Early diagnosis of breast cancer,the most common disease among women around the world,increases the chance of treatment and is highly important.Nuclear atypia grading in histopathological images plays an important rol...Early diagnosis of breast cancer,the most common disease among women around the world,increases the chance of treatment and is highly important.Nuclear atypia grading in histopathological images plays an important role in the final diagnosis and grading ofbreast cancer.Grading images by pathologists is a time consuming and subjective task.Therefore,the existence of a computer-aided system for nuclear atypia grading is very useful and necessary;In this stud%two automatic systems for grading nuclear atypia in breast cancer histopathological images based on deep learning methods are proposed.A patch-based approach is introduced due to the large size of the histopathological images and restriction of the training data.In the proposed system I,the most important patches in the image are detected first and then a three-hidden-layer convolutional neural network(CNN)is designed and trained for feature extraction and to classify the patches individually.The proposed system II is based on a combination of the CNN for feature extraction and a two-layer Long short-term memoty(LSTM)network for classification.The LSTM network is utilised to consider all patches of an image simultaneously for image grading.The simulation results show the efficiency of the proposed systems for automatic nuclear atypia grading and outperform the current related studies in the literature.展开更多
目的探讨无不典型性的子宫内膜增生(endometrial hyperplasia without atypia,EH)患者临床特征、不同治疗方法选择时机及预后分析。方法分析2011年6月1日至2018年6月30日期间,首都医科大学附属北京朝阳医院收治的因异常子宫出血行诊断...目的探讨无不典型性的子宫内膜增生(endometrial hyperplasia without atypia,EH)患者临床特征、不同治疗方法选择时机及预后分析。方法分析2011年6月1日至2018年6月30日期间,首都医科大学附属北京朝阳医院收治的因异常子宫出血行诊断性刮宫、病理诊断无不典型性的子宫内膜增生394例患者的临床资料、病理特征、不同治疗选择对预后的影响。结果394例纳入患者依据2003年世界卫生组织(World Health Organization,WHO)子宫内膜增生的分类,子宫内膜单纯增生组258例和子宫内膜复杂增生组136例。两组无妊娠史分别是10.85%(28/258)和19.12%(26/136),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组初始治疗方式选择口服孕激素药物治疗分别占73.25%(189/258)和57.35%(78/136),子宫切除术占12.1%(31/258)和25%(35/136),两组治疗方式比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。初始孕激素口服治疗3~6个月后子宫内膜随诊显示对孕激素反应良好者两组分别为85.7%(162/189),59.0%(46/78),内膜单纯增生组明显优于复杂增生组,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组孕激素治疗方案的分布差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),单纯性增生组以孕激素周期性应用为主。单纯增生组3种孕激素治疗方案对孕激素的反应性差异无统计学意义(χ^2=3.611,P=0.161),复杂增生组高效孕激素连续应用孕激素的反应率明显高于天然黄体酮连续应用者(χ^2=6.390,P=0.041)。多因素分析显示子宫内膜组织病理学分组是子宫内膜对孕激素反应性的独立影响因素(P=0.001,OR=0.233)。初始治疗为子宫切除术者子宫内膜标本组织学诊断分布显著不同,复杂增生组子宫内膜不典型性增生的比率明显高于单纯增生组(χ^2=35.620,P<0.001)。单纯增生组2例诊断升级,1例复杂增生,1例不典型增生。复杂增生组2例子宫内膜癌(5.71%),8例不典型增生(22.8%)。两组病理升级发生率分别6.45%(2/31)和28.57%(10/35),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论无不典型性的子宫内膜增生患者对孕激素的反应性总体良好,单纯增生患者对孕激素后半期周期序贯疗法反应良好,可作为临床初始治疗的首选。复杂增生组高效孕激素反应性良好。复杂增生子宫内膜对孕激素的反应程度明显低于单纯性增生。诊断性刮宫病理诊断子宫内膜复杂增生患者约30%并存子宫内膜不典型增生。刮宫病理存在明显的过低诊断率。展开更多
AIM: To study the long-term effects of endoscopic sphincterotomy on biliary epithelium. METHODS: This is a prospective case-control study. A total of 25 patients with a median age of 71 years (range 49-89 years) and p...AIM: To study the long-term effects of endoscopic sphincterotomy on biliary epithelium. METHODS: This is a prospective case-control study. A total of 25 patients with a median age of 71 years (range 49-89 years) and prior endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES) for benign disease formed the fi rst group. The median time from ES was 42 mo (range 8-144 mo). Another 25 patients with a median age of 76 years (range 44-94 mo) and similar characteristics who underwent current endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography (ERCP) and ES for benign disease formed the second group (control group). Brush cytology of the biliary tree with p53 immunocytology was performed in all patients of both groups. ERCPs and recruitment were conducted at the Endoscopic Unit of Aretaieion University Hospital and Tzaneio Hospital, Athens, from October 2006 to June 2010. RESULTS: No cases were positive or suspicious for malignancy. Epithelial atypia was higher in the first group (32% vs 8% in the second group, P = 0.034). Acute cholangitis and previous biliary operation rates were also higher in the fi rst group (acute cholangitis, 60% vs 24% in the second group, P = 0.01; previous biliary operation, 76% vs 24% in the second group, P = 0.001). Subgroup analysis showed that previous ES was the main causal factor for atypia, which was not related to the time interval from the ES (P = 0.407). Two patients (8%) with atypia in the fi rst group were p53-positive. CONCLUSION: ES causes biliary epithelial atypia that represents mostly reactive/proliferative rather than premalignant changes. The role of p53 immunoreactivity in biliary atypia needs to be further studied.展开更多
AIM: To study the endocytoscopic visualization of squamous cell islands within Barrett's epithelium. METHODS: Endocytoscopy (ECS) has been studied in the surveillance of Barrett's esophagus, with controversial...AIM: To study the endocytoscopic visualization of squamous cell islands within Barrett's epithelium. METHODS: Endocytoscopy (ECS) has been studied in the surveillance of Barrett's esophagus, with controversial results. In initial studies, however, a soft catheter type endocytoscope was used, while only methylene blue dye was used for the staining of Barrett's mucosa. Integrated type endocytoscopes (GIF-Q260 EC, Olympus Corp, Tokyo, Japan) have been recently developed, with the incorporation of a high-power magnifying endocytoscope into a standard endoscope together with narrow-band imaging (NBI). Moreover, double staining with a mixture of 0.05% crystal violet and 0.1% of methylene blue (CM) during ECS enables higher quality images comparable to conventional hematoxylin eosin histopathological images.RESULTS: In vivo endocytoscopic visualization of papillary squamous cell islands within glandular Barrett's epithelium in a patient with long-segment Barrett's esophagus is reported. Conventional white light endoscopy showed typical long-segment Barrett's esophagus, with small squamous cell islands within normal Barrett's mucosa, which were better visualized by NBI endoscopy. ECS after double CM staining showed regular Barrett's esophagus, while higher magnification (×480) revealed the orifices of glandular structures better. Furthermore, typical squamous cell papillary protrusion, classified as endocytoscopic atypia classification (ECA) 2 according to ECA, was identified within regular glandular Barrett's mucosa. Histological examination of biopsies taken from the same area showed squamous epithelium within glandular Barrett's mucosa, corresponding well to endocytoscopic findings. CONCLUSION: To our knowledge, this is the first report of in vivo visualization of esophageal papillary squamous cell islands surrounded by glandular Barrett's epithelium.展开更多
BACKGROUND Mammary-type myofibroblastoma(MTMF)is a rare benign extramammary soft tissue tumor with myofibroblastic differentiation.Although 160 cases of MTMF have been reported in the literature since 2001,no cases of...BACKGROUND Mammary-type myofibroblastoma(MTMF)is a rare benign extramammary soft tissue tumor with myofibroblastic differentiation.Although 160 cases of MTMF have been reported in the literature since 2001,no cases of infarction or atypical mitosis have been reported so far.Herein,we report an unusual case of MTMF in the pelvic cavity,which mimicked some malignant features,including infarction,atypical mitosis,infiltrative growth,and prominent cytologic atypia,making it difficult to ascertain whether the tumor was benign.CASE SUMMARY A 49-year-old man complained of pain and discomfort in the right buttock for more than 4 mo and did not receive any treatment.Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)showed a 13-cm-sized mass in his right pelvic cavity.Histologically significant differences were atypical mitosis figures and multiple necrotic foci in the tumor.In addition,smooth muscle and skeletal muscle were invaded within and at the edge of the tumor.These morphologic features are often reminiscent of malignant tumors and therefore pose a diagnostic challenge to pathologists.The tumor cells were strongly positive for both cluster of differentiation 34 and desmin,and the loss of retinoblastoma 1 shown by immunohistochemical and fluorescence in situ hybridization results confirmed the pathological diagnosis of MTMF.Currently,the patient is alive and in good condition without tumor recurrence or metastasis after 2.5 years of follow-up by telephone and MRI.CONCLUSION The two pseudo-malignant characteristics of infarction and atypical mitosis broaden the morphological lineage of MTMF,a rare mesenchymal tumor.展开更多
Low-grade invasive ductal carcinoma is almost diploid, and has frequent losses of chromosome 16q, which is shared by other precancerous lesions of the mammary gland such as flat epithelial atypia （FEA）, atypical duc...Low-grade invasive ductal carcinoma is almost diploid, and has frequent losses of chromosome 16q, which is shared by other precancerous lesions of the mammary gland such as flat epithelial atypia （FEA）, atypical ductal hyperplasia （ADH）, and lownuclear grade ductal carcinoma in situ （DCIS）. The genetic alterations accumulate in a stepwise fashion as the precancerous lesions progress to invasve ductal carcinoma. This supports the linear progression model of breast cancer from FEA, through ADH, to low- nuclear grade DCIS as non-obligate early events in low-grade IDC evolution. In contrast, high-grade carcinoma tends to aneuploidy with complex genetic alterations--most importantly, frequent gains at chromosome 16q. Frequent losses at chromosome 16q in low-grade IDC and gains in the same arm of the same chromosome in high-grade IDC imply that these lesions are two end outcomes of different disease processes and that they do not lie in the same continuum of a process. Therefore, low-grade and high-grade IDC are two distinct diseases with a divergent route of progression.展开更多
文摘Early diagnosis of breast cancer,the most common disease among women around the world,increases the chance of treatment and is highly important.Nuclear atypia grading in histopathological images plays an important role in the final diagnosis and grading ofbreast cancer.Grading images by pathologists is a time consuming and subjective task.Therefore,the existence of a computer-aided system for nuclear atypia grading is very useful and necessary;In this stud%two automatic systems for grading nuclear atypia in breast cancer histopathological images based on deep learning methods are proposed.A patch-based approach is introduced due to the large size of the histopathological images and restriction of the training data.In the proposed system I,the most important patches in the image are detected first and then a three-hidden-layer convolutional neural network(CNN)is designed and trained for feature extraction and to classify the patches individually.The proposed system II is based on a combination of the CNN for feature extraction and a two-layer Long short-term memoty(LSTM)network for classification.The LSTM network is utilised to consider all patches of an image simultaneously for image grading.The simulation results show the efficiency of the proposed systems for automatic nuclear atypia grading and outperform the current related studies in the literature.
文摘目的探讨无不典型性的子宫内膜增生(endometrial hyperplasia without atypia,EH)患者临床特征、不同治疗方法选择时机及预后分析。方法分析2011年6月1日至2018年6月30日期间,首都医科大学附属北京朝阳医院收治的因异常子宫出血行诊断性刮宫、病理诊断无不典型性的子宫内膜增生394例患者的临床资料、病理特征、不同治疗选择对预后的影响。结果394例纳入患者依据2003年世界卫生组织(World Health Organization,WHO)子宫内膜增生的分类,子宫内膜单纯增生组258例和子宫内膜复杂增生组136例。两组无妊娠史分别是10.85%(28/258)和19.12%(26/136),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组初始治疗方式选择口服孕激素药物治疗分别占73.25%(189/258)和57.35%(78/136),子宫切除术占12.1%(31/258)和25%(35/136),两组治疗方式比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。初始孕激素口服治疗3~6个月后子宫内膜随诊显示对孕激素反应良好者两组分别为85.7%(162/189),59.0%(46/78),内膜单纯增生组明显优于复杂增生组,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组孕激素治疗方案的分布差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),单纯性增生组以孕激素周期性应用为主。单纯增生组3种孕激素治疗方案对孕激素的反应性差异无统计学意义(χ^2=3.611,P=0.161),复杂增生组高效孕激素连续应用孕激素的反应率明显高于天然黄体酮连续应用者(χ^2=6.390,P=0.041)。多因素分析显示子宫内膜组织病理学分组是子宫内膜对孕激素反应性的独立影响因素(P=0.001,OR=0.233)。初始治疗为子宫切除术者子宫内膜标本组织学诊断分布显著不同,复杂增生组子宫内膜不典型性增生的比率明显高于单纯增生组(χ^2=35.620,P<0.001)。单纯增生组2例诊断升级,1例复杂增生,1例不典型增生。复杂增生组2例子宫内膜癌(5.71%),8例不典型增生(22.8%)。两组病理升级发生率分别6.45%(2/31)和28.57%(10/35),差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论无不典型性的子宫内膜增生患者对孕激素的反应性总体良好,单纯增生患者对孕激素后半期周期序贯疗法反应良好,可作为临床初始治疗的首选。复杂增生组高效孕激素反应性良好。复杂增生子宫内膜对孕激素的反应程度明显低于单纯性增生。诊断性刮宫病理诊断子宫内膜复杂增生患者约30%并存子宫内膜不典型增生。刮宫病理存在明显的过低诊断率。
基金Supported by GC Medical Hellas who offered us free cytology brushes
文摘AIM: To study the long-term effects of endoscopic sphincterotomy on biliary epithelium. METHODS: This is a prospective case-control study. A total of 25 patients with a median age of 71 years (range 49-89 years) and prior endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES) for benign disease formed the fi rst group. The median time from ES was 42 mo (range 8-144 mo). Another 25 patients with a median age of 76 years (range 44-94 mo) and similar characteristics who underwent current endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography (ERCP) and ES for benign disease formed the second group (control group). Brush cytology of the biliary tree with p53 immunocytology was performed in all patients of both groups. ERCPs and recruitment were conducted at the Endoscopic Unit of Aretaieion University Hospital and Tzaneio Hospital, Athens, from October 2006 to June 2010. RESULTS: No cases were positive or suspicious for malignancy. Epithelial atypia was higher in the first group (32% vs 8% in the second group, P = 0.034). Acute cholangitis and previous biliary operation rates were also higher in the fi rst group (acute cholangitis, 60% vs 24% in the second group, P = 0.01; previous biliary operation, 76% vs 24% in the second group, P = 0.001). Subgroup analysis showed that previous ES was the main causal factor for atypia, which was not related to the time interval from the ES (P = 0.407). Two patients (8%) with atypia in the fi rst group were p53-positive. CONCLUSION: ES causes biliary epithelial atypia that represents mostly reactive/proliferative rather than premalignant changes. The role of p53 immunoreactivity in biliary atypia needs to be further studied.
文摘AIM: To study the endocytoscopic visualization of squamous cell islands within Barrett's epithelium. METHODS: Endocytoscopy (ECS) has been studied in the surveillance of Barrett's esophagus, with controversial results. In initial studies, however, a soft catheter type endocytoscope was used, while only methylene blue dye was used for the staining of Barrett's mucosa. Integrated type endocytoscopes (GIF-Q260 EC, Olympus Corp, Tokyo, Japan) have been recently developed, with the incorporation of a high-power magnifying endocytoscope into a standard endoscope together with narrow-band imaging (NBI). Moreover, double staining with a mixture of 0.05% crystal violet and 0.1% of methylene blue (CM) during ECS enables higher quality images comparable to conventional hematoxylin eosin histopathological images.RESULTS: In vivo endocytoscopic visualization of papillary squamous cell islands within glandular Barrett's epithelium in a patient with long-segment Barrett's esophagus is reported. Conventional white light endoscopy showed typical long-segment Barrett's esophagus, with small squamous cell islands within normal Barrett's mucosa, which were better visualized by NBI endoscopy. ECS after double CM staining showed regular Barrett's esophagus, while higher magnification (×480) revealed the orifices of glandular structures better. Furthermore, typical squamous cell papillary protrusion, classified as endocytoscopic atypia classification (ECA) 2 according to ECA, was identified within regular glandular Barrett's mucosa. Histological examination of biopsies taken from the same area showed squamous epithelium within glandular Barrett's mucosa, corresponding well to endocytoscopic findings. CONCLUSION: To our knowledge, this is the first report of in vivo visualization of esophageal papillary squamous cell islands surrounded by glandular Barrett's epithelium.
文摘BACKGROUND Mammary-type myofibroblastoma(MTMF)is a rare benign extramammary soft tissue tumor with myofibroblastic differentiation.Although 160 cases of MTMF have been reported in the literature since 2001,no cases of infarction or atypical mitosis have been reported so far.Herein,we report an unusual case of MTMF in the pelvic cavity,which mimicked some malignant features,including infarction,atypical mitosis,infiltrative growth,and prominent cytologic atypia,making it difficult to ascertain whether the tumor was benign.CASE SUMMARY A 49-year-old man complained of pain and discomfort in the right buttock for more than 4 mo and did not receive any treatment.Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)showed a 13-cm-sized mass in his right pelvic cavity.Histologically significant differences were atypical mitosis figures and multiple necrotic foci in the tumor.In addition,smooth muscle and skeletal muscle were invaded within and at the edge of the tumor.These morphologic features are often reminiscent of malignant tumors and therefore pose a diagnostic challenge to pathologists.The tumor cells were strongly positive for both cluster of differentiation 34 and desmin,and the loss of retinoblastoma 1 shown by immunohistochemical and fluorescence in situ hybridization results confirmed the pathological diagnosis of MTMF.Currently,the patient is alive and in good condition without tumor recurrence or metastasis after 2.5 years of follow-up by telephone and MRI.CONCLUSION The two pseudo-malignant characteristics of infarction and atypical mitosis broaden the morphological lineage of MTMF,a rare mesenchymal tumor.
文摘Low-grade invasive ductal carcinoma is almost diploid, and has frequent losses of chromosome 16q, which is shared by other precancerous lesions of the mammary gland such as flat epithelial atypia （FEA）, atypical ductal hyperplasia （ADH）, and lownuclear grade ductal carcinoma in situ （DCIS）. The genetic alterations accumulate in a stepwise fashion as the precancerous lesions progress to invasve ductal carcinoma. This supports the linear progression model of breast cancer from FEA, through ADH, to low- nuclear grade DCIS as non-obligate early events in low-grade IDC evolution. In contrast, high-grade carcinoma tends to aneuploidy with complex genetic alterations--most importantly, frequent gains at chromosome 16q. Frequent losses at chromosome 16q in low-grade IDC and gains in the same arm of the same chromosome in high-grade IDC imply that these lesions are two end outcomes of different disease processes and that they do not lie in the same continuum of a process. Therefore, low-grade and high-grade IDC are two distinct diseases with a divergent route of progression.
