Antimicrobial activities of essential oil from Artemisiae argyi leaves

A study was conducted to determine the antimicrobial activities of essential oil from Artemisiae argyi leaves. The sample of the essential oil was analyzed by GC-MS. From 18 compounds representing the oils, Eucalyptole （18.42%）, Spathulenol （14.32）, 4-Methyl-1-（1-methylethyl）-3-cyclohexen-1-ol （3.10%）, 3-Carene （2.64%） appeared as the main components. The screening of antimicrobial activity of the essential oil was evaluated using agar diffusion and broth microdilution methods. Gram-positive bacterial were more sensitive than gram-negative bacterial of the 8 microorganisms, and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 showed the lowest MIC （0.3125%） and MBC （0.625%）. In the disc diffusion assay, Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 49134 and Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 showed obvious inhibitory activity. Survival curve showed that, 2MIC ofArtemisiae argyi essential oil had a lethal effect on Candida albicans within the first 1 h. Results presented here suggest that the essential oil of Artemisiae argyi leaves possesses antimicrobial properties, and provides scientific foundations for exploition ofArtemisiae argyi.

Chemical constituents and biological activities of Artemisiae argyi

Artemisiae argyi(A.argyi)is a traditional medical plant,with medicinal and economic value.It has been used to treat diseases for more than 2000 years,and its application has been expanded in recent years with the in-depth research on the chemical composition and pharmacology.It is mainly used clinically for the treatment of“cold pain in the abdomen,cold clotting in the menstrual channels,cold infertility in the uterus,fetal movement,vomiting blood,epistaxis,pus and blood dysentery,and external treatment of itchy skin”and other symptoms.This paper reviews the research on the biological activity and chemical composition of A.argyi by scholars in recent decades.

Effect of moxa smoke produced during combustion of Aiye(Folium Artemisiae Argyi) on behavioral changes in mice inhaling the smoke

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects that inhalation of the combustion products of the traditional Chinese herb Aiye(Folium Artemisiae Argyi) has on the central nervous system.METHODS: Forty Kunming mice(half male) were randomly assigned(n = 10/group) to a control group(C) or one of three moxa smoke concentration groups(% opacity): low(L1; 0.4%), medium(M1; 2%), and high(H1; 15%). Mice in the latter three groups were exposed to moxa smoke in a dynamic gas exposure cabinet for 20 min per day for7 days. Mice in control group were placed in the same cabinet without any intervention. For the sleep experiments, another 50 mice were divided into five groups of 10 mice each: a saline-injected control group, L1 + pentobarbital sodium(PS)-injected group, M1+PS group, H1(15%)+PS group,and a positive control group(10 mg/kg, chlorpromazine, p.o.). The weight, general activities, locomotor activities, rotarod performance, sleep duration,and sleeping rate induced by a subthreshold dose of pentobarbital sodium were recorded in the mice,and the composition of moxa smoke was analyzed using headspace gas chromatography(GC-HS).RESULTS: A low concentration of smoke significantly decreased the frequency of locomotor activities and the time for which the mice remaining on the rotarod; however, a high smoke concentration significantly prolonged the pentobarbital-induced sleeping time and sleeping rate.CONCLUSION: The concentration-dependent relaxing effects of moxa smoke on the Central Nervous System(CNS) were confirmed. Moreover, GC-HS analysis showed that the component present in the highest concentration in moxa smoke was eucalyp-tol, an essential oil well recognized for its soothing effects on the CNS. This may therefore be accountable for the sedative effects of moxa smoke.

Drug Susceptibility Test of Volatile Oil of Artemisiaargyi to Avian Pathogenic Escherichia coli

The volatile oil of Artemisia argyi was extracted by ultrasonic assisted extraction, and the extraction rate of volatile oil was 0.68%. Thevolatile oil of A. argyi was emulsified with 1% Tween-80, and drug susceptibility test was conducted with avian Escherichia coli. The results showedthat the volatile oil of A. argyi had antibacterial effect against avian E. coli, and the minimal inhibitory concentration was 50 mg/mL. Taking sixcommon antibiotics as the control, drug susceptibility test was conducted with volatile oil of A. argyi. The results showed that 10 strains of E. coliwere sensitive to the volatile oil of A. argyi, three of which had different degrees of resistance and one had the tendency of resistance.

Effects of Fertilization and Transplantation in the Neighbouring Area on Quality of Artemisia argyi Leaf

[Objectives]To make a preliminary study of the effects of the fertilizer application and transplantation from Qichun County,Hubei Province,China,to neighbouring area on the chemical substance contents and moxa yield of Artemisia argyi leaf in Qichun(AALQ).[Methods]The content of the total flavonoids in AALQ was determined by UV-Vis spectrophotometry with apigenin as reference substance.The contents of volatile oil and tannins were determined by the methods in Chinese Pharmacopoeia(2015 edition).The moxa yield was detected by the self-developed method of grinding and sifting with high-speed pulverizer.[Results]Whether applying cake fertilizer,or compound fertilizer after applying barnyard manure,the contents of total flavonoids and tannins in AALQ were reduced in varying degrees,and the content of volatile oil was changed,which had adversely affect the accumulation of effective substances in the leaves of medicinal A.argyi as a whole.The contents of related chemical substances and moxa yield of A.argyi planted in the neighbouring Xishui County from Qichun,Hubei Province were relatively high.[Conclusions]The contents of effective substances and moxa yield of AALQ were significantly reduced as a whole when applied fertilizer in planting,especially after the application of barnyard manure,compound fertilizer was added.The quality of A.argyi leaf would not be adversely affected if it was transplanted from Qichun County,Hubei Province,which is the genuine producing area,to nearby areas with similar ecological environment.

Research Progress on Nutrients of Artemisia argyi

Artemisia argyi is a traditional Chinese herb,which is widely distributed in various areas in China.In recent years,due to the development of A.argyi related industries and the continuous improvement of people’s health awareness,experts and scholars are concerned about the nutrients and effects of A.argyi.A.argyi is rich in carbohydrates,proteins,essential amino acids,fatty acids,minerals,vitamins,dietary fibers,flavonoids and other nutrients.It has the effects of antioxidant,anti-tumor,antibacterial,antiinflammatory,neuroprotection and immune regulations,and has been widely applied in the fields of COVID-19 prevention,food health care,food preservation and feed breeding,and has good development potential.This review summarized the research and application of A.argyi nutrients,in order to provide reference and application for further study.

不同水平艾叶粉对草鱼生长性能的影响

试验旨在研究不同水平的艾叶(Artemisia argyi)粉对草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)生长性能的影响,并确定草鱼生长所需的最适艾叶粉水平。选择体重相近、健康的草鱼500尾,按照单因素试验设计原则,将其均分为4个处理组,每组5个重复,每个重复25尾草鱼。各组试验草鱼分别投喂含有0%(空白对照组)、2%、4%和8%的艾叶粉的试验饲料。饲养10周后,检测各组试验草鱼的体重、增重率、特定生长率、存活率、饲料系数等生长性能指标。结果显示,与对照组比较,试验草鱼投喂4%和8%的艾叶粉可以显著提高试验草鱼的试验末重、特定生长率、增重率(P<0.05);而投喂4%和8%的艾叶粉可以显著降低试验草鱼的饲料系数(P<0.05)。试验草鱼投喂艾叶粉对草鱼的存活率、脏体比、肝体比未产生显著性影响(P>0.05)。研究表明,草鱼投喂适量的艾叶粉可以显著提高其生长性能,综合指标数据及养殖成本考虑,草鱼养殖中添加4%的艾叶粉对其生长性能效果最佳。

艾叶粉对草鱼机体非特异性免疫力的影响

研究探讨不同水平的艾叶(Artemisia argyi)粉对草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)机体非特异性免疫力的影响,确定艾叶粉在草鱼饲料中的最适添加量。试验选择体重约为20g、体质健康的400尾草鱼随机分成4个处理组,每组4个重复,每个重复25尾草鱼。对照组草鱼投喂基础饲料不含有艾叶粉,试验A组草鱼饲喂含有2%的艾叶粉的基础饲料,试验B组草鱼饲喂含有4%的艾叶粉的基础饲料,试验C组草鱼饲喂含有8%的艾叶粉的基础饲料。饲喂60d后,检测各组草鱼机体的非特异性免疫指标。结果显示,试验B组和试验C组草鱼血清溶菌酶活力显著提高(P<0.05),试验B组和试验C组草鱼血清超氧化物歧化酶和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活力显著提高(P<0.05),所有艾叶粉组草鱼血清中丙二醛水平显著降低(P<0.05)。研究表明,草鱼饲料中添加适量的艾叶粉可以提高机体的非特异性免疫力,且以4%的添加量效果最佳。

Huanglian decoction suppresses the growth of hepatocellular carcinoma cells by reducing CCNB1 expression

BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is one of the most prevalent cancers in human populations worldwide.Huanglian decoction is one of the most important Chinese medicine formulas,with the potential to treat cancer.AIM To investigate the role and mechanism of Huanglian decoction on HCC cells.METHODS To identify differentially expressed genes(DEGs),we downloaded gene expression profile data from The Cancer Genome Atlas Liver Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Gene Expression Omnibus(GSE45436)databases.We obtained phytochemicals of the four herbs of Huanglian decoction from the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform.We also established a regulatory network of DEGs and drug target genes and subsequently analyzed key genes using bioinformatics approaches.Furthermore,we conducted in vitro experiments to explore the effect of Huanglian decoction and to verify the predictions.In particular,the CCNB1 gene was knocked down to verify the primary target of this decoction.Through the identification of the expression levels of key proteins,we determined the primary mechanism of Huanglian decoction in HCC.RESULTS Based on the results of the network pharmacological analysis,we revealed 5 bioactive compounds in Huanglian decoction that act on HCC.In addition,a protein-protein interaction network analysis of the target genes of these five compounds as well as expression and prognosis analyses were performed in tumors.CCNB1 was confirmed to be the primary gene that may be highly expressed in tumors and was significantly associated with a worse prognosis.We also noted that CCNB1 may serve as an independent prognostic indicator in HCC.Moreover,in vitro experiments demonstrated that Huanglian decoction significantly inhibited the growth,migration,and invasiveness of HCC cells and induced cell apoptosis and G2/M phase arrest.Further analysis showed that the decoction may inhibit the growth of HCC cells by downregulating the CCNB1 expression level.After Huanglian decoction treatment,the expression levels of Bax,caspase 3,caspase 9,p21 and p53 in HCC cells were increased,while the expression of CDK1 and CCNB1 was significantly decreased.The p53 signaling pathway was also found to play an important role in this process.CONCLUSION Huanglian decoction has a significant inhibitory effect on HCC cells.CCNB1 is a potential therapeutic target in HCC.Further analysis showed that Huanglian decoction can inhibit HCC cell growth by downregulating the expression of CCNB1 to activate the p53 signaling pathway.

蕲艾产业发展现状研究

蕲艾(Artemisia argyi Levl. et Van. var. argyi cv. Qiai)是闻名全国的中药材,湖北省道地药材,中国地理标志产品,在蕲春县种植面积达1.56万hm^(2)。文章进行了蕲艾本草考证,从道地性、品牌优势、生态种植模式、加工业、预防新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情几个方面总结了蕲艾产业现状,分析了蕲艾产业存在的主要问题,并提出了相应对策。

艾的有效成分与栽培技术研究进展

艾(Artemisia argyi Levl.et Van)具有多种药理作用与广泛的应用价值,对艾的有效成分及其栽培技术的研究综述意义深远。艾含有黄酮类、多糖类、挥发油、多酚类、鞣酸类、三萜类等一系列有效成分,适于在温带大陆性气候下种植。艾在阴坡的中下坡位种植可起到护坡作用,在矿区种植则能够对生态进行修复。药用种植可选取七尖蕲艾,食用则选取食用艾。艾种植以6月浅栽为佳,同时配合施用氮磷钾肥,定期进行田间管理。艾病虫害防控以“绿色植保”为主,可适当配合其他作物进行轮作、间作。蕲艾每年进行3次收割,提取精油以新鲜全株艾为宜,生产灸用制品的存放时间不宜超过3年。针对其有效成分,从立地条件、良种的应用、科学栽培与管理、病虫害防控、采收与储存等方面进行详细介绍,以期探究艾的规范化栽培技术,为艾的科学种植与产业化发展提供借鉴。

艾的药理作用及其应用

艾(Artemisia argyi)在医药方面的应用前景广阔,围绕艾的药理作用及其应用研究展开综述。研究发现,艾具有抑菌、抗病毒、抗氧化、抗衰老、抗癌、抗肿瘤、抗炎、免疫、平喘、止咳、止血、抗凝血、预防肥胖和治疗心血管疾病等一系列药理作用,并在促进畜牧生产、食用、产品加工应用等方面有着较大的应用价值。建议开展生物菌肥的相关研究,为艾的绿色防控和规范化种植奠定基础。培育出耐重金属的艾品种,进行矿区土壤污染和植物修复,获得生态效益和经济效益的双赢,为艾的合理应用提供新思路。

Artemisia argyi extract subfraction exerts an antifungal effect against dermatophytes by disrupting mitochondrial morphology and function

Artemisia argyi(A.argyi),a plant with a longstanding history as a raw material for traditional medicine and functional diets in Asia,has been used traditionally to bathe and soak feet for its disinfectant and itch-relieving properties.Despite its widespread use,scientific evidence validating the antifungal efficacy of A.argyi water extract(AAWE)against dermatophytes,particularly Trichophyton rubrum,Trichophyton mentagrophytes,and Microsporum gypseum,remains limited.This study aimed to substantiate the scientific basis of the folkloric use of A.argyi by evaluating the antifungal effects and the underlying molecular mechanisms of its active subfraction against dermatophytes.The results indicated that AAWE exhibited excellent antifungal effects against the three aforementioned dermatophyte species.The subfraction AAWE6,isolated using D101 macroporous resin,emerged as the most potent subfraction.The minimum inhibitory concentrations(MICs)of AAWE6 against T.rubrum,M.gypseum,and T.mentagrophytes were 312.5,312.5,and 625μg·mL−1,respectively.Transmission electron microscopy(TEM)results and assays of enzymes linked to cell wall integrity and cell membrane function indicated that AAWE6 could penetrate the external protective barrier of T.rubrum,creating breaches(“small holes”),and disrupt the internal mitochondrial structure(“granary”).Furthermore,transcriptome data,quantitative real-time PCR(RT-qPCR),and biochemical assays corroborated the severe disruption of mitochondrial function,evidenced by inhibited tricarboxylic acid(TCA)cycle and energy metabolism.Additionally,chemical characterization and molecular docking analyses identified flavonoids,primarily eupatilin(131.16±4.52 mg·g^(−1))and jaceosidin(4.17±0.18 mg·g^(−1)),as the active components of AAWE6.In conclusion,the subfraction AAWE6 from A.argyi exerts antifungal effects against dermatophytes by disrupting mitochondrial morphology and function.This research validates the traditional use of A.argyi and provides scientific support for its antidermatophytic applications,as recognized in the Chinese patent(No.ZL202111161301.9).

植物生长调节剂对艾草全光照自动间歇喷雾扦插苗根系的影响

采用全光照自动间歇喷雾育苗法,对艾草(Artemisia argyi Levl.et Vant.)扦插繁殖进行正交试验L_(16)(45),研究插穗部位(A)、萘乙酸(NAA)浓度(B)、吲哚丁酸(IBA)浓度(C)和吲哚乙酸(IAA)浓度(D)及浸泡时间(E)对扦插生根效果的影响。结果表明,5个试验因素对发根率、发根数的影响都达到了极显著水平(P<0.01)。插穗部位对根系平均干重影响极显著,对最长根长影响显著(P<0.05);NAA浓度、激素浸泡时间对根系平均干重影响显著,IBA浓度对最长根长影响显著,而IAA浓度对根系平均干重、最长根长不显著。结合方差分析结果,5个因素对艾草扦插生根影响顺序为插穗部位>浸泡时间>IBA浓度>NAA浓度>IAA浓度。根据多重分析结果,筛选出艾草扦插繁殖的最佳处理为A_(2)B_(2)C_(2)D_(1)E_(3),即第四节插穗在50 mg/L NAA、50 mg/L IBA和0 mg/L IAA混合液中浸泡6 h。

陈艾提取物的总黄酮、总酚酸含量及抗氧化活性研究

采用超声辅助提取陈艾(Artemisia argyi)总黄酮、总酚酸,并利用清除ABTS+自由基、DPPH自由基试验来对不同年份陈艾提取物的抗氧化能力进行研究。结果表明,新鲜艾草、一年陈艾、三年陈艾和三年陈艾残渣中所含的总黄酮及总酚酸含量有显著差异。其中,三年陈艾中的总黄酮、总酚酸含量最高,并且有较强的抗氧化活性。一年陈艾次之,新鲜艾草其含量最低,对自由基的清除作用相对较低。相关性研究显示,陈艾总黄酮与总酚酸含量和采用DPPH、ABTS+法评价的抗氧化活性无显著相关性。

Anti-neuroinflammatory constituents from Artemisia argyi

Chemical constituents of the leaves of Artemisia argyi were investigated. By using a variety of chromatographic techniques and spectroscopic methods, six compounds were isolated and identified as follows： clemaphenol A （1）, aurantiamide acetate （2）, camelliagenin A （3）, japonica acid （4）, labd-13（E）-ene-8α,15-diol （5）, and 313-acetoxy-20-oxo-21-nordammaran-23-oic acid （6）. Among these products, compounds 1 and 3-6 were obtained from the genus Artemisia for the first time and compound 2 was firstly reported from the species. Additionally, compound 5 displayed an inhibitory effect against the lipopolysaccharide （LPS）-induced nitric oxide （NO） production in BV-2 microglial cells with an IC50 value of 6.68 μM.

Effects of dietary supplementation of Artemisia argyi aqueous extract on antioxidant indexes of small intestine in broilers

The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of Artemisia argyi aqueous extract(AAE) on antioxidant indexes in the small intestine. A total of 192 Arbor Acre broiler chickens(one-day-old) were randomly divided into 4 treatments with 6 replicates of 8 chickens. These 4 diets were formulated by adding 0, 500,1,000 and 2,000 mg/kg AAE to the basal diet. The results showed as follows: 1) compared with the control, the total antioxidant capacity(T-AOC) in ileum for the 2,000 mg/kg treatment group was significantly increased at 21 days of age(P < 0.05); the T-AOC levels in jejunum and ileum were significantly increased in broilers supplemented with 500 mg/kg AAE at 42 days of age(P < 0.05), and the T-AOC levels in jejunum and ileum were significantly improved in 1,000 mg/kg treatment group(P < 0.01), 2) At 21 days of age, supplementation of 500 mg/kg AAE significantly increased the catalase(CAT) activity of small intestine, and the glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px) activity of jejunum was improved(P < 0.01), meanwhile, the GSH-Px activity of duodenum and the total superoxide dismutase(T-SOD) activity of duodenum and jejunum were significantly higher than those of the control group(P < 0.05); supplementation of 1,000 mg/kg AAE significantly increased the CAT activity of duodenum and ileum and the GSH-Px activity of duodenum and jejunum(P < 0.05), and the ileum GSH-Px activity was significantly increased(P < 0.01); supplementation of 2,000 mg/kg AAE significantly increased the CAT activity of duodenum and ileum(P < 0.05). At 42 days of age, supplementation of 500 mg/kg AAE significantly increased the GSH-Px activity of ileum and the T-SOD activity of duodenum(P < 0.05),meanwhile, the T-SOD activity of jejunum was significantly increased(P < 0.01); supplementation of1,000 mg/kg AAE significantly increased the CAT activity of jejunum and the T-SOD activity of ileum(P < 0.01), and the GSH-Px activity of jejunum was significantly increased(P < 0.05); supplementation of2,000 mg/kg AAE significantly increased the T-SOD activity of ileum(P < 0.05), but significantly decreased the CAT activity of ileum and the GSH-Px activity of jejunum(P < 0.05). 3) The malondialdehyde(MDA) levels of 3 AAE supplementation groups were significantly decreased at 21 and 42 days of age(P < 0.05). The results suggested that dietary supplementation with AAE could improve the antioxidative capacity of small intestine in broilers.

A chromosome-scale genome assembly of Artemisia argyi reveals unbiased subgenome evolution and key contributions of gene duplication to volatile terpenoid diversity

Artemisia argyi Le´vl.et Vant.,a perennial Artemisia herb with an intense fragrance,is widely used in traditional medicine in China and many other Asian countries.Here,we present a chromosome-scale genome assembly of A.argyi comprising 3.89 Gb assembled into 17 pseudochromosomes.Phylogenetic and comparative genomic analyses revealed that A.argyi underwent a recent lineage-specificwhole-genomeduplication(WGD)event after divergence fromArtemisia annua,resulting in two subgenomes.Wedeciphered the diploid ancestral genome of A.argyi,and unbiased subgenome evolution was observed.The recent WGD led to a large number of duplicated genes in the A.argyi genome.Expansion of the terpene synthase(TPS)gene family through various types of gene duplication may have greatly contributed to the diversity of volatile terpenoids in A.argyi.In particular,we identified a typical germacrene D synthase gene cluster within the expanded TPS gene family.The entire biosynthetic pathways of germacrenes,(+)-borneol,and(+)-camphor were elucidated in A.argyi.In addition,partial deletion of the amorpha-4,11-diene synthase(ADS)gene and loss of function of ADS homologs may have resulted in the lack of artemisinin production in A.argyi.Our study provides newinsights into the genome evolution of Artemisia and lays a foundation for further improvement of the quality of this important medicinal plant.

Effects and mechanisms of Artemisia argyi essential oil on monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension in rats

In the present study, we aimed to investigate the effects of Artemisia argyi essential oil（AO） on pulmonary hypertension（PH） induced by monocrotaline（MCT） and to explore the underlying mechanism. A total of 80 Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups as follows： control group, model group, bosentan（0.1 g/kg） group and AO（0.1 g/kg） group. After 30 d of experiment, hemodynamic parameters, lung and right ventricle hypertrophy index were determined. HE and Immunohistochemistry staining of lungs were performed to detect the injuries and protein expressions. The results showed that levels of m PAP, m RVP, max RVP, w W, LI, RV and RVHI as well as the expressions of NF-κB p65 and α-SMA were increased, small pulmonary artery thickened, the cavity of the arteriole narrowed, and there was marked infiltration of inflammatory cells in lungs of rats receiving MCT compared with the normal group. After the administration of AO, the levels of m PAP and m RVP were significantly decreased, and the w W, LI, LV＋S and pulmonary arterial remodeling were markedly improved. The expression levels of NF-κB p65 and α-SMA were reduced by AO compared with the model group. Our results suggested that AO reduced the progression of PH induced by MCT through inhibiting the expressions of NF-κB p65 and α-SMA.

Effects of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum WLPL01 fermentation on antioxidant activities,bioactive compounds,and flavor profile of Artemisia argyi

Artemisia argyi is a traditional Chinese food and medicine which can improve multiple diseases such as asthma and gastrointestinal disorders.However,whether the beneficial bioactivities are associated with microbial fermentation remain unknown.The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of fermentation on bioactive compounds,antioxidant activity,and flavor characteristics of Artemisia argyi fermentation liquid(AAFL-LP)by an autochthonous strain,Lactiplantibacillus plantarum WLPL01.L.plantarum WLPL01 was found to utilize sugars and flavonoids to produce abundant organic acids,such as lactic acid and malic acid,improve antioxidant activity of Artemisia argyi including total superoxide dismutase content,1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH)radical-scavenging capacity,and Fe-reducing antioxidant power,decrease largely bitter taste notes such as leucine,isoleucine,and phenylalanine,and enhance fruity,sweet,and flora notes such as terpenes and esters of AAFL-LP.Collectively,L.plantarum WLPL01 could improve the functionality of A.argyi and the flavor of the product,suggesting it a promising candidate in developing functional A.argyi food.