Diversity of Endophytic Fungi in Banana Cultivars of Assam India

Endophytic fungal isolates(139 no.)were obtained from 143(62 roots,18 fruits and 54 leaves)samples of 15 dif­ferent varieties of banana collected from 10 sites in Assam,India during 2018-2019.Overall isolation frequency from surface-sterilized tissue ranged from 10%-80%(as per site)and 6%-70%(as per variety of banana).All isolates were segregated into 40 different types on the basis of macromorphological and micro morphological characteristics.Forty different fungal taxa were isolated belonging to 14 genera including Absidia,Arthrinium,Aspergillus,Bipolaris,Cla­dosporium,Curvularia,Dendrophion,Fusarium,Humicola,Mortierella,Mucor,Penicillium,Paecilomyces,Verticilli­um and one mycelium sterile.Among them,Cladosporium cladosporioidies and Paecilomyces sp.frequently occurred in most of the sites surveyed whereas Cladospoirum cladosporioides and Aspergillus sp.8,Fusarium graminseram were most frequently isolated from different varieties.However,all sites differed in their fungal diversity.Banana samples from Narigoan and Jorhat have been found with maximum fungal species followed by marigoan samples so as to Banana varieties Amrit Sagar endowed 27 no.of fungi followed by Jehaji and Honda which were associated with a maximum 14 fungal sp.Isolation frequency and relative abundance of Cladosporium cladosporiodes(80%,4.6),Paecilomyces farinosus(80%,4.6)followed by Penicillium ruburm,Aspergillus sp.8&9(70%,4.02)were recorded as maximum comparatively in different sites.However,Aspergillus sp.8,Mortieralla sp.and Pacilomyces farinosus are isolated frequently from different banana varieties(73.33%,4.93).

Plant diversity, population structure, and regeneration status in disturbed tropical forests in Assam, northeast India

We investigated the plant population structure and the phy- tosociological and regeneration status in two disturbed tropical forests in Assam Province, the Hojai Reserve Forest and Kumorakata Reserve Forest. A total of 166 species （80 trees, 20 shrubs and 66 herbs） of 136 genera and 63 families were recorded in both study sites. The disturbance index at the two sites, Kumorakata Reserve Forest and Hojai Reserve Forest, were recorded at 11.4% and 3.70% respectively. Reverse J-shaped population curve and exploitation of tree species in higher girth classes were recorded at both study sites. In the girth classes （10-30 cm, 30-60 cm, 60-90 cm and 90-120 cm in size） the percentage of cut stump density was higher than the percentage of individual living trees. The 18% （Kumorakata Reserve Forest） and 7% （Hojai Reserve Forest） spe- cies were recorded as not regenerating. Illegal felling and over-exploitation of forest resources may lead to species-specific changes in the population structure and can alter the future structure and composi- tion of the forests.

Estimation of petrophysical parameters using seismic inversion and neural network modeling in Upper Assam basin, India

Estimation of petrophysical parameters is an important issue of any reservoirs. Porosity, volume of shale and water saturation has been evaluated for reservoirs of Upper Assam basin, located in northeastern India from well log and seismic data. Absolute acoustic impedance(AAI) and relative acoustic impedance(RAI) are generated from model based inversion of 2-D post-stack seismic data. The top of geological formation, sand reservoirs, shale layers and discontinuities at faults are detected in RAI section under the study area. Tipam Sandstone(TS) and Barail Arenaceous Sandstone(BAS) are the main reservoirs,delineated from the logs of available wells and RAI section. Porosity section is obtained using porosity wavelet and porosity reflectivity from post-stack seismic data. Two multilayered feed forward neural network(MLFN) models are created with inputs: AAI, porosity, density and shear impedance and outputs: volume of shale and water saturation with single hidden layer. The estimated average porosity in TS and BAS reservoir varies from 30% to 36% and 18% to 30% respectively. The volume of shale and water saturation ranges from 10% to 30% and 20% to 60% in TS reservoir and 28% to 30% and 23% to 55% in BAS reservoir respectively.

Diversity of non-timber forest products in Cachar District, Assam, India

We identified 67 and 21 NTFP-yielding plant and animal species, respectively, in a reserve forest in Cachar district of Assam. We recorded globally threatened species listed by IUCN as Critically Endangered （plant species Dipterocarpus turbinatus）, Vulnerable （plant species Aquillaria malaccensis）, Endangered （animal species Hoolock hoolock, Indotestudo elongata and Manis pentadactyla）, and Vulnerable （animal species Nilssonia hurum and Rusa unicolor）. The whole plant or animal and/or their various parts were used as food or medicine, in house construction, magico-religious activities and others. While some NTFPs were harvested throughout the year, others were harvested seasonally. A comprehensive NTFP policy, along with scientific measures for regen- eration, restoration and augmentation of NTFP-yielding plants and animals, would help in addressing the conflicting demands of conservation and livelihood in the forests of this area.

Geochemistry of Tikak Parbat Sandstones and Tipam Sandstones Occurring in and around Dilli Area, Sivasagar District, Assam, India

This study presents a geochemical investigation of Tikak Parbat and Tipam Sandstone Formations occurring in and around Dilli area, Sivasagar, Assam. Petrographically Tikak Parbat and Tipam sandstones are mainly quartzose arenite to sublitharenite types with their constituents being derived from recycled orogen provenance under sub-humid to humid climatic conditions. Geochemically, sandstones of both the formations range from sublitharenite to wacke. They indicate a recycled orogen source and influence of humid to arid condition. Source rocks of Tikak Parbat sandstones were more weathered than the Tipam sandstones. While Tikak Parbat sandstones show affinity towards passive margin, Tipam sandstones hint at active continental margin setup, where clasts were supplied from uplifted areas. Upliftment of provenance covering areas of Naga Patkai Range in the south east and Eastern Himalayas along the syntaxial bend during mid Miocene affected the sandstones. Tikak Parbat sandstones reflect a stable tectonic setup which later underwent a phase of volatility leading to deposition of the Tipam sandstones. Our study supports a sediment supply from the upper continental crust, largely of granitic composition, however, with a significant variation in their depth of source supply. Trace element analyses indicate depositional setup with low ventilation marked by both oxic and anoxic phases.

Emerging HIV Epidemic in the North-Eastern State of Assam, India: An Exploratory Study Using Mixed-Methods Approach

Background: The national HIV scenario in India has improved impressively during past two decades. Contrastingly, the State-level HIV sentinel surveil-lance and routine programme data from various testing facilities indicated an increasing HIV prevalence among antenatal clinic attendees and female sex workers (FSWs) in three districts of Assam. Objectives: 1) To explore the reasons behind increasing adult HIV prevalence and 2) To understand the role of FSW and Migrants/long distance truckers as drivers of the HIV epi-demic in these districts. Methodology: Three sources of data were utilized in this concurrent mixed methods study—1) existing programme data for past three years;2) questionnaire-based data for a case-control study, where dur-ing past six months at designated testing facilities HIV(+) married women were “cases” and age-matched HIV(?) women from the same district were “controls”. Spouses of these women were also interviewed separately;and 3) a qualitative study, where focus group discussions were conducted among FSWs, outgoing male migrant labourers and long-distance truckers. Results: The study revealed high levels of unsafe sexual practices among the FSWs. Sometimes in poverty-struck areas, women, not identifying themselves as sex workers, sold sex on a part-time basis to earn extra money for financial sup-port and often remained invisible to the programme. The clients of the sex workers, male migrants and truckers also revealed various risk behaviours for contracting and transmitting HIV infection. Conclusion: Population and context specific programme strategies are required to halt the rising trend of HIV infection in the general population in Assam.

Oilfield geothermal resources of the Upper Assam Petroliferous Basin,NE India

Extracting geothermal energy from the oil-producing fields is an experimental venture globally.The exploitation and utilization of geothermal energy can partly reduce the larger dependence on conventional non-renewable energy sources like oil,gas,coal,and other fossil fuels,and has a bright prospect.The Upper Assam Basin is a mature petroliferous basin of NE India,where there are several hundred low production,high water cut,or abandoned oil and gas wells that can be retrofitted as geothermal wells instead of drilling new ones.This will help bridge the gap of growing energy demand and limited supply in energy-deficient state like Assam.Situated away from the active plate boundaries and in lack of active volcanism,the Upper Assam Basin remains a low-to-medium enthalpy geothermal fluid regime.The deeper reservoir in this regard can,therefore,be the best candidate for the introspection of the potential geothermal energy reservoir reconnaissance.The selection of a deeper horizon considered in the present case has been the stratified reservoirs of the Lakadong-Therria(Lk-Th)Formation,Sylhet Group of the Lower Eocene age occurring at a variable depth of 3400 me 4600 m.The Lk-Th Formation possesses a fair-quality reservoir with lateral continuity and favourable petrophysical properties.In this study,representative gamma-ray(GR)and resistivity(R)logs were examined to work out lithology,and bed boundary demarcation,etc.The total Formation thickness varies from 97 to 157 m;the individual sand body thickness is up to 6 m.Other reservoir parameters,e.g.,porosity(φ=8-33%),water saturation(S_(w)=4.57-95.15%),geothermal gradient(2.71℃/100m to 3.92 C/100 m at 4300 m and 3608 m)respectively,and theoretical estimate of high heat flux in the range 70e100 mW/m^(2)/s,are the necessary yard-stick to measure the subsurface geothermal reserves.Efficient energy extraction will have the potential in facilitating energy utilization for industrial purposes,especially in tea processing units present nearby oilfields and also for power generation by the binary mechanism.

Socio-economic determinants for malaria transmission risk in an endemic primary health centre in Assam, India

Background:Malaria is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in Northeast India.As there is limited information available on the potential influence of socio-economic variables on malaria risk,the present study was conducted to assess the influence of demographic factors,the socio-economic status,and knowledge,awareness and education on malaria occurrence.Methods:Demographics,malaria knowledge and socio-economic variables were collected in four randomly selected health sub-centres of the Orang primary health centre in the Udalguri district,Assam and the association of malaria occurrence with different variables were analysed.The trend of malaria occurrence for different income groups,proximity to health centres and number of mosquito bites per day was also determined using the chi-square test.Relative risk(RR)for gender,house type,knowledge and use of bed nets was determined using Katz approximation.Results:Out of the 71 household heads interviewed,70.4%(50/71)were males.About half(54.9%,39/71)of the participants had a history of malaria in the last two years,of which 64.1%(25/39)were males,while 35.9%(14/39)were females(χ^(2)=5.13;p=0.02;RR=1.79).Of the total population surveyed,49.3%lived in bamboo houses and 35.2%lived at a distance of>3 km from the nearest health centre.The number of participants who had a history of malaria decreased with an increasing monthly income(p<0.0001).Malaria occurrence was higher among the households living in bamboo houses(69.2%),as compared to Kucha houses(20.5%)and Pucca houses(10.3%).No significant association was observed between education level and malaria occurrence(p=0.93).The participants who did not use bed nets regularly reported a high occurrence of malaria infection as compared to those who used bed nets everyday(p<0.0001).Conclusions:Lower income,house type,distance to health sub-centre,knowledge and awareness about malaria,number of mosquito bites per day and use of bed nets were positively associated with malaria occurrence.Increasing the number of health sub-centres close to rural areas,improving the economic status and increasing awareness about malaria prevention measures will thus help to reduce malaria-associated morbidities.

Association of TRIMCyp and TRIM5α from assam macaques leads to a functional trade-off between HIV-1 and N-MLV inhibition

TRIM5α restricts retroviruses in a species-specific manner. Cyclophilin A was independently retrotransposed into the TRIM5 loci in different species, leading to the generation of antiviral TR1M5-cyclophilin A （TRIMCyp） proteins. Previously, we found that assam macaques express a TRIMCyp chimera （amTRIMCyp）, along with a TRIM5α allelic protein （amTRIM5α）. Herein, we investigated the antiviral activity of amTRIMCyp and amTRIM5α individually, as well as their interaction and joint effects. amTRIMCyp showed a divergent restriction pattern from amTRIM5αc Although both proteins potently restricted the replication of HIV-1, only amTRIM5αt inhibited N-MLV. Remarkably, cellular anti-HIV-1 activity increased when amTRIMCyp and amTRIM5αt were coexpressed, indicating a synergistic block of HIV-1 replication. Consistently, PMBCs from heterozygous amTRIM50t/TRIMCyp showed stronger resistance to HIV-1 infection than those from amTRIM5a/TRIM5α homozygotes. The anti-HIV-1 synergistic effect was dependent on the amTRIMCyp-amTRIM5α interaction. In contrast, amTRIMCyp completely abrogated the anti-N-MLV activity mediated by amTRIM5α, showing a dominant-negative effect, indicating that the generation of amTRIMCyp was involved in the trade-off between divergent restriction activities. Our results provide a new paradigm to study functional trade-offs mediated by allelic proteins, a theoretical basis for utilizing animal models with various TRIM5 alleles, as well as novel HIV-1 gene therapy strategies.

明代初期古剌诸土司地望问题新探

明代早期的历史文献和发现于印度阿萨姆邦的明代“底马撒宣慰司”信符,表明明代初期设于西南极边之地的古剌诸土司实际上位于布拉马普特拉河谷地一带。汉唐以来,布拉马普特拉河谷地便是连接中国与南亚次大陆的陆上交通要地。明王朝统一云南后,积极经营西南边地。随着明朝影响力不断拓展,布拉马普特拉河谷地古剌诸部与明朝建立政治联系,明朝遂于其地设置大古剌、底马撒、底兀剌诸土司。尽管双方关系维持时间较短,但对南方丝绸之路的重新开拓深具意义,极大拓展了明代士人的地理认知。

改进Kmp算法在模糊查找中的应用

在改进KMP算法的数据结构和算法的基础之上,本文提出了一个模糊匹配的函数mhcheck。根据该算法实现分级别模糊。最后实现了一个实用的模块??模糊查找模块。并应用于学生工作管理辅助系统(ASSAM)。

汝城白毛茶春季芽叶主要生化成分分析

采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)与紫外分光光度计法(UV)对104株汝城白毛茶茶树资源春季芽叶生化成分进行了系统分析,并基于特异性生化成分初步筛选出一批特异单株。

自消容的急性毒性实验

[目的 ]探讨自消容食疗的安全性 ,为进一步开发研究提供参考依据。 [方法 ]常规LD50 测定法。 [结果 ]LD50 =2 5 8 8± 12 73g/kg(小鼠 ,ig) ,LD50 =39 90± 2 0 7g/kg(小鼠 ,ip)。 [结论 ]引起动物死亡的原因是中枢神经兴奋过度。自消容属于无毒性的药物及食物。

印度红茶概述

印度是世界第一大红茶生产国和出口国。文章主要介绍了印度三大产区阿萨姆、大吉岭和尼尔吉里红茶的种植、加工、品质、分级和标准概况,让读者对印度红茶有一个初步的认识。

中国云南傣族与印度阿萨姆邦傣族母语教育比较研究

历史语言学研究认为,中国云南傣族和印度阿萨姆邦傣族是同根同源民族,对两地傣族的母语教育模式进行比较研究,发现在历史上他们的母语教育方式、民族文化认同感及宗教信仰、思维方式相同;当代中国云南傣族的母语教育在政策保障、经费支持、课程教学、社会环境等方面均得到政府的有力支持,发展势头良好,而印度阿萨姆邦傣族的母语教育由于不受政府重视,处于民间自发开展状态,部分地区的傣语传承甚至面临濒危。

Immunogenic potential and protective efficacy of formalin inactivated circulating Indian strain of West Nile virus

Objective:To assess the best suitable condition for virus inactivation.and to study the immunogenic potential and protective efficacy of a circulating West Nile virus(WNV) strain in Assam.Methods:Bulk preparation of circulating WNV:WNIRGC07(GeneBank ID:HQ246154).was undertaken in a bioreaclor using eytodex-1.Virus Inactivation was done in three different conditions:22 ℃.4 ℃ and room temperature.The virus preparations were evaluated for antigenicity by ELISA and toxicity by cell proliferation kit.Virus efficacy was done in-viro on swiss albino mice against standard Indian WNV and Japanese encephalitis virus(JKV)strain.Humoral and cell mediated immune response was evaluated in mice sera by ELISA and neutralization assay.Results:Inactivation at 22 ℃ was found to be more suitable in terms of less toxicity and high antigenicity.The same was selected to study the immune response and efficacy in mice.It induced neutralizing antibody titre of 1:625 and high EgG response.In vivo experiment showed 100% protective efficacy against WNV and 20.8% cross protective efficacy against JEV.Further assessment of cellular immunity through immunized mice revealed augmentation of high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and moderate levels of anti—cytokines indicating a mixed balance of Th1 and Th2 response.Conclusions:Findings suggest that formalin inactivated Indian WNV strain has a good immunogenic potential.This is the first study on assessment of immunogenic potential of a lineage 5 strain of WNV.Our study reveals that it would be a promising and effective candidate for vaccine studies which warrants further evaluation.

Ichnofossils from the Miocene Middle Bhuban Formation, Mizoram, Northeast India and their Paleoenvironmental Significance

An ichnofossil assemblage is preserved in sediments of the Middle Bhuban Formation, Surma Group, of Miocene age from the Durtlang and Chanmari sections, Aizawl district, Mizoram, northeastern India. The studied sections comprise a thick, bioturbated and thinly bedded sandstone-silty shale facies. The preserved ichnofossils show high density and low diversity with the assemblage represented by feeding and resting traces, i.e., Psilonichnus upsilon Frey et al., 1984, Ophiomorpha isp., Teichichnus spiralis Mikulas. 1990, Skolithos isp., Palaeophycus isp., and other horizontal burrows. Sedimentary structures associated with these traces are mainly cross bedding, flaser bedding and slump structures. Considering the distribution of the Psilonichnus ichnogenus across an integrated ichnological-sedimentological framework, the stratigraphic interval of the Middle Bhuban Formation, in which they occur, are interpreted to have been deposited under a shallow, marginal-marine channel complex dominated by tidal channels developed in quiet, brackish-water portions of a delta plain.

Causes of Death among HIV-Infected Adults Registered in Selected Anti-Retroviral Therapy Centers in North-Eastern India

Background: Causes of death related studies in HIV infected population are necessary to devise disease specific preventive interventions at both state and national level HIV programs. This study examines the causes of death among HIV-infected individuals registered at selected Anti-Retroviral Therapy (ART) centers in the era of treatment in north-eastern India. Data and Methods: A retrospective chart review of causes of death was undertaken among HIV-infected patients who were treated between January 2006 and November 2012 at three selected ART centers in Assam, a north-eastern state of India. Reported causes of death were coded as per the guidelines of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) to determine the deaths to standard definitions. Results: Among 5612 HIV-infected patients registered over a period of 71 months, 370 deaths have occurred. Tuberculosis (28%) was the leading cause of death followed by death due to AIDS related complex (11%), wasting syndrome and multiple infections (9% each). Deaths due to selected causes were significantly associated with patient’s use of alcohol, WHO clinical stage, CD4 count at the time of diagnosis, presence of opportunistic infections during treatment and ART adherence. Median survival duration was shortest among patients who had CD4 count <50 at the start of ART (2.9 months) and patients who had multiple opportunistic infections during treatment (2.5 months). Discussion: Majority (67%) of deaths in our study were due to AIDS-related causes. Tuberculosis has remained the leading cause of death among the HIV patients on ART. Strengthening the linkages and referral between the HIV and TB program will be crucial to reduce the AIDS-related deaths attributed to tuberculosis.

地震活动相关性定量方法及其在印度板块动力触角对中国西部地区地震影响中的应用

针对地震活动相关性分析的实际需要,提出了一种定量分析不同区域地震活动相关性的方法。以此研究了印度板块东、西触角强震对青藏块体地震活动的影响,结果表明阿萨姆地区的强震活动与青藏块体的强震活动具有很高的相关性,而帕米尔地区的强震影响较小。通过与R值评分及基于板块动力作用分析结果的比较,证实了本方法的有效性。

印度茶叶经济、文化和节庆(英文)

由于印度的茶叶产量达到世界总产量的27%,因此其在茶叶生产、消费和出口都处于世界领先地位。茶产业也许是近150年以来印度唯一能保持领导地位的产业。尽管人均消费低,但印度茶叶国内消费几乎占总产量的3/4,而且以年增长2.7%的速度在发展。茶叶仍然是主要的外汇收入来源,每年约184.7亿印度卢比。然而,近几年来这个15亿美元的产业却处于衰退之中。本文讨论了造成其衰退的原因及挽救措施。印度对茶叶的研发活动主要集中在4个不同组织,其中托克莱试验站已经培育出许多改良茶树品种:30个TV无性系,150个在试无性系和14个双无性系。本文同时介绍了印度的茶文化和产茶社团的的节庆活动。