Analysis of sex pheromone production and field trapping of the Asian corn borer(Ostrinia furnacalis Guenée)in Xinjiang,China

Identifying the sex pheromone systems of local pest populations facilitates their management,especially for moth species that show significant geographic variation in sex pheromone communication.We investigated the pheromone production and behavioral responses of the Asian corn borer(Ostrinia furnacalis Guenée;ACB)in Xinjiang,China.The ACB produces three compounds:(Z)-12-tetradecenyl acetate(Z12-14:Ac)and(E)-12-tetradecenyl acetate(E12-14:Ac)which are two sex pheromone compounds,and n-tetradecyl acetate(14:Ac)which has variable roles in mediating behavioral responses.The ratios of these three compounds produced in female gland are geographically distinct among different populations.Quantitative analysis of pheromone production showed that the proportions of Z12-14:Ac in the E/Z isomers(i.e.,Z and E12-14:Ac)and the proportions of 14:Ac in the ternary blend respectively averaged 60.46%(SD=5.26)and 25.00%(SD=7.37),with their probabilities normally or near-normally distributed.Trapping experiments in a cornfield indicated that deploying the E/Z isomers and the three compounds in rubber septa close to their gland ratios yielded the most captured males,while other ratios that deviated from the gland ratios showed reduced field captures.The ternary blend was significantly more attractive to males than the E/Z isomers in the field,indicating a functional role of 14:Ac as the third pheromone component used by the local population.Additionally,the dose-response test demonstrated that the application of the three compounds at dosages between 200 and 350μg attracted significantly more males compared to other dosages.Therefore,the characterization of this local ACB pheromone system provides additional information about its geographic variation and serves as a basis for optimizing the pheromone-mediated control of this pest in Xinjiang.

TEMPERATURE DEPENDENT DEVELOPMENT OF ASIAN CORN BORER Ostrinia furnacalis

Temperature dependent development in the Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenee) was determined at nine constant temperatures between 10℃ and 34℃. Except for 10℃ development of all life stages occurred at the temperatures tested, however, mortality was significantly great at the extreme temperatures(12℃ and 34℃). Egg, larvae and pupae duration accounted for 17%, 57% and 25% of total one of immature stage, respectively Lower developmental thresholds estimated to be 10 38, 10 06 and 11 07℃ for eggs, larvae and pupae, respectively. Upper limited thresholds were 28 00, 31 00 and 31 00℃ for eggs, larvae and pupae, respectively. The heat unit requirements for egg stage were 79 15 degree days, for larval stage were 339 73 degree days, and for pupal stage were 128 82 degree days, respectively. Overall, heat unit requirements for development from egg to adult were 539 91 degree days between lower developmental threshold 10 35℃ and upper limited threshold 32℃.

Effects of Droplet Distribution on Insecticide Toxicity to Asian Corn Borers(Ostrinia furnaealis) and Spiders(Xysticus ephippiatus)

Distribution of horizontal boom produced droplets downwards into maize canopies at flowering period and its effects on the efficacies of emamectin benzoate, lambda-cyhalothrin and chlorantraniliprole against the second generation of Asian corn borer （ACB） larvae and their toxicity to spiders were studied. When insecticides were sprayed downwards into the maize canopies, randomly filtering out droplets by upper leaves led to great variations of droplet coverage and density within the canopies. Consequently, the efficacies of lambda-cyhalothrin and emamectin benzoate against ACB larvae were decreased because of randomly filtering out droplets by upper leaves. But field investigation showed that lambda-cyhalothrin was extremely toxic to hunting spiders, Xysticus ephippiatus, and not suitable to IPM programs in regulation of the second generation of ACB. Therefore, randomly filtering out droplets by upper leaves decreased lambda-cyhalothrin＇s efficacy against ACB larvae, but did little to decrease its toxicity to X. ephippiatus. Amamectin benzoate can reduce the populations of X. ephippiatus by 58.1-61.4%, but the populations can recover at the end of the experiment. Chlorantraniliprole was relatively safe to X. ephippiatus. It only reduced the populations of X. ephippiatus by 22.3-33.0%, and the populations can totally recover 9 d after application.

Progress on Sex Pheromone Synthesis of Asian Corn Borer, Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenee)

The progress on the components identification, synthesis methods （syn- thetic strategy of carbon chain increasing and synthetic strategy of carbon chain de- creasing） of Asian corn borer （Ostrinia fumacalis （Guenee）） sex pheromone was reviewed, which will provide a reference for the control of Asian corn borer.

Major Chemical Synthesis Methods and Application Progress of Sex Pheromone of Asian Corn Borer

This article reviews the main chemical synthesis methods of sex pheromone of Asian corn borer, common strategies for constructing dou-ble bond, molecular composition and field application progress of sex pheromone of Asian corn borer, which will provide reference for biological control of Asian corn borer.

Competitive interactions between invasive fall armyworm and Asian corn borer at intraspecific and interspecific level on the same feeding guild

Interspecific competition is an important factor in the population dynamics and geographical distribution of insect populations.Fall armyworm(FAW),Spodoptera frugiperda,an invasive species,and the Asian corn borer(ACB),Ostrinia furnacalis,a native pest species are major pests on maize in China,posing a threat to maize yield and grain quality.A series of laboratory,greenhouse,and field experiments were conducted to elucidate the competitive interactions between FAW and ACB.In the laboratory experiments,FAW exhibited aggressive behaviors more frequently when compared with ACB,while the latter species exhibited defense behaviors more frequently.Higher intraspecific competition was recorded in the FAW conspecific rather than in ACB,particularly in the 6th larval stage.FAW had a higher interspecific competitive advantage through intraguild predation over ACB,resulting in partial or complete displacement ACB when initially the ratio of the 2 species was 1:1.The interspecific competition also had significantly influenced on the population parameters,defensive enzymes,and nutrient of these 2 species.Competitive interaction proved that the response of superoxide,catalase,and soluble protein in FAW were significantly increased,whereas the total sugar content in both species was substantially decreased.Survival rate,and the plant damage that co-infested by both species varied significantly among the sequential combinations under greenhouse and field conditions.FAW consistently exhibited stronger intraspecific aggression than ACB under laboratory and field conditions when co-existing on the same feeding guild.These findings contribute to efforts toward the improvement of integrated pest management programs for FAW,in decision making for invasive and native pests’management strategies to reduce the high risks of FAW and ACB outbreaks.

亚洲玉米螟性信息素鉴定及其应用研究进展

【目的】综述近年来国内外关于亚洲玉米螟性信息素鉴定、综合防控及应用的研究进展,为亚洲玉米螟的监测预警、绿色防控等技术提供参考依据。【方法】运用文献统计学方法收集资料及调研,分析国内外亚洲玉米螟性信息素防治技术研究与应用的进展。【结果】亚洲玉米螟在中国、韩国、日本、菲律宾等国家均有分布,雌性个体通过释放性信息素吸引雄性继而交配;鉴定亚洲玉米螟主要性信息素组分为顺/反-12-十四碳烯醇乙酸酯(Z/E-12-14:Ac)和正十四碳醇乙酸酯(14:Ac),各组分作用不同,组分间比例存在地理种群差异;亚洲玉米螟性信息素产品已运用于监测、诱杀与交配干扰中,与其它防治技术相结合的集成技术防效显著;应用过程中存在多种影响性信息素诱剂诱捕效率的因素,包括性信息素剂量、诱捕器类型、放置高度、颜色及环境等。【结论】亚洲玉米螟在多个国家的玉米种植区均有分布,亚洲玉米螟性信息素比例存在地理种群差异,利用性信息素最佳组分系统结合影响性诱剂诱捕效率的多种因素,在田间防控亚洲玉米螟取得了较好效果,我国已组装、集成一套基于性信息素防控亚洲玉米螟绿色防治技术。

玉米种质资源对六种重要病虫害的抗性鉴定与评价

在2003-2005年间,对604份玉米种质进行了抗弯孢菌叶斑病和玉米螟鉴定,筛选出抗弯孢菌叶斑病的材料93份,抗玉米螟材料22份。2006-2009年间,对836份玉米种质进行了抗大斑病、茎腐病、穗腐病和瘤黑粉病的鉴定与评价,筛选出一批高抗和多抗的资源。在836份资源中,对大斑病1、2和N号3个生理小种具有抗性的材料均为50%左右;抗茎腐病材料为41.3%,高抗和抗性种质分别为264和81份;穗腐病高抗和抗性种质分别为5和171份,占比为21.1%;瘤黑粉病高抗和抗性种质各261和14份,占总鉴定材料的32.9%。上述结果表明抗大斑病、茎腐病和瘤黑粉病的种质资源较为丰富。通过对抗性结果进行对比分析,发现不同生态区玉米种质的抗性强弱以及抗性多样性存在明显差异,黑龙江和内蒙古的种质对病虫害的抗性强弱及多样性程度明显高于四川种质。此外,玉米自交系对病虫害的抗性强弱以及多抗性程度高于农家种。

玉米对亚洲玉米螟抗性的QTL分析

对玉米的亚洲玉米螟抗性进行遗传剖析对抗虫育种有重要意义。本研究以自330×K36的F2:3群体(114个家系)为材料,利用SSR标记对玉米的亚洲玉米螟抗性进行了数量性状位点(QTL)分析。结果表明,基于叶片侵害度性状检测到6个QTL,分别位于染色体4、6、7和10上;基于茎秆虫孔数性状检测到4个QTL,分别位于染色体1、5、8(2个)上;基于茎秆隧道长度性状检测到2个QTL,位于染色体1和8上;以隧道长度/虫孔数为鉴定性状检测到2个QTL,位于染色体7和10上。这些QTL所能解释的表型变异在10.3%～21.5%之间。大部分QTL的作用方式为部分显性。

玉米不同种植方式对玉米螟的控制作用研究

对玉米不同品种清种、混种和间种不同作物后玉米螟的发生情况进行了初步研究。通过玉米清种区与混种区的玉米螟发生情况比较、分析得出,混种对降低一代玉米螟卵量有明显作用,比清种一代玉米螟卵降低幅度在13%～45%。通过玉米间种不同作物后玉米螟发生情况分析得出,间种向日葵的小区中玉米螟的蛀孔数和活虫数明显低于其它处理,认为向日葵可能对玉米螟具有一定的驱避作用。

4种亚洲玉米螟绿色防控技术田间防效及效益比较

亚洲玉米螟是黑龙江省玉米生产上发生最重、危害最大的常发性害虫,并呈现进一步严重发生危害态势。本文对4种亚洲玉米螟绿色防控技术进行了田间平均防治效果、挽回玉米产量损失率的测定,从对亚洲玉米螟的防治效果、玉米的产量和质量、投入成本、投入产出比、经济效益、社会效益和生态效益等方面进行了比较。结果表明,投射式杀虫灯、性诱剂诱捕器、赤眼蜂、Bt可湿性粉剂4种不同绿色防控技术对亚洲玉米螟的平均防治效果分别为55.87%、43.71%、67.63%、78.09%,挽回产量损失率分别是5.79%、4.17%、7.23%、8.41%;投入产出比分别为1﹕20.94、1﹕3.53、1﹕25.10、1﹕14.15。综合比较,释放赤眼蜂及喷施Bt可湿性粉剂为最佳亚洲玉米螟绿色防控技术。

球孢白僵菌-玉米共生体对亚洲玉米螟取食行为的影响

为明确球孢白僵菌-玉米共生体对亚洲玉米螟幼虫取食行为及取食选择性的影响,本文通过室内控制试验,采用培养皿叶盘法,研究了共生体对亚洲玉米螟初孵幼虫和3龄幼虫的选择、非选择性取食的影响。结果表明,在48 h非选择性试验中,亚洲玉米螟初孵幼虫在球孢白僵菌-玉米共生体叶片组织(处理组)上的取食率显著低于未接种球孢白僵菌玉米叶片(对照组),第48 h时在共生体和对照玉米上的幼虫取食率分别为35.7%和62.5%,差异极显著;3龄幼虫在共生体茎秆组织上的取食率与对照组玉米差异不显著。在48 h选择性试验中,初孵幼虫在共生体玉米叶片组织上的取食率显著低于对照组,共生体玉米叶片组织上的幼虫取食率随时间的增加呈下降趋势,第48h时在共生体和对照玉米上的幼虫取食率分别为6.3%和20.6%,差异极显著;3龄幼虫在共生体和对照组玉米茎秆组织上的幼虫取食率随时间的增加呈上升趋势,其中对照组幼虫取食率显著高于处理组,第48 h时在处理组和对照组玉米上的幼虫取食率分别为33.1%和45.6%,差异极显著。本研究初步表明,球孢白僵菌-玉米共生体对亚洲玉米螟幼虫的取食行为有显著的抑制和忌避作用。

亚洲玉米螟为害后玉米冠层光谱变化和产量损失研究

2006年在河北农林科学院植保所农场夏播高感亚洲玉米螟的玉米品种郑单958上，于大喇叭口期人工接种2龄玉米螟幼虫以造成不同梯度为害，利用便携式遥感光谱仪（ASD FieldSpec UV／VNIR）在玉米不同生育期收集冠层光谱信息，调查食叶级别，并在收获时统计蛀孔率和产量。结果表明：（1）各生育期食叶级别和对应生育期内的冠层光谱反射率值呈显著负相关，且各个级别之间方差分析差异显著；（2）各波段冠层光谱反射率值和每株虫孔数量的相关性分析得到相关性曲线，750-900nm相关系数较高，可作为监测的敏感波段；（3）乳熟期光谱数据、平均每株虫孔数量和产量及产量损失率之间均可建立极显著回归方程。用光谱仪所测数据估测产量损失率的精确度比用传统查虫数据估测产量损失率的精确度高，且省时省工。

不同地理种群和不同化性亚洲玉米螟的有效积温和存活率的研究

[目的]为了研究不同地理种群和不同化性亚洲玉米螟的有效积温和存活率。[方法]采用直线最优法对采自我国北方不同地区的亚洲玉米螟一化性、二化性、三化性种群的有效积温和存活率进行了研究。[结果]一化性种群有效积温最高,二化性种群次之,三化性种群最低;除成虫外,其它虫态(卵、幼虫和蛹)的发育起点温度均为三化性的最高,二化性居中,一化性最低,成虫则刚好相反。在每一个供试温度(152、02、53、03、5℃)下一化性的存活率最高,二化性次之,三化性最低。[结论]在供试的5个温度梯度中,25℃是亚洲玉米螟发育的最适温度,不同地理种群和不同化性的亚洲玉米螟的生物学特性存在差异。

大气CO_2浓度升高对谷子生长发育及玉米螟发生的影响

人类活动导致全球大气CO_2浓度持续升高,研究大气CO_2浓度升高对C4作物谷子(Setaria italica)生长发育及虫害发生的影响,可以为谷子等C4作物制订应对气候变化栽培措施提供理论依据。本研究利用OTC(Open Top Chamber)系统,设两个CO_2浓度梯度(正常大气CO_2浓度、正常CO_2浓度+200μmol·mol-1)模拟CO_2浓度升高对谷子生长发育的影响。结果表明:大气CO_2浓度升高后,谷子净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(gs)、叶片蒸腾速率(Tr)和水分利用率(WUE)分别增加38.73%、27.53%、6.93%和40.56%;谷子叶片光系统Ⅱ最大光化学量子产量(Fv/Fm)和非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ)显著下降,光系统Ⅱ实际光化学量子产量(ΦPSII)和表观电子传递效率(ETR)显著增加,而对光化学淬灭系数(q P)无显著影响;此外,谷子株高、茎粗和小穗数分别增加3.41%、13.28%和13.11%;而叶重、茎重、千粒重、单株粒数和产量无显著变化,穗重和地上部分生物量分别显著下降12.8%和7.44%;大气CO_2浓度升高后,谷子灌浆期和收获期玉米螟(Ostrinia furnacalis)发生数量显著增加。大气CO_2浓度升高将有利于谷子的生长发育,但会增加玉米螟危害。

不同饲料配方对亚洲玉米螟生长发育和繁殖的影响

【目的】筛选出适合饲养亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis(Guenee)的最佳饲料配方,以期改进亚洲玉米螟的饲养技术,为进一步研究亚洲玉米螟人工大量繁殖技术提供依据。【方法】在周大荣新7号配方人工饲料的基础上,设计了4种不同的人工饲料配方饲养亚洲玉米螟,研究4种人工饲料配方对亚洲玉米螟生长发育、存活、繁殖和种群增长的影响。【结果】在试验设计的4种不同饲料配方中,配方2(玉米面86 g/kg,大豆面86 g/kg,Vc 2.9 g/kg,琼脂11.5 g/kg,酵母粉51.6 g/kg,山梨酸2.9 g/kg,葡萄糖43 g/kg,水716.2 g/kg)的饲养效果最好,亚洲玉米螟的化蛹率、羽化率、成活率、净增殖率、内禀增长率和周限增长率均极显著高于其他配方,平均世代周期和种群加倍时间最短。配方1和配方3的饲养效果次之,配方4的饲养效果较差。【结论】饲料对亚洲玉米螟生长、发育有重要影响,配方2是适合亚洲玉米螟生长的最佳配方。

玉米种质资源H21和Mo17抗亚洲玉米螟的QTL分析

本研究以H2 1×Mo17的F2 :3 群体 (12 0个家系 )为作图材料 ,利用SSR和AFLP标记对玉米资源H2 1的亚洲玉米螟抗性进行了数量性状位点 (QTL)分析。结果表明 ,基于叶片侵食度性状 ,检测到 3个QTL ,分别位于染色体 1、5、8上 ;基于茎秆虫孔数性状 ,检测到 3个QTL ,分别位于染色体 4和 10 (2个 )上 ;基于茎秆隧道长度性状 ,检测到 2个QTL ,位于染色体 4和 8上 ;以隧道长度 /虫孔数为鉴定性状 ,检测到 1个QTL ,位于染色体 4上。这些QTL所能解释的表型变异在 7 7%～5 1 8%之间。超显性是QTL作用的主要方式。

玉米果穗挥发物组成及其对亚洲玉米螟的电生理活性

为了研究玉米果穗不同部位挥发物成分的差异及挥发物对亚洲玉米螟的电生理活性,采用顶空吸附法和气相色谱—质谱联用仪(GC-MS)提取并分析了玉米果穗不同部位(玉米须、玉米苞叶、玉米雌穗)挥发物,并通过触角电位技术测定了亚洲玉米螟对其中16种挥发物的电生理反应。结果表明,玉米果穗不同部位挥发物成分存在差异,玉米须、玉米苞叶、玉米雌穗分别有37、39和41种化合物,其中有22种化合物共同存在于3个部位,分别有8、9和5种化合物为玉米须、玉米苞叶和玉米雌穗中特有。玉米不同部位挥发物种类主要包括绿叶气味、芳香族化合物、萜类和脂肪族化合物(醛类、酮类、醇类、酯类和烃类),这些化合物的含量在玉米果穗不同部位之间存在着差异,均以萜类化合物的含量最高。亚洲玉米螟未交配雌雄蛾对测定的16种挥发物均可产生EAG反应,表现出醇类和酯类化合物>醛类(癸醛除外)和绿叶气味化合物>萜类和烃类化合物的总体反应趋势,未交配雄蛾的EAG反应值均显著高于未交配雌蛾,其中未交配雄蛾对2-庚醇的EAG反应相对值最大(168.20±17.54)%。本研究结果为进一步探明植物挥发物对亚洲玉米螟的行为影响奠定了基础。

不同化性亚洲玉米螟性信息素分析

通过气相色谱分析得出：发生在吉林省东、中、西部３个生态区的一、二化性玉米螟的性信息素组份中的顺反（Ｚ／Ｅ）１２１４∶ＯＡｃ异构体的相对比例没有显著变异。公主岭一化性玉米螟性信息素中含量Ｅ１２１４∶ＯＡｃ的比例为４６１８％，敦化一化性玉米螟为４３４７％；公主岭二化性玉米螟为４５９３％，白城二化性玉米螟为５０５５％。玉米螟发生期以人工配制的不同顺反异构体比例诱芯的田间诱蛾试验证明，诱芯中的反式异构体Ｅ１２１４∶ＯＡｃ组份的比例为３５％时诱蛾活性最高。

亚洲玉米螟对玉米果穗挥发物的定向行为反应

为了明确玉米果穗挥发物对亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis(Guenée)定向行为的影响,本研究采用气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)、气相色谱-触角电位(GC-EAD)技术以及行为实验测定了亚洲玉米螟对玉米果穗挥发物的电生理及行为反应。结果表明:玉米果穗气味对其未交配雄蛾、雌蛾均具有引诱作用;从中分离出35种化合物,其中(+)-环苜蓿烯含量最高,达到(2391.60±161.34)ng;6种化合物能引起亚洲玉米螟未交配成虫的GC-EAD反应,其中顺-3-己烯-1-醇、(+)-环苜蓿烯、β-石竹烯对未交配雄蛾、雌蛾定向行为具有引诱作用。