Interaction between climate and management on beta diversity components of vegetation in relation to soil properties in arid and semi-arid oak forests, Iran

This study aimed to investigate the interaction between regions with different climatic conditions(arid vs. semi-arid) and management(protected vs. unprotected) on the turnover and nestedness of vegetation in relation to physical, chemical and biological properties of soils in the Ilam Province of Iran. In each of the two regions, we sampled 8 sites(4 managed and 4 unmanaged sites) within each of which we established 4 circular plots(1000 m^2) that were used to investigate woody species, while two micro-plots(1 m×1 m) were established in each 1000-m^2 plot to analyze herbaceous species. In each sample unit, we also extracted three soil samples(0–20 cm depth) for measuring soil properties. The results indicated that the interaction between region and conservational management significantly affected the percent of canopy cover of Persian oak(Quercus brantii Linddl), soil respiration, substrate-induced respiration, as well as beta and gamma diversities and turnover of plant species. The percent of oak canopy cover was positively correlated with soil silt, electrical conductivity, available potassium, and alpha diversity, whereas it was negatively correlated with plant turnover. In addition, plant turnover was positively related to available phosphorus, while nestedness of species was positively related to organic carbon and total nitrogen. According to these results, we concluded that physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of limited ecological niche generally influenced plant diversity. Also, this study demonstrated the major contribution of the beta diversity on gamma diversity, especially in semi-arid region, because of the higher heterogeneity of vegetation in this area.

Spatial and temporal dynamics of Pai forest vegetation in Pakistan assessed by RS and GIS

Pai, an arid forest in Sindh Province of Pakistan, is important for the environmental, social, economic development and conservation of ecosystems of the province. Considering the significance of the forest for Sindh and the calls from the local population for its deforestation, we quantified the spatial and temporal variation in the vegetation of the forest and land surface temperature （LST） using optical and thermal Landsat satellite data. Our analysis of temporal （1987-2014） images with ArcGIS 10.1 revealed that the dense forest area was greatest at 725 ha （37 % of the total forest area） during 2013 while it was smallest at 217 ha （11%） in 1992. The sparse forest area peaked during 1987 at 1115 ha （58 %） under shrubs whereas it was smallest at 840 ha （43 %） in 1992, and the maximum deforestation of Pai forest occurred during 1992. Spatial change in vegetation over a period of about 27 years （1987-2014） revealed that vegetation increased on an area of 735 ha （37 %）, decreased on 427 ha （22 %）, and there was no change on 808 ha （41%） of the forest. Variation in temperature between shaded （dense forest） and unshaded areas （bare land） of the forest was from 6 to 10 ℃. While the temperature difference between areas with sparse forest and bare land ranged from 4 to 6℃. An inverse relationship between LST and NDVI of Pai forest with coefficients of determination of 0.944 and 0.917 was observed when NDVI was plotted against minimum and maximum LST, respectively. The vegetation in the forest increased with time and the areas of more dense Pai forest supported lower surface temperature and thus air temperature.

干旱区气候变化及其对山地森林生态系统稳定性和水文过程影响研究进展

在干旱区,水是形成绿洲的根本要素。干旱区高寒山地是维系西北干旱区绿洲存在、是当地国民经济持续发展和生态环境稳定的水源地,山地森林生态系统具有重要的涵养水源功能,有“绿色水库”之称。气候变化将改变山地生态系统结构、组成和水循环,加剧水资源短缺,威胁干旱区绿洲安全。回顾并综述了干旱区气候变化及其对干旱区山地森林生态系统稳定性和水文过程的影响研究进展,指出了研究中存在的问题,并提出未来在干旱区山地仍需要评估优于1 km空间分辨率的气候变化趋势,从多尺度、多界面、多学科、多方法开展气候变化对干旱区山地森林生态系统稳定性和水文过程影响的综合研究,以促进干旱区山地生态学的发展,为干旱区管理部门提供适应和缓解气候变化、科学的制定气候变化条件下水资源管理方案、实现水资源的有效管理奠定理论基础,促进干旱区气候变化条件下的环境和社会经济可持续性发展。

Abiotic and biotic drivers of species diversity in understory layers of cold temperate coniferous forests in North China

Understory plants are important components of forest ecosystems and play a crucial role in regulating community structures,function realization,and community succession.However,little is known about how abiotic and biotic drivers affect the diversity of understory species in cold temperate coniferous forests in the semiarid climate region of North China.We hypothesized that(1)topographic factors are important environmental factors affecting the distribution and variation of understory strata,and(2)different understory strata respond differently to environmental factors;shrubs may be significantly affected by the overstory stratum,and herbs may be more affected by surface soil conditions.To test these hypotheses,we used the boosted regression tree method to analyze abiotic and biotic environmental factors that influence understory species diversity,using data from 280 subplots across 56 sites in cold temperate coniferous forests of North China.Elevation and slope aspect were the dominant and indirect abiotic drivers affecting understory species diversity,and individual tree size inequality(DBH variation)was the dominant biotic driver of understory species diversity;soil water content was the main edaphic factors affecting herb layers.Elevation,slope aspect,and DBH variation accounted for 36.4,14.5,and 12.1%,respectively,of shrub stratum diversity.Shrub diversity decreased with elevation within the range of altitude of this study,but increased with DBH variation;shrub diversity was highest on north-oriented slopes.The strongest factor affecting herb stratum species diversity was slope aspect,accounting for 25.9%of the diversity,followed by elevation(15.7%),slope(12.2%),and soil water content(10.3%).The highest herb diversity was found on southeast-oriented slopes and the lowest on northeast-oriented slopes;herb diversity decreased with elevation and soil water content,but increased with slope.The results of the study provide a reference for scientific management and biodiversity protection in cold temperate coniferous forests of North China.

气候变化和人类活动对中国北方旱区植被变绿的定量贡献

气候变化和大规模的生态恢复使中国北方旱区植被发生了显著变化,量化气候变化和人类活动对植被动态的相对贡献,对于旱区生态系统管理和应对未来气候变化具有重要意义。目前,中国北方旱区植被变化影响因素的时间动态(2000年大规模生态恢复工程实施前后)和空间异质性(沿干旱梯度)仍需进一步的定量研究。基于多源数据,采用趋势分析、偏相关分析和随机森林模型等方法,分析了1981-2018年中国北方旱区气候和植被的时空变化规律,量化了2000年前后气候变化和人类活动对植被动态的相对贡献并分析其在干旱梯度上的空间差异性。结果表明:(1)1981-2018年期间,中国北方旱区的叶面积指数(LAI)平均增加速率为(0.0037±0.0443)a^(-1),且增加速率沿干旱梯度增大。2000年前仅10.46%(P<0.05)的地区显著变绿,而2000年后达到36.84%,且植被变绿主要归因于非树木植被。(2)2000年后降水对植被变绿的正效应在不同干旱梯度均增加,而在半干旱区和亚湿润干旱区,温度对植被变绿由正向促进转为负向抑制,而辐射在干旱区由负效应转向正效应。(3)2000年前后,气候变化均主导着植被的动态,贡献率分别为96.07%和73.72%,人类活动的贡献在2000年后进一步增强(从3.93%增加到26.28%),且沿着干旱梯度而增加,其中人类活动对植被变绿的贡献在半干旱地区增加最显著(+0.0289 m^(2)m^(-2)a^(-1),P<0.05)。研究结果可为未来气候变化下中国北方旱区的植被恢复和可持续发展提供科学依据。

Ways to Improve Low-Benefit Black Locust Forests in Loess Plateau

This paper presents a general standard for the low-benefit black locust （Robinia pseudoacacia L.） torests m Loess Plateau based on defining the concept of “tri-low forest”, and emphasizes the major factors which result in low-benefit black locust, such as, lack of soil moisture of forest and nutrient, breaching the principle of matching tree species to sites, and high density of forests. Based on different characteristics of low-benefit forests, following the principle of “adjusting measures to local conditions, giving priority to ecological benefits, assisting with economic benefits”, the authors put forward some technical ways to reform low-benefit black locust forests, for example, taking measurements of collecting runoff and storing water, lowering the forest density, introducing mixed forests and transforming species, directive breeding and so on.

The relationship between soil,climate and forest development in the mid-mountain zone of the Sangong River watershed in the northern Tianshan Mountains,China

The mountainous forests in arid regions, being sensitive to climate change, are one of the key research topics related to the mechanism of interaction between climate and the terrestrial ecosystem. In this study, the spatial distribution of a mid-mountain forest and its environmental factors were investigated by using a combination of remote sensing technology, field survey, climate indices and soil nutrient analysis in the Sangong River watershed of the northern Tianshan Mountains. The forest （Picea schrenkiana） was distributed between 1,510 and 2,720 m asl. Tree height and diameter at breast height （DBH） exhibited a bi-modal pattern with increasing elevation, and rested at 2,450 and 2,250 m asl, respectively. The two maxima of DBH appeared at 2,000 and 2,550 m asl, and the taller trees were observed at 2,100 and 2,600 m asl. For the annual mean temperature, the difference was approximately 5.8℃ between the lowest and the highest limits of the forest, and the average decreasing rates per hundred meters were 0.4g℃ and 0.55℃ with increasing altitude between 1,500 and 2,000 m asl and above 2,000 m asl, respec- tively. The annual precipitation in the forest zone first increased and then decreased with the increase of altitude, and the maximum value was at 2,000 m asl. For per hundred meters, the annual precipitation increased with the rate of 31 mm between 1,500 and 2,000 m asl and decreased by 7.8 mm above 2,000 m asl. The SOM, TN and TP were high between 2,000 and 2,700 m asl and low at the lower and upper forest limits. The minimum CaCO3 con- centration, pH value and EC coincided with the maximum precipitation belt at 2,000 m asl. The SOM, TN and TP were high in the topsoil （0-10 cm） and differed significantly from the values observed in the deep soil layers （〉10 cm）. The soil nutrients exhibited spatial heterogeneity and higher aggregation in the topsoil. In conclusion, soil and climate are closely related to each other, working synergistically to determine the development and spatial distribution of the mid-mountain forest in the study area. The order of the importance of environmental factors to forest development in this study is as follows： soil nutrients〉precipitation〉elevation〉temperature.

大渡河干旱河谷区林木种质资源现状及利用建议

林木种质资源是林业建设与发展的基础,关系到提高森林质量、丰富林业产品的需求。以普查、重点调查、访问、资料收集相结合的方式,在大渡河干旱河谷区丹巴县布设调查样线61条(线路总长度130 km),对全县12个乡(镇)的林木种质资源开展野外调查和数据分析,结果表明:(1)乔木、灌木、竹类和木质藤本等木本植物共计543种,其中灌木328种,占比60.40%;乔木175种,占比32.23%;木质藤本33种,占比6.08%;竹类7种,占比1.29%。(2)蔷薇科为区域最大优势科,共99种,占比18.23%;豆科31种,占比5.71%;忍冬科30种,占比5.52%;杜鹃花科27种,占比4.97%;杨柳科25种,占比4.60%。(3)从垂直分布来看,海拔2500 m以下,以旱生植被为主,适合发展林果产业;海拔2500 m以上,野生林木种质资源较为丰富。建议加大乡土树种、经济良种、彩叶树种的选育和推广,加强不同用途林木种质资源的开发利用。

Nutrient status of Populus euphratica growing in desert riparian forests of northwestern China

Seasonal and microhabitat variations of chemical constituents of foliar organic carbon （C）, total nitrogen （N）, total phosphorus （P）, and total potassium （K）, in Populus euphratica growing in desert riparian forests in northwestern China and their correlations were studied. Results show that ranges of C, N, P and K contents in the leaves ofP. euphratica were 39.08%-46.16%, 0.28%-2.81%, 0.05%-0.18% and 0.35%-2.03%, with means of 43.51%, 1.49%, 0.102% and 1.17%, respectively. The ratio of C/N, C/P and N/P changed from 16.26 to 146.61, from 258.08 to 908.67 and from 2.89 to 26.67; the mean was 37.24, 466.27 and 15.14, respectively. The mean N content was significantly lower than of deciduous trees in China, but the mean P content was nearly equivalent. The ratio of C/N was remarkably higher than of global land plants. The ratio of N/P indicated that growth ofP. euphratica was jointly limited by N and P nutrient deficiency. During the growth season, total trends of leaf C, N, P and K contents decreased. The max- imum appeared in May, and the minimum in September. Among microhabitats, C, N and K contents gradually increased from ri- parian lowland, flatland, sandpile, Gobi and dune, but C/N ratio was opposite, and P content was not apparent. Foliar C content was extremely, significantly and positively correlated with N and K contents, respectively. The relationships of N-K and P-K were both significantly positive.

Causal effects of shelter forests and water factors on desertification control during 2000–2010 at the Horqin Sandy Land region, China

The Horqin Sandy Land（HSL）, the largest sandy land in the semi-arid agro-pastoral ecotone of Northeast China, has been subject to desertification during the past century. In response, and to control the desertification,government implemented the Three-North Shelter/Protective Forest Program, world＇s largest ecological reforestation/afforestation restoration program. The program began in1978 and will continue for 75 years until 2050. Understanding the dynamics of desertification and its driving forces is a precondition for controlling desertification.However, there is little evidence to directly link causal effects with desertification process（i.e., on the changing area of sandy land） because desertification is a complex process,that can be affected by vegetation（including vegetation cover and extent of shelter forests） and water factors such as precipitation, surface soil moisture, and evapotranspiration.The objectives of this study were to identify how influencing factors, especially shelter forests, affected desertification in HSL over a recent decade. We used Landsat TM imagery analysis and path analysis to identify the effects of spatiotemporal changes in water and vegetation parameters during2000–2010. Desertification was controlled during the study period, as indicated by a decrease in desert area at a rate of163.3 km2year-1and an increase in the area with reduced intensity or extent of desertification. Total vegetation cover in HSL increased by 10.6 % during the study period and this factor exerted the greatest direct and indirect effects on slowing desertification. The contribution of total vegetation cover to controlling desertification increased with the intensity of desertification. On slightly and extremely severe desertified areas, vegetation cover contributed 5 and 42 % of the desertification reduction, respectively. There were significant correlations between total vegetation cover and water conditions（i.e., evapotranspiration and precipitation）and the area of shelter forests（P ／ 0.0001）, in which water conditions and the existence of shelter forests contributed49.7 and 12.8 % to total vegetation cover, respectively. The area of shelter forests increased sharply due to program efforts, but only shrub forests had significant direct effects on reducing the area of desertification categorized as slightly desertified. The reason for the lack of direct effect of increased arbor forests（accounting for 95.3 % of the total increase in shelter forests） on reducing desertification might be that the selected arbor species were not suited to water conditions（low precipitation, high evapotranspiration） prevailing at HSL. The establishment of shelter forests aided control of desertification in the HSL region, but the effect was less than expected. Effective control of desertification in the HSL region or other similar sandy areas will require greater improvements in vegetation cover. In particular,shrub species should be selected for plantation with reference to their potential to survive and reproduce in the harsh climatic and weather conditions typical of desertified areas.

岷江干旱河谷典型生态防护林碳密度分配特征研究

通过评估岷江干旱河谷不同类型生态防护林碳积累能力以及垂直分配特征,旨在为区域植被恢复和碳汇计量提供理论依据。以岷江干旱河谷典型人工生态防护林为研究对象,对不同造林模式的生态防护林植被层、土壤层开展野外调查和分析。结果表明,岷江干旱河谷不同生态防护林的平均碳密度为126.32 t·hm^(-2),大小顺序为:岷江柏香樟林>刺槐林>油松侧柏林>岷江柏林>辐射松林,以岷江柏香樟林(156.44 t·hm^(-2))和刺槐林(150.76 t·hm^(-2))碳密度最高。碳密度垂直分布格局呈现为:土壤层>乔木层>灌草层>枯落物层,其中土壤层和乔木层占比超过97%。研究表明以岷江柏香樟林、刺槐林为代表的针阔混交林和阔叶林可作为岷江干旱河谷植被恢复的主要造林模式。

基于REddyProc的干旱区枣林通量数据插补及能量平衡分析

【目的】获取完整且有效的枣林通量数据,分析生态系统能量平衡,为评估干旱区枣林生态系统与大气间的能量和物质交换提供理论依据。【方法】选择R语言REddyProc包插补涡度相关法测量的通量数据,采用交叉验证法和能量平衡闭合度评价插补数据质量,并修正热储存项,分析2018、2019年新疆阿克苏地区枣林能量平衡闭合度与能量变化趋势。【结果】1)REddyProc包插补通量数据效果较好,交叉验证的误差统计参数为回归系数b=0.86~0.99、决定系数R^(2)=0.86~0.95、一致性指数d=0.96~0.98、模拟效率EF=0.84~0.92、均方根误差与观测值标准差比率RSR=0.28~0.40;2)经REddyProc包插补后,2018、2019年干旱区枣林能量平衡闭合度分别为73.45%、73.11%,有效能量和可利用能量的决定系数均为0.97;加入热储存项后,能量闭合度分别提高3.72%、2.75%,达77.17%、75.86%,增幅较小;3)各能量分项(净辐射、潜热通量、显热通量、土壤热通量)的日均变化规律在生育期和休眠期相似,日均变化均呈以净辐射变化规律为基础的单峰变化。【结论】干旱区枣林全年能量平衡闭合度符合ChinaFlux范围,热储存项对改善枣林能量平衡闭合度有一定影响,可为研究枣林能量和物质交换提供理论依据。

干旱河岸林生态系统对局地地表温度影响的生物物理机制研究

森林在全球碳循环和调节局地温度等方面具有重要的作用。但是,关于干旱区森林生物物理过程如何影响局地温度的研究仍然未得到充分的重视。在本研究中,以西北干旱区内陆河典型河岸林生态系统和荒漠为研究对象,通过综合利用野外观测数据和温度分解方法(Decomposed Temperature Metric,DTM),系统分析了河岸林生态系统对局地温度的影响机制。结果表明:与荒漠相比,河岸林生态系统冠层净辐射量要显著高于周围荒漠(35.4 W·m^(-2));河岸林生态系统整体表现为降温作用,年均降温值为−1.28℃。但具有明显的季节变化特征,即从11月到次年2月,河岸林冠层温度略高于荒漠地表温度(ΔTs=0.5℃);从3-10月,河岸林冠层温度则要低于荒漠,表现为降温效应(ΔTs为−3.6~−0.6℃)。DTM方法表明:向下长波辐射的增加和地表反照率的下降是导致河岸林冠层温度升高的主要因素,而蒸散发是降低河岸林冠层温度的主要驱动因素。该研究不仅有助于提升我们对干旱生态系统与气候相互作用的认识,也对合理评估干旱生态系统的生态服务功能具有重要的参考意义。

全球森林绿度异常对干旱事件的响应

近年来全球气候变化下干旱事件频发,进一步导致森林锐减,加重部分地区荒漠化,因此定量研究森林绿度对干旱事件的响应具有重要意义。结合基于叶面积指数的森林绿度异常指标和基于标准化降水蒸发指数的干旱指标,研究了全球森林绿度异常对干旱事件的响应机制,阐释了不同类型森林绿度异常值对干旱事件的敏感性及空间差异。结果表明:①2007-2018年全球森林面积整体呈先增加后减少趋势,最大异常面积出现在2008年,其森林绿度异常面积占森林总面积的57.15%;②受干旱影响,全球各主要林区均发生多次绿度异常现象,未发生异常的地区主要位于各大森林的边缘地区以及靠海岸地区;③美国西部地区、南非、中国西南部和澳大利亚境内森林绿度异常程度和干旱事件具有正相关关系;④各类型森林中以阔叶林绿度异常对干旱变化的敏感性最强,其次为混交林和针叶林,而灌木林敏感性最弱。研究结果揭示了气候变化下全球森林绿度对干旱事件响应的差异化规律,对各地区森林绿度变化进行了归因分析,为全球森林生态保护提供了个性化的科学依据。

基于涡度系统的干旱区枣林能量平衡分析

【目的】揭示干旱区枣林的能量循环与能量变化规律。【方法】利用涡度相关法得到干旱区枣林连续2 a的通量数据,分析了能量变化规律、分配方式以及热存储项能量的日平均变化规律。【结果】①干旱区枣林生态系统的净辐射Rn、潜热通量LE、显热通量H、土壤热通量G在各月份的日均值变化均呈以净辐射变化规律为基础的单峰变化。②干旱区枣林2018年和2019年的整年度30 min尺度能量闭合率为73.45%、73.11%,计入热储存项后,能量闭合率分别提高了3.72%、2.75%,达到了77.17%、75.86%。③干旱区枣林的土壤热储存项日均值在生育期和休眠期变化规律相似;潜热热储存项和显热热储存项在生育期和休眠期变化规律不同;光合热储存项和冠层热储存项在休眠期均为0,但在生育期有典型的日变化。【结论】热存储项对干旱区枣林生态系统的能量平衡闭合程度贡献不大,干旱区枣林的能量分配方案受水分条件、植被类型和气候特征的影响。

干旱区特色林果业生态功能价值评价——以新疆生产建设兵团第十四师为例

绿色发展理念是改善生态环境、实现人与自然和谐共生的重要指导思想,在干旱地区发展特色林果业是改善生态环境的重要方式,科学地评估林果业的生态价值,可以增强人们对发展特色林果业的信心。本文参考国内专家学者研究生态价值的理论成果,结合新疆生产建设兵团第十四师特色林果业的发展,在绿色发展理念的引领下,从三个方面提出“十四五”期间发展特色林果业,提高生态价值的对策建议。

辽西半干旱地区油松人工林不同密度对其生长及土壤养分含量的影响

为探索促进油松人工林生长的最佳保留密度,以3年生油松人工幼龄林为研究对象,设置3个不同密度处理,测定不同密度设计下油松人工幼龄林的生长情况和土壤性状。结果表明:(1)不同密度设计下,油松人工幼龄林的生长情况有显著差异,在密度为1200株·hm^(-2)时,油松人工幼龄林树高、地径、冠幅等生长指标最佳,其次分别是1000和1400株·hm^(-2)。(2)不同密度设计下,有机碳、全氮、硝态氮、铵态氮和含水量等土壤养分指标中,1200和1400株·hm^(-2)比较差异不明显,而1000株·hm^(-2)各项指标较低;速效钾、有效磷在1200株·hm^(-2)密度设计下更高,1400株·hm^(-2)次之,1000株·hm^(-2)最低,差异显著。因此,油松人工幼龄林密度设计在1200株·hm^(-2)时,其生长情况最为理想,土壤性状也比较好,适宜辽西半干旱地区油松人工幼龄林造林密度。

播种造林种基盘基质的改良研究

为提高干旱半干旱地区植被恢复中的种子发芽率、成活率和初期生长量,提出了局部改善植物生长环境的技术,即播种造林的种基盘绿化技术。实验研究了添加物对种基盘基质水分特性的影响和使用种基盘绿化技术对植物生长的影响。结果表明:通过添加土壤活性改良剂,可以提高种基盘基质的透水性和吸水速率,降低其表面蒸发量,并能促进植物的地上部生长;添加土壤侵蚀防止剂,对种基盘基质的透水性及植物的生长没有显著的影响,但对于维持种基盘形状、提高施工效果很有帮助;通过种基盘进行播种造林,可以增加根的生长粗度,并能促进植物根系向土壤深处发展,从而有利于提高苗木的抗旱能力。

黑河流域遥感-地面观测同步试验：科学目标与试验方案

介绍了黑河流域遥感—地面观测同步试验的科学背景、科学问题、研究目标以及观测试验方案和观测系统布置。总体目标是,开展航空—卫星遥感与地面观测同步试验,为发展流域科学积累基础数据;发展能够融合多源遥感观测的流域尺度陆面数据同化系统,为实现卫星遥感对流域的动态监测提供方法和范例。以具备鲜明的高寒与干旱区伴生为主要特征的黑河流域为试验区,以水循环为主要研究对象,利用航空遥感、卫星遥感、地面雷达、水文气象观测、通量观测、生态监测等相关设备,开展航空、卫星和地面配合的大型观测试验,精细观测干旱区内陆河流域高山冰雪和冻土带、山区水源涵养林带、中游人工绿洲及天然荒漠绿洲带的水循环和生态过程的各个分量;并且以航空遥感为桥梁,通过高精度的真实性验证,发展尺度转换方法,改善从卫星遥感资料反演和间接估计水循环各分量及与之密切联系的生态和其他地表过程分量的模型和算法。由寒区水文试验、森林水文试验和干旱区水文试验,以及一个集成研究——模拟平台和数据平台建设组成。拟观测的变量划分为5大类,分别是水文与生态变量、驱动数据、植被参数、土壤参数和空气动力参数。同步试验在流域尺度、重点试验区、加密观测区和观测小区4个尺度上展开。布置了加密的地面同步观测、通量和气象水文观测、降雨、径流及其他水文要素观测网络;使用了5类机载遥感传感器,分别是微波辐射计、激光雷达、高光谱成像仪、热红外成像仪和多光谱CCD相机;获取了丰富的可见光/近红外、热红外、主被动微波、激光雷达等卫星数据。

关于黄土丘陵典型地区植被建设中有关问题的研究Ⅰ、土壤水分状况及植被建设区划

根据植被调查和土壤水分调查资料 ,讨论了黄土丘陵典型地区的造林的水分条件和植被地带的划分。水分不足是造林的限制因子 ,在现有天然林及人工林中普遍存在土壤干层 ,所以 ,延安研究区南部应属干旱森林区 ,北部属森林草原区。并根据土壤水分现状和植被现状 ,进行了植被建设区划 。