Deficiency in executive functioning is a core symptom of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The brain part responsible for executive functions is the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Although drug-based interven...Deficiency in executive functioning is a core symptom of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The brain part responsible for executive functions is the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Although drug-based interventions can improve PFC activity, reports on PFC activity being improved by behavioral treatment are lacking. We evaluated whether a summer treatment program (STP) administering comprehensive behavioral treatment would increase PFC activity in children with ADHD. We examined behavioral and neural changes in 20 children before and after the STP, conducted over a 2-week period. We asked the parents/guardians to complete the Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham IV scale to assess severity of ADHD. The main task evaluating executive control was the reverse Stroop task. To examine changes in physiological indices, we used near-infrared spectroscopy to measure changes in PFC activity. Subjective assessments by parents/guardians indicated that ADHD symptoms improved significantly. There was also significant improvement in the number of correct responses and interference rates in the reverse Stroop task. Furthermore, post-intervention PFC activity was significantly higher. These results suggest that the STP improved inhibitory control in executive function, which is considered as a key symptom of ADHD. The increase in PFC activity further suggests that the STP improves cognition through neural function.展开更多
The neurocircuitries that constitute the corticostriato-thalamo-cortical（CSTC） circuit provide a framework for bridging gaps between neuroscience and executive function in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder（A...The neurocircuitries that constitute the corticostriato-thalamo-cortical（CSTC） circuit provide a framework for bridging gaps between neuroscience and executive function in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder（ADHD）, but it has been difficult to identify the mechanisms for regulating emotional problems from the understanding of ADHD comorbidity with disruptive behavior disorders（DBD）. Research based on ＂cool＇＇ and ＂hot＇＇executive functional theory and the dual pathway models,which are thought of as applied response inhibition and delay aversion, respectively, within the neuropsychological view of ADHD, has shed light on emotional responding before and after decontextualized stimuli, while CSTC circuit-related domains have been suggested to explain the different emotional symptoms of ADHD with or without comorbid DBD. This review discusses the role of abnormal connections in each CSTC circuit, especially in the emotion circuit, which may be responsible for targeted executive dysfunction at the neuroscience level. Thus, the two major domains – abstract thinking（cool） and emotional trait（hot） – trigger the mechanism of onset of ADHD.展开更多
AIM: To summarize research regarding the motor abilities of children and adolescents who suffer from a common psychiatric condition.METHODS: In order to outline the current knowledge regarding the motor abilities of c...AIM: To summarize research regarding the motor abilities of children and adolescents who suffer from a common psychiatric condition.METHODS: In order to outline the current knowledge regarding the motor abilities of children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders(ASD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD), disruptive behavior disorders(DBD) and depression, a comprehensive systematic literature search was carried out using Pub Med, Medline and ERIC databases. The databases were searched for relevant English language articles published between January 1990 and April 2014. Only studies that conducted a quantitative evaluation of motor ability and concerned individuals aged 0-18 years were included. A separate search was conducted for each disorder(ASD, ADHD, DBD, depression) in conjunction with each of the following keywords:(psycho/perceptuo) motor/movement skill(s),(psycho/perceptuo) motor/movement abilities,(psycho/perceptuo) motor/movement impairment,(psycho/perceptuo) motor/movement problem(s), motor function, motor coordination, motor performance, motor deficit(s). To detect supplementary relevant literature, the reference lists of the retrieved articles were examined. RESULTS: The search strategy yielded 51 studies meeting the inclusion criteria. In total, 28 studies were included that examined the motor abilities of children and adolescents with ASD. All studies indicated that they performed below average on various standardized motor assessment instruments. The overall prevalence rate for impairment in motor abilities ranged from 33% to 100%. Twenty-seven studies examined the motor abilities of children and adolescents with ADHD. Depending on the type of motor assessment tool and the cut-off points used by different researchers, prevalence rates of impairment in motor abilities are highly variable and ranged from 8% to 73%. Remarkably, there is a paucity of research addressing the motor abilities of individuals with DBD or depression. Furthermore, methodological problems, such as measurement and comorbidity issues, complicate the generalization of the findings. CONCLUSION: Research suggests that motor impairment is highly prevalent in some psychiatric conditions, particularly ASD and ADHD. However, future work is necessary to draw sound conclusions.展开更多
目的研究学龄前注意缺陷多动障碍儿童认知与行为的特征,为实施有针对性的家庭行为管理宣教提供依据。方法选取4-6岁学龄前注意缺陷多动障碍儿童(ADHD组)50例和正常健康儿童(正常健康组)51例进行韦克斯勒幼儿智力量表(Wechsler preschool...目的研究学龄前注意缺陷多动障碍儿童认知与行为的特征,为实施有针对性的家庭行为管理宣教提供依据。方法选取4-6岁学龄前注意缺陷多动障碍儿童(ADHD组)50例和正常健康儿童(正常健康组)51例进行韦克斯勒幼儿智力量表(Wechsler preschool and primary scale of intelligence,WPPSI)测试,家长填写Conners父母量表(Parent Symptom Questionnaire,PSQ),比较两组间认知及行为分值。结果①品行问题、冲动-多动、多动指数得分ADHD组高于正常健康组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01);学习问题、心身障碍、焦虑得分ADHD组与正常健康组差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。②总智商及语言智商得分ADHD组均低于正常健康组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01);操作智商得分ADHD组与正常健康组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。③算术和理解得分ADHD组均明显低于正常健康组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05或<0.01);问答、词汇、类同得分ADHD组与正常健康组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。④填图得分ADHD组明显低于正常健康组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);动物房、迷宫、图形和木块得分ADHD组与正常健康组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论学龄前ADHD儿童外显的多动冲动行为问题较为突出,认知特征已表征儿童的部分学习问题,家庭行为管理的健康教育关注行为矫正,也要预告其对学习的影响,以取得家长重视,尽早干预。展开更多
文摘Deficiency in executive functioning is a core symptom of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The brain part responsible for executive functions is the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Although drug-based interventions can improve PFC activity, reports on PFC activity being improved by behavioral treatment are lacking. We evaluated whether a summer treatment program (STP) administering comprehensive behavioral treatment would increase PFC activity in children with ADHD. We examined behavioral and neural changes in 20 children before and after the STP, conducted over a 2-week period. We asked the parents/guardians to complete the Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham IV scale to assess severity of ADHD. The main task evaluating executive control was the reverse Stroop task. To examine changes in physiological indices, we used near-infrared spectroscopy to measure changes in PFC activity. Subjective assessments by parents/guardians indicated that ADHD symptoms improved significantly. There was also significant improvement in the number of correct responses and interference rates in the reverse Stroop task. Furthermore, post-intervention PFC activity was significantly higher. These results suggest that the STP improved inhibitory control in executive function, which is considered as a key symptom of ADHD. The increase in PFC activity further suggests that the STP improves cognition through neural function.
基金supported by a Project of Shanghai Municipal Health and Family Planning Commission (201540114)a Key Specialty Project of Shanghai Municipal Health and Family Planning Commission grant for Child Psychiatry (ZK2015B01)a Research Project of the Shanghai Changning Health and Family Planning Commission grant (20164Y013)
文摘The neurocircuitries that constitute the corticostriato-thalamo-cortical（CSTC） circuit provide a framework for bridging gaps between neuroscience and executive function in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder（ADHD）, but it has been difficult to identify the mechanisms for regulating emotional problems from the understanding of ADHD comorbidity with disruptive behavior disorders（DBD）. Research based on ＂cool＇＇ and ＂hot＇＇executive functional theory and the dual pathway models,which are thought of as applied response inhibition and delay aversion, respectively, within the neuropsychological view of ADHD, has shed light on emotional responding before and after decontextualized stimuli, while CSTC circuit-related domains have been suggested to explain the different emotional symptoms of ADHD with or without comorbid DBD. This review discusses the role of abnormal connections in each CSTC circuit, especially in the emotion circuit, which may be responsible for targeted executive dysfunction at the neuroscience level. Thus, the two major domains – abstract thinking（cool） and emotional trait（hot） – trigger the mechanism of onset of ADHD.
文摘AIM: To summarize research regarding the motor abilities of children and adolescents who suffer from a common psychiatric condition.METHODS: In order to outline the current knowledge regarding the motor abilities of children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders(ASD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD), disruptive behavior disorders(DBD) and depression, a comprehensive systematic literature search was carried out using Pub Med, Medline and ERIC databases. The databases were searched for relevant English language articles published between January 1990 and April 2014. Only studies that conducted a quantitative evaluation of motor ability and concerned individuals aged 0-18 years were included. A separate search was conducted for each disorder(ASD, ADHD, DBD, depression) in conjunction with each of the following keywords:(psycho/perceptuo) motor/movement skill(s),(psycho/perceptuo) motor/movement abilities,(psycho/perceptuo) motor/movement impairment,(psycho/perceptuo) motor/movement problem(s), motor function, motor coordination, motor performance, motor deficit(s). To detect supplementary relevant literature, the reference lists of the retrieved articles were examined. RESULTS: The search strategy yielded 51 studies meeting the inclusion criteria. In total, 28 studies were included that examined the motor abilities of children and adolescents with ASD. All studies indicated that they performed below average on various standardized motor assessment instruments. The overall prevalence rate for impairment in motor abilities ranged from 33% to 100%. Twenty-seven studies examined the motor abilities of children and adolescents with ADHD. Depending on the type of motor assessment tool and the cut-off points used by different researchers, prevalence rates of impairment in motor abilities are highly variable and ranged from 8% to 73%. Remarkably, there is a paucity of research addressing the motor abilities of individuals with DBD or depression. Furthermore, methodological problems, such as measurement and comorbidity issues, complicate the generalization of the findings. CONCLUSION: Research suggests that motor impairment is highly prevalent in some psychiatric conditions, particularly ASD and ADHD. However, future work is necessary to draw sound conclusions.
文摘目的研究学龄前注意缺陷多动障碍儿童认知与行为的特征,为实施有针对性的家庭行为管理宣教提供依据。方法选取4-6岁学龄前注意缺陷多动障碍儿童(ADHD组)50例和正常健康儿童(正常健康组)51例进行韦克斯勒幼儿智力量表(Wechsler preschool and primary scale of intelligence,WPPSI)测试,家长填写Conners父母量表(Parent Symptom Questionnaire,PSQ),比较两组间认知及行为分值。结果①品行问题、冲动-多动、多动指数得分ADHD组高于正常健康组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01);学习问题、心身障碍、焦虑得分ADHD组与正常健康组差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。②总智商及语言智商得分ADHD组均低于正常健康组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01);操作智商得分ADHD组与正常健康组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。③算术和理解得分ADHD组均明显低于正常健康组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05或<0.01);问答、词汇、类同得分ADHD组与正常健康组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。④填图得分ADHD组明显低于正常健康组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);动物房、迷宫、图形和木块得分ADHD组与正常健康组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论学龄前ADHD儿童外显的多动冲动行为问题较为突出,认知特征已表征儿童的部分学习问题,家庭行为管理的健康教育关注行为矫正,也要预告其对学习的影响,以取得家长重视,尽早干预。
