Without cooperative behaviors, our society or organization falls into social dilemma situations where every member selects uncooperative （defective） behaviors, and the situation gets worse and worse. Such a situatio...Without cooperative behaviors, our society or organization falls into social dilemma situations where every member selects uncooperative （defective） behaviors, and the situation gets worse and worse. Such a situation in a society or an organization leads to violation of social or organizational rules, and at the worst case it suffers from serious accidents or scandals. Therefore, it is important for us to make efforts and take measures to elicit cooperative behaviors. It was demonstrated theoretically that altruism strategy and adaptive prediction and ascertainment strategy are in some cases better than rational strategy under the situation of social dilemma. We built up a mathematical model in order to examine how the probability of correctly predicting and ascertaining the behavior （cooperation or defection） of opponents and the mixture of （a） altruism （all cooperation） strategy, （b） individualism （all defection） strategy, and （c） adaptive prediction and ascertainment strategy affected the expected profit. Simulation results showed that the tit-for-tat strategy was better than the rational （individualism） strategy when the probability of correctly predicting and ascertaining defection of the opponent was considerably higher. As an application of the basic study above, it was explored, using a simulation method, how such a system as opening reputation or peer review in public could work satisfactorily to prevent defective behaviors in auction dealing. The result showed that the information on the handle name and the reputation effectively worked to prevent defective behaviors.展开更多
Background:Cerebral palsy(CP)registers serve as instrumental tools to support development of care pathways,preventative strategies,and health gains.Such health gains,however,are not always universal,with Indigenous he...Background:Cerebral palsy(CP)registers serve as instrumental tools to support development of care pathways,preventative strategies,and health gains.Such health gains,however,are not always universal,with Indigenous health inequities common.To support Indigenous health,health registers need complete,consistent,and high-quality data.The aim of this study was to identify perceived barriers to the ascertainment of Indigenous peoples on health registers and to collate strategies supporting comprehensive ascertainment and achievement of high-quality Indigenous data.Methods:Environmental scanning methods were utilized within a Kaupapa Māori theoretical framework,which aims to produce research that is transformational and supportive of Indigenous health gain.Knowledge and insights were obtained from CP registers in countries with Indigenous populations and complemented by information from health registers in Aotearoa New Zealand(NZ).Data collection methods included an online survey and scan of organizational websites.Data extraction focused on general information about the register,barriers to ascertainment,and strategies to support ascertainment and high data quality.Results:52 registers were identified,20 completed the survey and 19 included in the study(CP registers,n=10,NZ health registers,n=9).Web scan data were included for the other 32 registers(CP registers,n=21,NZ health registers,n=11).Indigenous health equity was identified in the visions and aims of only two health registers.Ethnicity data collection was identified in nearly three quarters of survey respondents and a limited number of organizational websites.Over half of survey respondents described system,health provider/service,or workforce barriers to ascertainment.Strategies were categorized into collaboration,health provider/service,workforce,and systems-levels.Indigenous-specific strategies were limited and focused on personal behaviour and access to registration.Conclusions:CP and other health registers can have a significant role in identifying and addressing Indigenous health inequities.However,this is not currently an overt priority for many registers in this study and few registers describe ascertainment and data quality strategies specific to Indigenous peoples.Significant opportunity exists for health registers to be accountable and to implement approaches to support Indigenous health equity,address structural determinants of inequities,and achieve health gain for all.展开更多
文摘Without cooperative behaviors, our society or organization falls into social dilemma situations where every member selects uncooperative （defective） behaviors, and the situation gets worse and worse. Such a situation in a society or an organization leads to violation of social or organizational rules, and at the worst case it suffers from serious accidents or scandals. Therefore, it is important for us to make efforts and take measures to elicit cooperative behaviors. It was demonstrated theoretically that altruism strategy and adaptive prediction and ascertainment strategy are in some cases better than rational strategy under the situation of social dilemma. We built up a mathematical model in order to examine how the probability of correctly predicting and ascertaining the behavior （cooperation or defection） of opponents and the mixture of （a） altruism （all cooperation） strategy, （b） individualism （all defection） strategy, and （c） adaptive prediction and ascertainment strategy affected the expected profit. Simulation results showed that the tit-for-tat strategy was better than the rational （individualism） strategy when the probability of correctly predicting and ascertaining defection of the opponent was considerably higher. As an application of the basic study above, it was explored, using a simulation method, how such a system as opening reputation or peer review in public could work satisfactorily to prevent defective behaviors in auction dealing. The result showed that the information on the handle name and the reputation effectively worked to prevent defective behaviors.
基金supported by a New Zealand Health Research Council Activation Grant(20/1139)“Cerebral palsy and Māori health inequities in New Zealand”funded by the Australasian Cerebral Palsy Clinical Trials Network,a Centre for Research Excellence funded by the National Health Medical Research Council(Australia).
文摘Background:Cerebral palsy(CP)registers serve as instrumental tools to support development of care pathways,preventative strategies,and health gains.Such health gains,however,are not always universal,with Indigenous health inequities common.To support Indigenous health,health registers need complete,consistent,and high-quality data.The aim of this study was to identify perceived barriers to the ascertainment of Indigenous peoples on health registers and to collate strategies supporting comprehensive ascertainment and achievement of high-quality Indigenous data.Methods:Environmental scanning methods were utilized within a Kaupapa Māori theoretical framework,which aims to produce research that is transformational and supportive of Indigenous health gain.Knowledge and insights were obtained from CP registers in countries with Indigenous populations and complemented by information from health registers in Aotearoa New Zealand(NZ).Data collection methods included an online survey and scan of organizational websites.Data extraction focused on general information about the register,barriers to ascertainment,and strategies to support ascertainment and high data quality.Results:52 registers were identified,20 completed the survey and 19 included in the study(CP registers,n=10,NZ health registers,n=9).Web scan data were included for the other 32 registers(CP registers,n=21,NZ health registers,n=11).Indigenous health equity was identified in the visions and aims of only two health registers.Ethnicity data collection was identified in nearly three quarters of survey respondents and a limited number of organizational websites.Over half of survey respondents described system,health provider/service,or workforce barriers to ascertainment.Strategies were categorized into collaboration,health provider/service,workforce,and systems-levels.Indigenous-specific strategies were limited and focused on personal behaviour and access to registration.Conclusions:CP and other health registers can have a significant role in identifying and addressing Indigenous health inequities.However,this is not currently an overt priority for many registers in this study and few registers describe ascertainment and data quality strategies specific to Indigenous peoples.Significant opportunity exists for health registers to be accountable and to implement approaches to support Indigenous health equity,address structural determinants of inequities,and achieve health gain for all.
