Th up to 30-40 ppm). In addition, igneous clasts of Moodies Group conglomerate have chemical, mineralogical and isotopic characteristics that link them to GMS. New analyses of some of these clasts indicate elevated high field strength elements(Nb up to 20 ppm) and_(εHf)(t)of zircon down to -3.5. These rocks imply the presence of an already differentiated felsic crust at >3.5 Ga, which has Nd and Hf model ages indicating mantle extraction ages extending back to the Eoarchaean. The combined record of plutonic and volcanic rocks of the Kaapvaal craton provides a more complex scenario than previously suggested and indicates that TTG and GMS-like felsic magmas were emplaced broadly coevally in multiple pulses between ~3.5 Ga and 3.2 Ga.

Detrital zircon U-Pb geochronology of stromatolitic carbonates from the greenstone belts of Dharwar Craton and Cuddapah basin of Peninsular India

Oldest rocks are sparsely distributed within the Dharwar Craton and little is known about their involvement in the sedimentary sequences which are present in the Archean greenstone successions and the Proterozoic Cuddapah basin.Stromatolitic carbonates are well preserved in the Neoarchean greenstone belts of Dharwar Craton and Cuddapah Basin of Peninsular India displaying varied morphological and geochemical characteristics.In this study,we report results from U-Pb geochronology and trace element composition of the detrital zircons from stromatolitic carbonates present within the Dharwar Craton and Cuddapah basin to understand the provenance and time of accretion and deposition.The UPb ages of the detrital zircons from the Bhimasamudra and Marikanve stromatolites of the Chitradurga greenstone belt of Dharwar Craton display ages of 3426±26 Ma to 2650±38 Ma whereas the Sandur stromatolites gave an age of 3508±29 Ma to 2926±36 Ma suggesting Paleo-to Neoarchean provenance.The U-Pb detrital zircons of the Tadpatri stromatolites gave an age of 2761±31 Ma to1672±38 Ma suggesting Neoarchean to Mesoproterozoic provenance.The Rare Earth Element(REE)patterns of the studied detrital zircons from Archean Dharwar Craton and Proterozoic Cuddapah basin display depletion in light rare earth elements(LREE)and enrichment in heavy rare earth elements(HREE)with pronounced positive Ce and negative Eu anomalies,typical of magmatic zircons.The trace element composition and their relationship collectively indicate a mixed granitoid and mafic source for both the Dharwar and Cuddapah stromatolites.The 3508±29 Ma age of the detrital zircons support the existence of 3.5 Ga crust in the Western Dharwar Craton.The overall detrital zircon ages(3.5-2.7 Ga)obtained from the stromatolitic carbonates of Archean greenstone belts and Proterozoic Cuddapah basin(2.7-1.6 Ga)collectively reflect on^800-900 Ma duration for the Precambrian stromatolite deposition in the Dharwar Craton.

Eastern Ancient Terrane of the North China Craton

Based on the spatial distribution of ancient rocks and zircons, three ancient terranes older than ca. 2.6 Ga have recently been identified in the North China Craton, namely the Eastern, Southern, and Central Ancient Terranes. The Eastern Ancient Terrane is the best studied and understood of the three ancient terranes. It has a long geological history back to ca. 3.8 Ga ago and includes the areas of Anshan-Benxi, eastern Hebei, eastern Shandong and western Shandong. In Anshan-Benxi, several different types of 3.8 Ga rocks were discovered together with 3.1-3.7 Ga rocks, whereas 2.9-3.0 Ga K-rich granites and 2.5 Ga syenogranite occur on larger scales. In eastern Hebei, 3.0-3.4 Ga rocks and older detrital and xenocrystic zircons were identified. In eastern Shandong, there are a large volumes of 2.7 Ga and 2.9 Ga rocks. In western Shandong, early Neoarchean （2.6-2.7 Ga） intrusive and supracrustal rocks are widely distributed. Whole-rock Nd and zircon Hf isotope data suggest that both mantle additions and crustal recycling played important roles within the Eastern Ancient Terrane during almost every tectono-magmatic event. Most BIFs in the North China Craton are late Neoarchean in age and are distributed on continental crust along the western margin of the Eastern Ancient Terrane, probably suggesting that a stable environment was one of the key factors for the formation of large-scale BIFs.

Geochemical constraints on the tectonic setting of the Sonakhan Greenstone Belt, Bastar Craton, Central India

The Neo-Archean Sonakhan Greenstone Belt(SGB) located in the north-eastern fringes of Bastar craton,Central India, is dominated by Basalts, Andesites, Dacites and Rhyolites association. Partial melting modeling on the SGB metabasalts indicates that these rocks were derived by20% melting of spinel peridotite. Fractional crystallisation modeling with REE reveal that the most evolved samples represent the product of fractional crystallization of least evolved magma with 35% plagioclase, 35% clinopyroxene,20% olivine, 5% magnetite and 5% ilmenite as fractionating minerals with 40% remaining magma. Depletion of HFSE with reference to the LILE and LREE/HFSE ratios and Nb, Zr anomalies in the multi-element diagram of the mafic rocks of SGB indicate Island arc magmatic setting.The enriched Th/Yb values further substantiate that the mantle arrays were modified by subduction-related fluids or melts. The general conclusions drawn indicate that the metabasalts from the SGB were formed as a result of subduction of an intraoceanic lithosphere in a fore-arc suprasubduction zone environment.

Zircon U-Pb and Lu-Hf isotope constraints on Archean crustal evolution in Southeastern Guyana Shield

The southeastern Guyana Shield,northeast Amazonian Craton,in the north of Brazil,is part of a widespread orogenic belt developed during the Transamazonian orogenic cycle(2.26-1.95 Ga)that includes a large Archean continental landmass strongly reworked during the Transamazonian orogeny,named Amapa Block.It consists mainly of a high-grade metamorphic granulitic-migmatitic-gneiss complex,of Meso-to Neoarchean age and Rhyacian granitoids and supracrustal sequences.For the first time,coupled U-Pb and Lu-Hf isotope data were obtained on zircon by LA-ICP-MS from five tectono-stratigraphic units of the Archean basement and one Paleoproterozoic intrusive rock,in order to investigate the main episodes of crustal growth and reworking.Whole-rock Sm-Nd isotope data were compared to the zircon Lu-Hf data.Three main magmatic episodes were defined by U-Pb zircon dating,two in the Mesoarchean(~3.19 Ga and 2.85 Ga)and one in the Neoarchean(~2.69-2.65 Ga).SubchondriticεHf(t)values obtained for almost all investigated units indicate that crustal reworking processes were predominant during the formation of rocks that today make up the Amapa Block.Hf-TDMC model ages,ranging from2.99 Ga to 3.97 Ga,indicate that at least two important periods of mantle extraction and continental crust formation occurred during the Archean in southeastern Guyana Shield,an older one in the Eoarchean(~4.0 Ga)and a younger one in the Mesoarchean(~3.0-3.1 Ga).The latter is recognized as an important period of crustal accretion worldwide.The recognition of an Eoarchean episode to the southeastern most part of the Guyana Shield is unprecedented and was not recorded by whole-rock Sm-Nd data,which were restricted to the Meso-Paleoarchean(2.83 Ga to 3.51 Ga).This finding reveals t hat continental crust generation in the Amazonian Craton began at least 500 Ma earlier than previously suggested by the SmNd systematics.

山东汞丹山地区新太古代变基性岩地球化学特征及其构造意义

为探讨华北克拉通鲁西地区前板块构造与板块构造体制转换时间问题,利用LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb测年和全岩主微量元素特征对山东沂水地区汞丹山一带的新太古代变基性岩进行了年代学和地球化学分析。汞丹山变基性岩为斜长角闪岩,具有较强的面理化特征,主要由角闪石和斜长石组成,其原岩(玄武岩/安山岩)的结晶年龄为2626±28 Ma,可划分为拉斑系列和钙碱性系列,拉斑系列的岩浆源区可能为亏损地幔,且形成过程中有俯冲流体/熔体的参与,而钙碱性系列与太古宙硅质高镁玄武岩具有相似的地球化学特征,是俯冲板片流体或含水熔体交代的地幔楔在相对较浅的条件下发生较高程度部分熔融的产物。汞丹山变基性岩以及华北克拉通已识别出的一系列新太古代晚期玄武质-安山质岩浆岩均存在明显的Nb、Ta、P、Ti亏损,与岛弧玄武岩的特征一致,表明华北克拉通在新太古代晚期经历了大规模的俯冲作用。

前寒武纪地球动力学(Ⅵ):华北克拉通形成

华北克拉通研究近20年来取得一系列重大进展,但是还存很多遗留问题待解决。本文首先探讨了华北克拉通前寒武纪构造单元划分中存在的问题,据此提出了动态构造单元划分原则,并初步动态划分了古—中太古代、新太古代、古元古代、中—新元古代的构造单元,从而确定了不同时期构造格局演变过程。基于新的划分方案和华北克拉通记录的一系列前寒武纪大量重大地质事件,侧重探讨了不同演化阶段的独特构造样式、构造体制机制转变,基于华北克拉通一些太古宙陆核刚性化完成于25亿年,而显著的线性裂谷带或活动带最早出现于22亿年,因此,提出华北克拉通初始板块构造机制起始于新太古代末期的论断,本文约束了区域性垂向构造向区域性水平构造转换的相关构造证据。最后,本文基于长期构造解析的研究,系统论述华北克拉通于18.5亿年的最终集结过程。

华北克拉通太古宙TTG岩石的时空分布、组成特征及形成演化:综述

华北克拉通具有3.8Ga以上的演化历史,TTG是其地质记录的最重要载体。华北克拉通太古宙(特别是中太古代以前)地质演化在很大程度上与TTG岩石密切相关。在华北克拉通,始太古代(3.6~4.0Ga)TTG岩石仅在鞍本地区被发现,但冀东地区已在多种变质碎屑沉积岩中发现大量3.6~3.88Ga碎屑锆石;古太古代(3.2~3.6Ga)TTG岩石在鞍本、冀东、信阳地区被识别出来;中太古代(2.8~3.2Ga)TTG岩石在鞍本、冀东、胶东、鲁山等地存在;可把新太古代(2.5~2.8Ga)进一步划分为早期和晚期两个阶段:新太古代早期(2.6~2.8Ga)TTG岩石已在10余个地区被发现,新太古代晚期(2.5~2.6Ga)TTG岩石几乎在每一个太古宙基底岩石出露区都存在。野外地质、锆石定年、元素地球化学和Nd-Hf同位素组成研究表明,中太古代以前TTG岩石局部存在,主要分布于Wan et al.(2015)所划分的三个古陆块中;新太古代TTG岩石广泛分布,是陆壳增生最重要时期岩浆作用的产物。TTG岩石类型随时代变化,3.1~3.8Ga和2.7~2.9Ga TTG岩石分别主要为奥长花岗岩和英云闪长岩;2.5~2.6Ga期间花岗闪长岩大规模出现,并有壳源花岗岩广泛分布,表明这时陆壳已有相当的成熟度。奥长花岗岩轻重稀土分异程度从弱到强的时间出现在~3.3Ga;2.5~3.3Ga的TTG岩石轻重稀土分异程度变化很大,表明其形成条件存在很大差异。TTG岩石主要为新生地壳,但也有相当部分为壳内再循环产物或形成过程中受到陆壳物质影响。华北克拉通中太古代以前的主要构造机制是板底垫托或地幔翻转作用,新太古代晚期板块构造体制可能已起作用。

前寒武纪大陆地壳地质构造演化研究进展与问题

前寒武纪地质构造是地球系统科学研究的一个承前启后的重要组成部分,现存最古老的固体地球物质是38亿年前的大陆长英质岩石。以地质构造热事件为标志确认早中太古代已有30亿年年龄值的大陆克拉通化,而新太古代末大陆地壳已出现普遍的克拉通化。由深变质作用岩石测得的pt值推断当时地温梯度与现今大陆稳定区相似,大规模的陆壳区断块已具基本刚性特征,使板块构造运动模式基本适用于太古宙地壳演化。古元古代末陆壳普遍隆升和遭剥蚀,陆壳生长作用导致形成大陆区块上的裂谷型坳拉槽系。中元古代起,世界约于18亿年前近乎同时出现不变质的沉积盖层,使前寒武纪明显必需划分为早、晚前寒武纪两大阶段。华北克拉通区是世界大陆克拉通地壳的组成部分,与世界各大陆克拉通演化有很好的可对比性,在前寒武纪超级大陆重建中有一定位置。在现今阶段研究基础上,对华北克拉通区提出了几个前瞻性的基础研究课题,应予深入探索。

华北克拉通太古宙研究若干进展

华北克拉通存在3.8 Ga以上的地质演化历史。本文对近年来我们在鞍本、冀东、鲁西、胶东和阴山地区研究取得的进展作了简要介绍。在鞍山,深沟寺杂岩获得-3770 Ma,3600–3660 Ma,-3450 Ma,3310–3330 Ma和-3120 Ma锆石年龄,与白家坟杂岩和东山杂岩的岩浆事件十分类似。在冀东,对曹庄杂岩副变质斜长角闪岩和石榴黑云片麻岩定年,发现大量3.5–3.8 Ga碎屑锆石,并获得-2.5 Ga变质锆石年龄,冀东地区很可能存在始太古代岩石,可把曹庄杂岩形成时代限定在2.5 Ga和3.4 Ga之间。在鲁西,把太古宙基底从东北到西南依次划分为A、B、C三个岩带：A带主要为新太古代晚期的壳源花岗岩,B带主要为新太古代早期的岩石,C带主要为新太古代晚期的新生岩浆岩。鲁西是华北克拉通新太古代早期岩石分布最广泛的地区,也是华北克拉通确认新太古代早期和晚期表壳岩系共存的唯一地区。在胶东,规模巨大的2.9 Ga岩浆热事件被识别出来,它是强烈地幔添加作用的产物。可能作为岩浆板底垫托作用的结果,2.9 Ga岩石与2.7 Ga岩石一道,在新太古代晚期（-2.5 Ga）遭受强烈变质改造。在阴山地块,除2.5 Ga表壳岩和侵入岩外,还存在2.7 Ga英云闪长岩和2.6 Ga花岗岩。新获得的资料表明阴山地块与华北克拉通东部陆块具有类似的早前寒武纪地质演化历史。还对华北克拉通太古宙变质基底的锆石年龄和Hf同位素组成及全岩Nd同位素组成进行了统计研究。结合前人工作,初步总结了华北克拉通太古宙地质演化特点。认为华北克拉通与其它克拉通类似,新太古代早期—中太古代晚期是陆壳形成增生的主要时期,但最强烈广泛的构造热事件存在于新太古代晚期。在我们新提出的构造区划中,划分出了三个古陆块（〉2.6 Ga）,即东部古陆块、南部古陆块和中部古陆块。

华北克拉通太古宙地壳演化和最古老的岩石

简要总结了华北克拉通太古宙地壳演化的规律、认识及存在的问题,特别是近年来在最古老的岩石和锆石年代学研究方面取得的进展。华北克拉通构造热事件主要发生在约2.5Ga,导致大规模陆壳的形成。仅在鲁西、胶东等少数地区有较大规模的约2.7Ga的地质体存在。古元古代晚期的陆陆碰撞使华北克拉通最终形成统一的整体。最近对鞍山地区的研究发现大量3.6～3.8Ga的岩石和锆石。在冀东、信阳、焦作及其他地区也有始太古代—古太古代的岩石和锆石存在。华北克拉通可能存在几个不同的古太古代—始太古代陆核。