Antiviral activity of the dichloromethane extracts from Artocarpus heterophyllus leaves against hepatitis C virus

Objective: To determine anti-viral activities of three Artocarpus species: Artocarpus altilis, Artocarpus camansi, and Artocarpus heterophyllus (A. heterophyllus) against Hepatitis C Virus (HCV). Methods: Antiviral activities of the crude extracts were examined by cell culture method using Huh7it-1 cells and HCV genotype 2a strain JFH1. The mode of action for anti-HCV activities was determined by time-of-addition experiments. The effect on HCV RNA replication and HCV accumulation in cells were analyzed by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR and western blotting, respectively. Results: The dichloromethane (DCM) extract of A. heterophyllus exhibited strong anti-HCV activity with an inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of (1.5 ± 0.6)μg/mL without obvious toxicity. The DCM extracts from Artocarpus altilis and Artocarpus camansi showed moderate anti-HCV activities with IC50 values being (6.5 ± 0.3) μg/mL and (9.7 ± 1.1) μg/mL, respectively. A time-of-addition studies showed that DCM extract from A. heterophyllus inhibited viral entry process though a direct virucidal activity and targeting host cells. HCV RNA replication and HCV protein expression were slightly reduced by the DCM treatment at high concentration. Conclusions: The DCM extract from A. heterophyllus is a good candidate to develop an antiviral agent to prevent HCV grant reinfection following liver transplantation.

Study on Seedling Techniques of Artocarpus nanchuanensis

[Objective] This study aimed to solve the problems of low seed germina- tion rate and difficult bareroot seedling transplanting in artificial cultivation of Arto- carpus nanchuanensis, a native species in China. [Method] Under different seed treatment and seedling style, the seed germination rate and seedling emergence rate of A. nanchuanensis were investigated. [Result] tn both sand bed and direct sowing yellow soil, the seed germination rate, seedling survival rate and seedling emergence rate in the treatment II were all higher than those in the treatments I and III. The average seed germination rate, seedling survival rate and seedling emergence rate in sand beds were 1.5%, 16.27% and 13.95%, respectively higher than those in direct sowing yellow soil. The average seedling emergence rate in sand beds was 2.46% higher than that in containers. Among the 8 kinds of light matrix formulas, the growth of seedlings in the formula VIII was best. In the three treatment groups, the seedling emergence rates, seedling heights and ground diame- ters in the formula VIII were all significantly different from those in the other formu- las. The seedling growth in the formula I and III ranked second, while the seedling emergence rate, seedling height and ground diameter in the formula VII were the poorest. [Conclusion] If conditions allow, the formulas I （meadow soil：vermiculite：yel- low soi1=5：3：2）, III （meadow soil：perlite：yellow soi1=5：3：2） and VIII （peat：forest top soi1=6：4） should be promoted in seedling with light matrixes.

The phytochemical and pharmacological properties of artocarpin from Artocarpus heterophyllus

Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.(Moraceae)has been traditionally used in treating various diseases such as diabetes,diarrhea,malarial fever,inflammation,wound healing and other diseases.Since various bioactive compounds have been found in this plant,this review focuses on the phytochemical and pharmacological properties of a potent bioactive compound artocarpin.Despite its various functions,a mechanistic review on this compound has not been reviewed specifically.Here,pharmacological studies in vitro and in vivo on artocarpin are discussed thoroughly stressing on anticancer,antimicrobial,anti-tyrosinase,antioxidant and antiinflammatory aspects of artocarpin.This review would be beneficial for future study to show the competency of natural products for their therapeutic characteristics.

In vivo anticancer activity of maesopsin 4—O— β—glucoside isolated from leaves of Artocarpus tonkinensis A.Chev.Ex Gagnep

Objective:To investigate the antitumor effect of maesopsin 4-O-β-glucoside(TAT2) isolated from the leaves of Artocarpus tonkinensis(A.tonkinensis) A.Chev.ex Gagnep.Methods:The antitumor activity of TAT2 was evaluated in Lewis lung carcinoma(LLC) tumor-bearing mice.BALB/c mice had tumors induced by implantation with 2× 10~6 LLC cells into the subcutaneous right posterior Hank.Tumor-bearing mice were treated orally with a range of doses of TAT2 and a standard drug,doxorubicin.Animals were observed for tumor growth and mortality rate.Blood was collected to determine hematological and biochemical parameters.Results TAT2 was isolated from an ethanolic extract of 1.tonkinensis leaves.Its structure was determined by MS and NMR spectroscopy,and identified as TAT2.The compound did not show acute toxicity at the highest dose tested(2 OIK) mg/kg body weight).TAT2 exhibited antitumor activity by decreasing tumor growth,increasing the survival rale,and ameliorating some hematological and biochemical parameters at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight(P<0.05).Conclusions:These results indicate that TAT2 possesses clear antitumor activity.Due to its bioavailability and low toxicity,and the fact that it could be isolated in a large scale from A.tonkinensis leaves,the compound shows promise as a potential anticancer drug.

Immunosuppressive and antibacterial activities of dihydromorin and norartocarpetin isolated from Artocarpus heterophyllus heartwoods

Objective:To evaluate the immunosuppressive effect on human phagocytes and antibacterial activity of dihydromorin and norartocarpetin isolated from Artocarpus heterophyllus heartwoods.Methods:Dihydromorin and norartocarpetin were isolated from Artocarpus heterophyllus heartwoods.A modified Boyden chamber was used to determine the chemotactic activity of human phagocyte.The respiratory burst was evaluated by chemiluminescence assay.Myeloperoxidase(MPO)activity was quantified using a colorimetric assay.The broth microdilution method was performed to assess their antibacterial activity.Results:Dihydromorin exhibited potent inhibitory effect on the chemotactic activity of polymorphonuclear neutrophils(PMNs)with an IC50 value of 5.03μg/mL.Dihydromorin also inhibited reactive oxygen species production of whole blood cells,PMNs,and monocytes with IC50 values of 7.88,7.59 and 7.24μg/mL,respectively.Interestingly,dihydromorin also strongly inhibited the MPO activity of PMNs with an IC50 value of 5.24μg/mL,which was lower than indomethacin(24.6μg/mL).Molecular docking of dihydromorin and crystal structure of MPO showed that dihydromorin had close interaction with key amino acid residues such as Arg239 and Gln91.Antibacterial activity assay showed that only dihydromorin had a strong effect against Streptococcus pyogenes with MIC and MBC values of 15.62 and 31.25μg/mL,respectively.Conclusions:The results suggest that dihydromorin could be developed as an anti-inflammatory and antibacterial agent.

Phytochemicals,pharmacological and ethnomedicinal studies of Artocarpus:A scoping review

This article aims to review the scientific data on phytochemical and pharmacological studies of Artocarpus collected from Malaysia as well as to highlight their usage as ethnomedicine worldwide.About 55 Artocarpus species are distributed worldwide and 32 of the Artocarpus species can be found in Malaysia.Artocarpus species are well known worldwide for their edible fruits such as Artocarpus heterophyllus(jackfruit),Artocarpus integer(chempedak),and Artocarpus communis(breadfruit).Aside from its edible fruits,the timber is valued for light constructions,crates,large canoes,and boats.The literature for this review was searched using the term‘Artocarpus’,‘Artocarpus Malaysia’,‘Artocarpus extracts’,‘Artocarpus traditional medicine’and‘Artocarpus ethnomedicine’from published books and scientific journals via various engines such as The Web of Science,PubMed,Science Direct,Scopus,Research Gate,and Google Scholar.The references cited from the retrieved articles were also scanned and cross-checked.All published studies on phytochemical and pharmacological activities of Malaysia’s Artocarpus species up to January 2021 were included in this review.Articles on phytochemical studies of Malaysia’s Artocarpus revealed the isolation of flavonoids as the major constituents.Research on pharmacological activities of the isolated phytochemicals showed that these compounds exhibited significant disease-linkedenzyme(tyrosinase,cholinesterase,glucosidase)inhibitors as well as antioxidant,anti-inflammatory,antimicrobial,and cytotoxic activities.The ethnomedicinal data gathered are useful to understand and prioritize Artocarpus species that can contribute to potent phytochemicals and possibly new drug leads.This review also provides valuable information for the future development of isolated compounds from Artocarpus species.

Anti-angiogenic effect of Artocarpus heterophyllus seed methanolic extract in ex ovo chicken chorioallantoic membrane

Objective: To examine the anti-angiogenic potential of Artocarpus heterophyllus(A. heterophyllus) seed extract in chicken chorioallantoic membrane(CAM).Methods: This study used chicken CAM ex ovo culture to examine the potential antiangiogenic activity of A. heterophyllus seed methanolic extract. Basic fibroblast growth factor was used to induce the ectopic formation of blood vessels on CAM treated with extract. Blood vessel number was assessed by macroscopic and microscopic observation,and compared and analyzed for all treatments and controls.Results: Macroscopic observation revealed that a dose of 35 mg/m L of methanolic extract of A. heterophyllus seeds could inhibit basic fibroblast growth factor-induced angiogenesis by 61% in chicken CAM ex ovo culture. This concurred with microscopic observations on the histological structure of blood vessels, which indicated that extract treatment repressed the formation of new blood vessels.Conclusions: This is the first study to report the anti-angiogenic effect of methanolic extract derived from A. heterophyllus seeds and its potential as a candidate for future anticancer therapy.

Comparative anatomical studies of Artocarpus altilis(Parkinson) Fosberg and Artocarpus communis(J.R.& G.Forster) in Nigeria

Comparative anatomy of two Artocarpus species was carried out to identify and describe anatomical characters in search of distinctive characters that could possibly be used to delimit the two taxa. Transverse, tangential and radial longitudinal sections and macerated samples of the stem and root wood were prepared onto microscopic slides. Epidermal peels and cleared leaves of the two species were made. Characteristic similarity disparity in the tissues arrangement as well as cell inclusions were noted for description and delimitation. The two Artocarpus species studied had essentially the same an- atomical features; however, there were characters that seem to be taxon specific. The study revealed that at the transverse plane of the root, A. communis （J. R. ＆ G. Forster） have predominantly solitary vessel, whereas pore multiple was pre- dominant in A. altilis （Parkinson） Fosberg. Tyloses in vessels of the root were more frequent in A. communis than in A. altilis. In the cleared leaves, venation pattem also revealed some differences in the two species. The veins ofA. communis were more or less straight and that ofA. altilis were undulating especially in the secondary veins. Prismatic crystals were found in the cortex of the petiole in A. communis but not in A. altilis. Similarly, tannins were found in the root bark of A. communis but not in A. altilis. Trichomes and scales were more abundant in A. communis than in A. altilis. In the transverse section of the leaves, abaxial and adaxial epidermis were uniseriate in A. cornmunis but only the abaxial epidermis was uniseriate in A. altilis, the adaxial epidermis was made up of 2 to 3 layers of cells. The epidermal cells in A. communis were predominantly short cylindrical shaped cells but were not so in A. altilis.

Potential of <i>Artocarpus heterophyllus</i>Seed Powder in the Adsorption of Chromium(VI) from Aqueous Solution

The potential of Artocarpus heterophyllus (Jackfruit) seed powder in adsorption of chromium(VI) from aqueous solution was studied using batch technique. The performance of the adsorption process was evaluated against contact time, pH, adsorbent dose, temperature and initial chromium(VI) ion concentration. The influence of the presence of interfering anionic species including chlorides, nitrates and sulphates on the adsorption process was also evaluated. The adsorption of chromium(VI) by Jackfruit seed powder reached equilibrium after 60 minutes. Higher chromium(VI) adsorption was observed at lower pH values with maximum removal (96.05%) occurring at pH 2. A great deal of adsorption (92.53%) was observed at the adsorbent dosage level of 1.0 g/100 ml solution. There was an improvement in the adsorption process when the temperature was increased from 25&#176C (95.35%) to 60&#176C (99.56%) followed by a decrease to 98.76% at 70&#176C. Adsorption decreased with increasing initial chromium(VI) ion concentration. The adsorption followed both Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption models with correlation coefficients of 0.998 and 0.994 respectively, and Qm of 0.57 mg/g. The presence of nitrate and chloride ions significantly lowered the adsorption, with all the p values 0.05. From the obtained Qm, Jackfruit Seed Powder is a good adsorbent for the aqueous solutions of Cr(VI). The adsorption process is slowed by the presence of the interfering anionic species.

Characteristic of Active Compound of <i>Artocarpus odoratissimus</i>

Artocarpus odoratissimus, Terep (Sasak), is traditionally used as a malarian drug. As chemotacsomomy analisys,?A. odoratissimus contains flavonoids. This experiment involves the isolation of flavonoid from A. odoratissimus. Isolation of flavonoid in A. odoratissimus could be performed using methanol as extracting solvent, and gravitational column chromatography was used to isolate flavonoid in pure form the extract. The characteristic of flavonoid from A. odoratissimus could be studied in undergraduate course.

Cytotoxic activity of crude extracts and fractions from Premna odorata(Blanco),Artocarpus camansi(Blanco) and Gliricidia sepium(Jacq.) against selected human cancer cell lines

Objective:To evaluate the cytotoxic activities of Premna odorata(P.odorata)leaves and bark,Artocarpus camansi(A.camansi)and Gliricidia sepium against selected human cancer cell lines by using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide(MTT)assay.Methods:The crude extracts of P.odorata,A.camansi and Gliricidia sepium were subjected to liquid–liquid partitioning by using hexane and ethyl acetate to separate compounds based on their polarity.The fractions were tested for their cytotoxic activity against human colon cancer cell line(HCT116),breast cancer cell line(MCF-7),lung adenocarcinoma cell line(A549)and Chinese hamster ovary cell line(AA8)by using MTT assay.Results:Based on the standard values of toxicity set by the study of Suffness and Pezzuto,P.odorata leaves and P.odorata bark hexane fractions and A.camansi leaves were all considered highly cytotoxic against the selected human cancer cell lines.P.odorata bark hexane extract exhibited the highest selectivity index for HCT116,MCF-7 and A549 cancer cell lines.Conclusions:The results obtained indicated that P.odorata leaves and bark and A.camansi leaves have excellent cytotoxic activity and warrant further studies to isolate novel compounds for chemotherapeutic use.

New phenolic compounds from the leaves of Artocarpus heterophyllus

One new 2-arylbenzofuran derivative, artocarstilbene B（1）, one new benzaldehyde derivative,（E）-3,5-dihydroxy-4-（3-methylbut-1-enyl）benzaldehyde（2）, as well as 18 known compounds（3–20） were obtained from the leaves of Artocarpus heterophyllus. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic techniques including 2D NMR and HR-ESIMS. Many compounds exhibited moderate to weak inhibitory activity against the proliferation of the PC-3, NCI-H460, and A549 cancer cell lines.

Two New Isoprenylated Stilbenes from Artocarpus chama

Two new stllbenes with two Isoprenoid groups, namely artostllbenes A （compound 1） and B （compound 2）, were Isolated from the stems of Arfocarpus chama Buch.-Ham. by repeated column chromatography. The＆ structures were elucldated as （E）-4-[2-（7-meth-xy-2-2-d-methy-6-（3-methy-but-2-eny-）-2H-1-benz-pyran-5-y-）v-ny-]benzene-1- 2-dlol （compound 1） and （Z）-4-[2-（7-meth-xy-2-2-dimethy--6-（3-methy-but-2-eny-）-2H-1-benz-pyran-5-y-）v-ny-]ben- zene-l,2-dlol （compound 2） by spectroscopic methods, mainly by 1D-, 2D-NMR and MS spectra. Compounds 1 and 2 are two cls- and trans-lsomers and compound 2 is the flrst cis-stllbene isolated from Moraceous plants.

cDNA cloning of a novel lectin that induce cell apoptosis from Artocarpus hypargyreus

We isolated a novel lectin(AHL)from Artocarpus hypargyreus Hance and showed its immunomodulatory activities.In this study,the amino acid sequence of AHL was determined by cDNA sequencing.AHL cDNA(875bp)contains a 456-bp open reading frame(ORF),which encodes a protein with 151 amino acids.AHL is a new member of jacalin-related lectin family(JRLs),which share high sequence similarities to KM+and Morniga M,and contain the conserved carbohydrate binding domains.The antitumor activity of AHL was also explored using Jurkat T cell lines.AHL exhibits a strong binding affinity to cell membrane,which can be effectively inhibited by methyl-α-D-galactose.AHL inhibits cell proliferation in a time-and dose-dependent manner through apoptosis,evidenced by morphological changes,phosphatidylserine externalization,poly ADP-ribose polymerase(PARP)cleavage,Bad and Bax up-regulation,and caspase-3 activation.We further showed that the activation of ERK and p38 signaling pathways is involved for the pro-apoptotic effect of AHL.

不同株系菠萝蜜果肉中可溶性糖和有机酸的分析

【目的】了解不同株系菠萝蜜果肉中可溶性糖和有机酸的组成及含量,为菠萝蜜优质选种提供依据。【方法】以10个不同株系成熟的菠萝蜜果肉为试材,利用高效液相色谱法进行测定分析。【结果】菠萝蜜果肉中的可溶性糖主要为蔗糖、葡萄糖和果糖,其中蔗糖含量较高,葡萄糖和果糖含量次之;不同株系中总糖含量和还原糖/蔗糖比值不同;菠萝蜜果肉中的有机酸主要为柠檬酸和苹果酸,在601、17、301和100株系中以积累苹果酸为主,75、408、28、20、45和92株系中以积累柠檬酸为主。【结论】不同株系菠萝蜜果肉中可溶性糖及有机酸的含量和组分有显著差异,其中75株系口感最优,601株系口感最差。

菠萝蜜药学研究概况

在广泛文献检索基础上,对桑科桂木属常绿乔木菠萝蜜植物的种类、成分、药理、临床应用、代表性膳食、应用注意事项和栽培技术等方面进行概述,为深入开发利用提供基础资料。

基于盐胁迫条件下施用氮钾肥对面包果养分吸收及渗透物质积累的影响

为探究不同氮钾配比影响盐胁迫下面包果生长的营养生理机制,以面包果[Artocarpus altilis(Parkinson)Fosberg]为材料,研究不同氮钾配比对盐胁迫下面包果养分吸收及渗透物质的影响。结果表明:与阴性对照(N_(0)K_(0)+W)相比,单盐胁迫(N_(0)K_(0)+S)对面包果生长指标有一定抑制作用,对根系生长指标有一定促进作用,其中N1K1+S处理的面包果地下部干重较单盐胁迫处理呈增加趋势,根系生长指标呈下降趋势。所有盐胁迫处理均显著增加根茎叶中的Na^(+)含量和Na^(+)/K^(+)。与阳性对照(N_(0)K_(0)+S)相比,N1K1+S处理显著增加根茎叶中K^(+)含量,减少叶中Na^(+)含量和Na^(+)/K^(+)。N_(1)K_(2)+S处理较N1K1+S处理显著减少根茎中的Na^(+)含量,N_(2)K_(2)+S处理较N_(2)K_(1)+S处理显著增加根中的N、P、K^(+)、Na^(+)含量和Na^(+)/K^(+),茎中的N和K^(+)含量以及叶片中的Na^(+)含量、Na^(+)/K^(+)和叶片可溶性糖含量。N_(2)K_(1)+S处理较N1K1+S处理显著减少根、茎中K^(+)含量,增加叶片N、Na^(+)含量和Na^(+)/K^(+),降低叶片可溶性糖含量,增加脯氨酸含量。N_(2)K_(2)+S处理较N_(1)K_(2)+S处理显著增加根、茎、叶中的Na^(+)含量和Na^(+)/K^(+)。综上所述,适量增施氮钾肥通过调节K^(+)、Na^(+)向各器官的运输缓解盐胁迫对面包果生长及养分吸收的抑制效应,可为盐碱地的面包果施肥提供参考。

Mutagenic Effect of Three Invasive Species through Allium Cepa Bioassay

Invasive alien species are a global threat to biodiversity that affects protected areas around the world. The occupation of new environments by these plants is a problem to be solved and it is essential to investigate all the aspects that allow this successful to find solutions to this question, such as its mutagenic effects. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the mutagenic effect of leaves extracts of Acacia mangium Willd, Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam and Eriobothrya japonica （Thunb.） Lindl through Allium cepa bioassay. For this, A. cepa seeds were submitted to continuous and discontinuous （acute and chronic） treatments in medium with water （negative control） or four concentration of each extract （1, 5, 10 and 50 mg/mL）. The mitotic index was affected at all concentrations of three extracts tested in all treatments, continuous and discontinuous. Aneugenic effects were not related to any treatment tested. E. japonica extract induced clastogenic effects at 1, 5 and 10 mg/mL in continuous treatment, 5 and 10 mg/mL in acute discontinuous treatment and at 10 mg/mL in chronic discontinuous treatment. Clastogenic effect was also observed at 10 mg/mL ofA. heterophyllus extract in continuous and acute discontinuous treatments.

面包果芽接繁殖技术

对面包果[Artocar pus altilis(Parkinson)Fosberg]芽接繁殖技术进行研究。初步试验结果表明,以菠萝蜜(Arto-carpus Heterophyllus Lam.)种子苗为砧木,能成功芽接面包果,芽接成活率为70%,砧木和接穗的亲和力强,芽接苗长势较好,定植3 a零星出现结果,生产中可采用芽接法繁殖面包果的优良种苗并推广种植。

菠萝蜜炭疽病病原菌的形态学与多基因分子系统学鉴定

为鉴定引起菠萝蜜炭疽病的病原,本研究按照常规方法对菠萝蜜炭疽病进行病原菌的分离、纯化,并用柯赫氏法则验证其致病性,结果表明分离后的病原菌可在菠萝蜜健康叶片上引起与田间炭疽病相同的症状。对病原菌进行分子生物学鉴定,基于ITS基因片段构建的系统发育树结果显示,病原菌HNYF1与Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (ID:KT007120.1)聚为一个分支,支持率为98%;分别基于MnSOD、CHS、Cal等基因片段构建的系统发育树结果显示,病原菌HNYF1与暹罗刺盘孢(Colletorichum siamense)聚为一个分支,支持率均为100%;基于ACT基因片段构建的系统发育树结果显示,病原菌HNYF1与Colletotrichum siamense (ID:MG324082.1)聚为一个分支,支持率为96%。因此,通过形态学观察和多基因分子系统学方法,将菠萝蜜炭疽病的病原菌鉴定为胶孢炭疽菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)类群中的暹罗刺盘孢(Colletorichum siamense)。