Research Progress on Nutrients of Artemisia argyi

Artemisia argyi is a traditional Chinese herb,which is widely distributed in various areas in China.In recent years,due to the development of A.argyi related industries and the continuous improvement of people’s health awareness,experts and scholars are concerned about the nutrients and effects of A.argyi.A.argyi is rich in carbohydrates,proteins,essential amino acids,fatty acids,minerals,vitamins,dietary fibers,flavonoids and other nutrients.It has the effects of antioxidant,anti-tumor,antibacterial,antiinflammatory,neuroprotection and immune regulations,and has been widely applied in the fields of COVID-19 prevention,food health care,food preservation and feed breeding,and has good development potential.This review summarized the research and application of A.argyi nutrients,in order to provide reference and application for further study.

Chemical constituents and biological activities of Artemisiae argyi

Artemisiae argyi(A.argyi)is a traditional medical plant,with medicinal and economic value.It has been used to treat diseases for more than 2000 years,and its application has been expanded in recent years with the in-depth research on the chemical composition and pharmacology.It is mainly used clinically for the treatment of“cold pain in the abdomen,cold clotting in the menstrual channels,cold infertility in the uterus,fetal movement,vomiting blood,epistaxis,pus and blood dysentery,and external treatment of itchy skin”and other symptoms.This paper reviews the research on the biological activity and chemical composition of A.argyi by scholars in recent decades.

艾草(Artemisiaargyi)单萜合成酶基因的克隆及序列分析

利用RACE技术从艾草(Artemisia argyi)的成熟叶片中克隆了萜类化合物生物合成的单萜合成酶(TPS)的基因,并对其进行序列特征分析和系统进化关系预测。结果表明,该基因c DNA全长为1.7 kb,开放阅读框可编码538个氨基酸残基,并包含与其功能高度相关的DDxx D保守区和RR(degenerated RRx8W)保守区。预测的Aa TPS二级结构具有28个转角,30个α螺旋,8个β折叠。预测的三维结构符合单萜合酶的立体构象。系统发育分析表明,Aa TPS基因与其他双子叶植物中的单萜合酶基因聚为一类,与菊科植物的单萜合酶基因相似性较高。

Antimicrobial activities of essential oil from Artemisiae argyi leaves

A study was conducted to determine the antimicrobial activities of essential oil from Artemisiae argyi leaves. The sample of the essential oil was analyzed by GC-MS. From 18 compounds representing the oils, Eucalyptole （18.42%）, Spathulenol （14.32）, 4-Methyl-1-（1-methylethyl）-3-cyclohexen-1-ol （3.10%）, 3-Carene （2.64%） appeared as the main components. The screening of antimicrobial activity of the essential oil was evaluated using agar diffusion and broth microdilution methods. Gram-positive bacterial were more sensitive than gram-negative bacterial of the 8 microorganisms, and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 showed the lowest MIC （0.3125%） and MBC （0.625%）. In the disc diffusion assay, Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 49134 and Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 showed obvious inhibitory activity. Survival curve showed that, 2MIC ofArtemisiae argyi essential oil had a lethal effect on Candida albicans within the first 1 h. Results presented here suggest that the essential oil of Artemisiae argyi leaves possesses antimicrobial properties, and provides scientific foundations for exploition ofArtemisiae argyi.

Mugwort (<i>Artemisia vulgaris</i>, <i>Artemisia douglasiana</i>, <i>Artemisia argyi</i>) in the Treatment of Menopause, Premenstrual Syndrome, Dysmenorrhea and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Mugwort has many traditional uses around the world. The Chumash Indians of California use it to treat imbalances that women may suffer such as premenstrual syndrome, dysmenorrhea and menopausal symptoms. The plant contains a sesquiterpene that appears to work through a serotonergic mechanism and may be beneficial for women. Mugwort therapy is safer for menopausal women than hormone replacement therapy. Children affected by attention deficit hyperactivity disorder benefit from mugwort therapy. There is no doubt that mugwort therapy is safer for these children than methylphenidate or amphetamine.

Drug Susceptibility Test of Volatile Oil of Artemisiaargyi to Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli

The volatile oil of Artemisia argyi was extracted by ultrasonic assisted extraction, and the extraction rate of volatile oil was 0.68%. Thevolatile oil of A. argyi was emulsified with 1% Tween-80, and drug susceptibility test was conducted with avian Escherichia coli. The results showedthat the volatile oil of A. argyi had antibacterial effect against avian E. coli, and the minimal inhibitory concentration was 50 mg/mL. Taking sixcommon antibiotics as the control, drug susceptibility test was conducted with volatile oil of A. argyi. The results showed that 10 strains of E. coliwere sensitive to the volatile oil of A. argyi, three of which had different degrees of resistance and one had the tendency of resistance.

Artemisiae Argyi Folium and its geo-authentic crude drug qi ai

Objective:To comprehensively review the literature relating to the use of Artemisiae Argyi Folium (AAF;the dried leaf of Artemisia argyi Lévl.et Vant.from the Asteraceae family),and qi ai (AAF grown in Qichun County and the adjacent areas in Hubei Province,China) in the field of traditional Chinese medicine.Furthermore,this study aimed to give results of the contents determination of three bioactive components in qi ai and AAF.Methods:The literature was reviewed to acquire relevant information regarding the quality and application of AAF and qi ai.In addition,the contents of the bioactive components (essential oil,total flavonoids and tannins) were determined in 29 AAF samples collected from China and Korea using the methods in the Chinese pharmacopoeia (2015) or determined by our experiments.Results:The dried leaf of A.argyi Lévl.et Vant.from the Asteraceae family is a mainstream commodity of AAF.Qi ai is a commercial type of AAF well-known for its good quality,which has been recorded in Chinese ancient literature.Modern research has showed that more intense heat with stronger penetration was generated in moxibustion therapy when qi ai moxa stick was burnt compared with general moxa stick,which led to a better curative effect.Our research also showed that the contents of essential oil,total flavonoids and tannin in qi ai were significantly higher than those of general AAF samples.Conclusion:The superior quality of qi ai compared with general AAF may be due to relatively higher contents of bioactive components.This study provides basic information for further study and utilization of AAF and qi ai.

HS-SPME-GC-MS Analysis on Volatile Components in Different Cultivars and Different Parts of Artemisia argyi

[Objectives] To analyze and compare the difference in volatile components of different cultivars and different parts of Artemisia argyi by using headspace solid phase microextraction( HS-SPME) and provide scientific basis for comprehensive development and rational utilization of Artemisia argyi. [Methods]Firstly,HS-SPME was used to extract the volatile components from the leaves,seeds,and stems of seven-tip Artemisia argyi,five-tip Artemisia argyi,and golden Artemisia argyi. Their chemical composition was analyzed by gas chromatographymass spectrometry( GC-MS),and the relative mass fraction of each component was determined by area normalization method. [Results] For the same variety of Artemisia argyi,the content of volatile components in leaves was higher than in seeds and stems except camphor,and the content of volatile components in seven-tip Artemisia argyi leaves was higher than in five-tip Artemisia argyi and golden Artemisia argyi leaves.HS-SPME-GC-MS analysis showed that eucalyptol,camphor,thujone,α-pinene,1-caryophyllene and caryophyllene oxide with higher content were detected in different parts of the different cultivars of Artemisia argyi. [Conclusions]Seven-tip Artemisia argyi leaves were the best medicinal parts of the three cultivars,followed by seven-tip Artemisia argyi seeds.

Determination of Volatile Constituents,Total Flavonoids and Total Polysaccharides in the Roots of Artemisia argyi Levl. et Van. var.argyi cv. Qiai

[Objectives] To analyze the volatile components,the contents of total flavonoids and total polysaccharides of the roots of Artemisia argyi Levl. et Van. var. argyi cv. Qiai,and to provide a scientific basis for the comprehensive development and utilization of the resources.[Methods]The volatile components of the roots were extracted by solid phase micro-extraction( SPME),and its volatile components were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry( GC-MS); the contents of total flavonoids and total polysaccharides in the samples were measured by UV-spectrophotometry. [Results] 44 peaks were isolated from the roots and 30 components were identified,accounting for 80. 9% of the total volatile components; the content of total flavonoids in the roots was 9. 42%; the content of total polysaccharides in the roots was 11. 05%.[Conclusions] After a comprehensive investigation,the olefins in the roots generally have antibacterial activity,the contents of the total flavonoids and total polysaccharides contained in the roots were relatively high,the roots of Artemisia argyi do have broad prospects for the development.

Pressurized Synchronous Extraction of Volatile Oils, Total Flavonoids and Tannic Acid from Artemisia argyi

[Objectives] This study aimed to optimize the conditions for pressurized synchronous extraction of volatile oils, total flavonoids and tannic acid from Artemisia argyi .[Methods] Single factor experiments and orthogonal experiments were conducted.[Results] Pressurization had a significant effect on the extraction rate of chemical constituents of A. argyi . The optimal conditions for pressurized synchronous extraction of volatile oils, total flavonoids and tannic acid from A. argyi were as follows: solvent concentration of 70%, solid to liquid ratio of 1∶ 30 (g/mL), extraction pressure of 0.9 MPa, extraction time of 40 min and extraction temperature of 90 ℃. Under the optimal extraction conditions, the yields of volatile oils, total flavonoids and tannic acid were 0.852%, 4.66% and 6.79%, respectively.[Conclusions] Compared with other extraction methods, the pressurized assistant solvent extraction method can achieve the synchronous extraction of volatile oils, total flavonoids and tannic acid from A. argyi . The process is stable, short in extraction time, high in solvent utilization rate and ideal in extraction effect of the three components from A. argyi .

Inhibitory Activity of Ethanol Extract from <i>Artemisia argyi</i>on a Clinical Isolate of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>

As a traditional herbal medicine for the treatment of many disorders, Artemisia argyi has shown many valuable bioactivities, but little is known about its effect on Staphylococcus aureus. In this study, the growth, the biofilm formation and the pathogenicity of S. aureus cultivated with or without ethanol extract of A. argyi were tested using microtitre plate assay, Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope (CLSM) system and mice infection assay. Results showed that the growth and the biofilm formation of S. aureus in the test group with ethanol extract of A. argyi were significantly lower than those of the control group without ethanol extract of A. argyi. With CLSM system we could observe that the biofilm structure of the test group had looser and less biomass compared with the control group. After infection of S. aureus, the survival of mice in test group that were given 0.2 mL 100 mg/mL ethanol extracts of A. argyi was higher than the control group. Histopathological analyses showed that the tissue damage of mice in test group was less than that in control group. These results suggested that ethanol extract of A. argyi had inhibitory effect on S. aureus and could protect mice from death induced by S. aureus infection.

Effects of Fertilization and Transplantation in the Neighbouring Area on Quality of Artemisia argyi Leaf

[Objectives]To make a preliminary study of the effects of the fertilizer application and transplantation from Qichun County,Hubei Province,China,to neighbouring area on the chemical substance contents and moxa yield of Artemisia argyi leaf in Qichun(AALQ).[Methods]The content of the total flavonoids in AALQ was determined by UV-Vis spectrophotometry with apigenin as reference substance.The contents of volatile oil and tannins were determined by the methods in Chinese Pharmacopoeia(2015 edition).The moxa yield was detected by the self-developed method of grinding and sifting with high-speed pulverizer.[Results]Whether applying cake fertilizer,or compound fertilizer after applying barnyard manure,the contents of total flavonoids and tannins in AALQ were reduced in varying degrees,and the content of volatile oil was changed,which had adversely affect the accumulation of effective substances in the leaves of medicinal A.argyi as a whole.The contents of related chemical substances and moxa yield of A.argyi planted in the neighbouring Xishui County from Qichun,Hubei Province were relatively high.[Conclusions]The contents of effective substances and moxa yield of AALQ were significantly reduced as a whole when applied fertilizer in planting,especially after the application of barnyard manure,compound fertilizer was added.The quality of A.argyi leaf would not be adversely affected if it was transplanted from Qichun County,Hubei Province,which is the genuine producing area,to nearby areas with similar ecological environment.

GC-MS Analysis of Volatile Components Extracted from Fruit of Artemisia argyi

[Objectives] To analyze the volatile components extracted from fruit of Artemisia argyi.[Methods] The volatile components from fruit of Artemisia argyi were extracted by steam distillation( SD) and headspaces solid-phase microextraction( HS-SPME). The components were separated and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry( GC-MS) with the area normalization method to determine the relative percentage content of each component.[Results]33 compounds were isolated and 29 compounds were identified by SD accounting for about93. 02% of the total volatile components; and 35 compounds were isolated and 30 compounds were identified by HS-SPME accounting for about99. 01% of the total volatile components. 11 kinds of the volatile components were identified by the two methods together and the content of β-thujone was highest.[Conclusions] There were some differences between SD and HS-SPME,and the two methods were applied to the extraction of different types of volatile components,and combination of the two methods to analyze the volatile components in fruit of Artemisia argyi could help us to get more comprehensive information.

艾草固态发酵工艺优化及其对PRRSV抑制作用研究

为研究艾草作为饲料添加剂对猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒(PRRSV)的抑制作用,首先筛选适合艾草固态发酵的益生菌菌株,优化其发酵工艺后,研究其有效成分的变化及抗病毒作用。以最小抑菌浓度(MIC)与最小杀菌浓度(MBC)为检测指标,筛选出适合艾草固态发酵的益生菌菌株为乳酸片球菌。以乳酸片球菌活菌数为指标,采用单因素试验与响应面分析,优化艾草固态发酵工艺,并对艾草固态发酵产物进行成分测定及细胞毒性分析。结果显示,艾草最佳固态发酵工艺为料水比1∶0.95、接种量7%、发酵时间41 h、温度28.6℃;固态发酵后艾草总黄酮含量提高15.3%,总多酚含量提高22.4%,总多糖含量降低38.1%,粗纤维含量下降1.69百分点,对细胞毒性降低50%。将固态发酵前后的艾草提取物加入到感染PRRSV的Marc145细胞中,72 h后利用免疫过氧化物酶单层细胞试验(IPMA)和实时荧光定量PCR(qPCR)检测PRRSV增殖情况,当艾草质量浓度为0.625~1.25 mg/mL时,固态发酵组对PRRSV的抑制作用高于未发酵组,病毒载量从9.24×10^(6)拷贝/μL下降至7.90×10^(3)拷贝/μL。以上研究结果表明,艾草固态发酵后有效成分得到充分释放,抗病毒作用增强。

宽叶山蒿叶和艾叶的微形态鉴别

[目的]对宽叶山蒿叶和艾叶进行研究,为其鉴别提供微形态资料。[方法]利用数码相机、光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜对其叶脉、叶表面和粉末特征进行研究。[结果](1)强光背景下,只有宽叶山蒿叶各级叶脉能清晰观察到。(2)腺毛只分布于宽叶山蒿叶的下表面,而艾叶上、下表面均有大量腺毛。(3)和艾叶相似,宽叶山蒿叶下表面也密被T形非腺毛,顶细胞有2种:一种顶细胞呈长梭形而弯曲,平均长度约1450μm(Ⅰ型);另一种顶细胞细长,扁平且扭曲,平均长度约2800μm(Ⅱ型)。(4)宽叶山蒿叶肉组织中草酸钙簇晶较少,且最大只有10μm。[结论]宽叶山蒿和艾的叶脉微形态特点及其叶上表面腺毛的有无特征可用于两者叶的快速鉴别。

艾GRF基因家族的鉴定与表达分析

【目的】生长调节因子(growth-regulating factors,GRF)是植物的一种特有蛋白,探明艾(Artemisia argyi)GRF基因家族的生物学特性,为艾的生长发育和逆境胁迫调节提供依据。【方法】对艾GRF基因家族进行理化性质、进化、基因结构以及表达等生物信息学进行分析,进而通过转录组数据和实时荧光定量PCR(qRT-PCR)技术分析基因家族各成员在不同组织、逆境胁迫以及响应不同激素的表达模式。【结果】从艾基因组中共鉴定出17个GRF家族成员,理化鉴别显示其编码蛋白均为亲水蛋白;系统发育进化树分为4个亚家族;motif分析表明进化树中同一分支的基因具有相似或相同的保守基序;AaGRF基因家族成员随机分布在11条不同的染色体上;AaGRF基因家族启动子含有多种逆境和激素响应元件;Aa GRF基因家族在响应盐碱胁迫时表现出不同的表达趋势;该家族成员在艾的根、茎、叶中的表达模式具有组织特异性;经脱落酸、吲哚乙酸、水杨酸和茉莉酸甲酯处理后,AaGRF05、AaGRF06、AaGRF11和AaGRF14在处理后的12 h基因表达量最高,表明大部分基因在前期参与不同激素的调控。【结论】艾GRF基因家族参与艾生长发育、激素与逆境胁迫调节,为探究GRF家族功能提供的理论依据。

肉桂油-艾叶油复配亚微乳制备及协同抗菌研究

目的 探究肉桂油和艾叶油的单一抗菌活性及两者联合使用的抗菌活性,优化肉桂油-艾叶油复配亚微乳处方及工艺,并对其进行初步质量评价。方法 采用微量稀释法测定肉桂油和艾叶油对金黄色葡萄球菌、枯草芽孢杆菌和大肠埃希菌的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)和最小杀菌浓度(MBC);采用棋盘稀释法测定了两种挥发油复配联用的分级抑菌浓度(FIC);采用滤纸片法测定油不同混合比例下抑菌圈直径,以离心稳定常数、粒径和多分散系数(PDI)为评价指标,最终确定亚微乳的最优处方。结果 肉桂油对金黄色葡萄球菌的MIC为0.5 μL·mL^(-1),枯草芽孢杆菌及大肠埃希菌的MIC均为1 μL·mL^(-1),艾叶油对三种供试菌的MIC均为16 μL·mL^(-1)。肉桂油和艾叶油对金黄色葡萄球菌起相加作用,对大肠埃希菌和枯草芽孢杆菌起协同作用。复配亚微乳最优处方为肉桂油-艾叶油-大豆磷脂-泊洛沙姆188(P188)-水 2.5∶3∶0.2∶0.8∶93.5,制得的亚微乳为乳白色液体,平均粒径为(130.7±1.2)nm、PDI为0.145±0.02。结论 肉桂油-艾叶油复配亚微乳对金黄色葡萄球、枯草芽孢杆菌和大肠埃希菌均有抑制作用,且效果强于挥发油。

同步热分析-傅里叶变换红外光谱-气相色谱/质谱联用法分析艾叶

应用同步热分析-傅里叶变换红外光谱-气相色谱/质谱联用法对艾叶样品的热分解过程和热解产物进行了研究。分别在氮气、氧气气氛下监测艾叶样品在程序升温下的热失重和红外变化,并将274和312℃时的热解产物切入到气相色谱/质谱仪进行同步检测和分析,两种气氛下共检测到了41个主要化合物,不同气氛下下检测到的化合物的种类是有差别的,在氮气气氛下检测到29个主要化合物,其中γ-松油烯、α-松油醇、马鞭草烯醇、对伞花烃、萜品油烯等含量较高。在氧气气氛下,共检测到27个主要化合物,其中对聚伞花素、γ-松油烯等含量较高。本方法操作比较简单,不需要对样品进行前处理,并可以对热解产物进行实时检测,为艾叶的研究提供了一种新的方法。

大别山艾叶多糖提取工艺优化及其吸湿保湿、抗氧化性能研究

为了挖掘大别山艾草的应用潜力,开发出更多艾草相关产品,促进大别山革命老区经济社会发展。采用正交试验优化超声波-酶法提取大别山艾叶多糖工艺,并对艾叶多糖的吸湿保湿和抗氧化性能进行测定。试验结果表明,大别山艾叶多糖的最佳提取工艺为料液比1∶35(g/mL)、纤维素酶添加量1%、超声时间25 min,在该条件下,艾叶多糖提取率为1.72%。在相对湿度为43%的环境下,大别山艾叶多糖的吸湿率为35.7%;在相对湿度为81%的环境下,吸湿率为40.3%;在干燥环境下,保湿率为66.9%。大别山艾叶多糖对DPPH自由基和羟基自由基都有清除作用,在浓度为1.2 mg/mL对DPPH自由基的清除率为28.5%,对羟基自由基的清除率为30.4%。大别山艾叶多糖具有良好的吸湿和保湿性能,并且具有一定的抗氧化活性,可以开发其作为一种天然的食品添加剂。

基于功效古今演变的艾叶研究进展与应用思考

艾叶是生活和临床中最为常见的中药之一,具有适应性广、治疗效果优等特点。古代医籍文献中将艾叶功效归纳为散寒止痛、温经止血2大类,临床常治疗下焦虚寒及妇人血证等疾病。近年来,研究发现艾叶具有抗菌抗病毒、凝血止血、抗肿瘤、止咳平喘、镇痛抗炎、保肝利胆、调节血糖血脂等作用,可用于治疗妊娠呕吐、高脂血症、糖尿病、肿瘤等多种疾病。运用VOSviewer可视化软件构建知识图谱,并从艾叶的性味功效、组方配伍规律、临床应用和现代药理作用5个方面分析,展示艾叶在药用、食疗、外用、药理作用等方面的古今演变,将艾叶的古代传统功效与现代药理研究结合起来,为艾叶的现代研究和创新转化提供思路。