Hypoglycemic polysaccharides from Auricularia auricula and Auricularia polytricha inhibit oxidative stress,NF-κB signaling and proinflammatory cytokine production in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice

Auricularia auricula(AA)and Auricularia polytricha(AP)are popular edible fungi.This study successfully produced hypoglycemic polysaccharides from un-smashed or smashing and sieving(through a 10-mesh sieve)AA and AP(termed as AAP/AAP-10 and APP/APP-10)via scalable processes(water extraction,ethanolic precipitation and deproteinization).This is the first report to compare the effectiveness of AAP and APP in combating streptozotocin-induced oxidative stress and diabetes-related changes in mice(body weight,fasting blood glucose,serum insulin,proinflammatory mediator and cytokines,oxidative stress-related products,antioxidant enzymes).APP and AAP with different molecular weights and monosaccharide molar ratios could be therapeutic options for diabetes with a low dose(100 mg/kg/day)likely working better.At the same dose,APP generally performed more effective than AAP,and AAP-10/APP-10 seemed slightly more beneficial than AAP/APP.One mechanism underlying these antidiabetic functions might involve the NF-κB and associated signalling pathways.AP is cheaper than AA,thereby representing a favorable source of functional polysaccharides.

Therapeutic effect of natural melanin from edible fungus Auricularia auricula on alcohol-induced liver damage in vitro and in vivo

This study explored the therapeutic effects of Auricularia auricula melanin(AAM)on alcoholic liver damage in vitro and in vivo.Human normal liver L02 cells were pre-treated with ethanol and then treated with AAM to explore the therapeutic effect of AAM on ethanol-induced hepatocyte injury.The results show that AAM signifi cantly elevated the cell viability,ameliorated the cell morphology,reduced the ROS and increased the GSH/GSSG of ethanol-pretreated L02 cells.Then,mice were administered with ethanol to induce acute alcoholic liver damage,and administered with AAM to further study the therapeutic effect of AAM on alcoholic liver damage in mice.As a result,AAM reduced the levels of ALT,AST,TG,and MDA,increased the levels of ADH,SOD,and CAT in liver damage mice.The therapeutic effect of AAM may be related to inhibition of CYP2E1 expression and activation of Nrf2 and its downstream antioxidase.The research enriched the bioactivity of AAM and provided some ideas for the development of melanin-related health foods.

Alcohols Extraction Process and Content of Active Ingredients in Chinese Northeastern Auricularia auricula

[Objectives] The aim was to study the type and content of alcohol-soluble active ingredients in Auricularia auricula. [Methods]With total yield of alcohol extract as an indicator,the optimal concentrations of ethanol,isopropanol and n-butanol for alcohol extraction of A. auricula powder were determined. The contents of total flavonoids,polyphenols and triterpenoids in three different alcohol extracts of A. auricula,as well as in the alcohol extracts of polysaccharides and melanin extraction residue of A. auricula were determined. [Results] When90% ethanol was used,the yield of alcohol extract of A. auricula was 10. 7%. In the alcohol extract,the contents of total flavonoids,polyphenols and triterpenoids were 5. 68 mg/100 g,0. 43% and 0. 55%,respectively. When 100% isopropanol was used,the yield of alcohol extract was 10. 1%. In the alcohol extract,the contents of total flavonoids,polyphenols and triterpenoids were 4. 84 mg/100 g,0. 66% and 0. 37%,respectively. When 70% n-butanol was used,the yield of alcohol extract was 5. 4%. In the alcohol extract,the contents of total flavonoids,polyphenols and triterpenoids were 4. 07 mg/100 g,1. 68% and 0. 30%,respectively. The yields of ethanol,isopropanol and n-butanol extracts of polysaccharide and melanin extraction residue of A. auricula were 13. 8%,14. 3% and 8. 9%,respectively. In the three kinds of alcohol extracts,the contents of total flavonoids were 8. 28,11. 99,and 12. 38 mg/100 g,respectively; the contents of polyphenols were 0.14%,0. 38% and 0. 75%,respectively; and the contents of triterpenoids were 0. 25%,0. 60% and 0. 58%,respectively. [Conclusions]This study will provide certain reference for the in-depth study and development and utilization of active ingredients in A. auricula.

Antioxidant Activities and Inhibitory Effects of <i>Auricularia Auricular</i>and Its Functional Formula Diet Against Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell <i>in Vitro</i>

The functional formula diet AHP, containing polysaccharides from Auricularia auricular, polyphenolic compounds from Hawthorn (Crataegus) and Pueraria radix, has been recently developed as a dietary intervention against dyslipidemia in our previous study. In the present study, its antioxidant activities and protective effects against proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) were investigated. AHP possessed the potent radical-scavenging effects against hydroxyl and superoxide radicals, and also the inhibitory effects against peroxidation of low density lipoprotein induced by Cu2+ in vitro. The protective effects of AHP against proliferation of VSMCs were evaluated through the methodology of serum pharmacology. The serum containing AHP significantly inhibited the proliferation of VSMCs induced by oxidized low density lipoprotein in a time- and dose-dependent manner, and also promoted the nitric oxide production of VSMCs. Our study indicated that this functional formula diet would be a potent alternative as a functional diet to prevent atherosclerosis at early stage.

Pressure shear assisted extraction of polysaccharide from Auricularia auricula and its biological activities

In this paper,using to the comprehensive scoring method,pressure shear assisted extraction was used to prepare polysaccharide from Auricularia auricula(PS-AAP)by orthogonal test to optimize the extraction.The highest comprehensive score(90.70)was obtained under 1:70 g/mL solid-liquid ratio,110°C reaction temperature,60 min reaction time and 1.0 MPa reaction pressure.Compared to AAP by water bath(WB-AAP),PS-AAP led to a higher extraction efficiency and decreased the relative molecular weight.In addition,infrared spectrum(FT-IR)analysis showed that pressure shear assisted did not change the polysaccharide structure.Scanning electron microscope(SEM)showed that PS-AAP was smaller and more broken by pressure shear assisted.Furthermore,the ratio of glucose to mannose in PS-AAP was relatively higher than WB-AAP,which also proved that PS-AAP had certain antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities.Compared with WB-AAP,the inhibitionα-glucosidase andα-amylase activity of PS-AAP increased by 11.37%and 24.43%respectively.These results revealed that PS-AAP has the poten-tial value of being a antioxidant and hypoglycemic agent.

Identification of phytochemicals from Lentinus edodes and Auricularia auricula with UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap MS

Lentinus edodes and Auricularia auricula are the first and second largest edible fungi in China with high nutritional and medicinal values.Research about phytochemicals of L.edodes and A.auricula mainly focuses on polysaccharides,other phytochemicals are not fully studied.Phytochemicals of L.edodes and A.auricula were investigated by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem hybrid quadrupole-orbitrap mass spectrometry(UPLC-Q-Exactive-Orbitrap MS).Twenty-three compounds were identified in L.edodes,mainly including amino acids and analogs,flavonoids,nucleosides and analogs,phenols and steroids.Twenty-nine compounds were identified in A.auricula,mainly including amino acids and analogs,nucleosides and analogs,flavonoids and phenols.There are 9 common ingredients of L.edodes and A.auricula,including 4 amino acids and analogs,2 flavonoids,2 nucleosides and analogs and 1 phenol.

陆生蓝藻地木耳中海藻糖提取工艺研究

该研究从三氯乙酸浓度、三氯乙酸用量、提取温度及时间4个方面初步探讨从地木耳中提取海藻糖的工艺,该研究通过单因素和正交试验,优化从地木耳中提取海藻糖的工艺条件,通过考察三氯乙酸浓度、用量、提取温度和时间对提取率的影响,确定最佳工艺条件。最佳工艺条件为0.3 M三氯乙酸浓度,用量5 mL,提取温度80℃,时间50 min。

黑木耳黑色素酸奶的研制及其抗氧化活性

黑色素作为黑木耳主要生物活性成分之一,具有较强的抗氧化性能。在酸奶中添加了黑木耳黑色素,进行了工艺优化,包括单因素及正交试验。获得的最佳制备工艺参数为:黑木耳黑色素添加量10%、菌种添加量10%、发酵时间5.0 h。用此工艺参数制得的酸奶色泽正常,呈淡灰色,组织状态均匀细腻,奶香浓郁,酸甜比例适宜,感官评分为95分。同时,测得其黏稠度为74.23 g,储藏期为13 d,抗氧化能力及乳酸菌总数指标也均高于未加黑木耳黑色素的酸奶。该酸奶营养丰富,有更高的保健功能和饮用价值,增加了人们对市售酸奶的选择。

超声波协同低温等离子体活化水降解黑木耳中抗生素

以超声波技术及低温等离子体活化水协同作用为基础,联合降解黑木耳中的残留抗生素,以期为黑木耳生产中污染物控制提供技术方法。结果表明:将抗生素浓度0.5 mg/kg的黑木耳浸没于低温等离子体活化水中,在超声功率480 W、温度30℃、频率25 kHz条件下处理45 min时,木耳中环丙沙星和恩诺沙星的降解率分别为51.92%和55.47%,通过响应面试验优化后的抗生素降解效果与预测值无明显差异。处理后黑木耳中总糖、粗蛋白、粗脂肪含量分别降低5.24%、1.24%、0.12%,而粗纤维和灰分含量无显著变化,相关指标符合国家标准中黑木耳的理化指标要求。因此,超声波协同低温等离子体活化水对黑木耳中抗生素的降解效果良好。

黑木耳降血糖的研究进展及趋势分析

基于CiteSpace的黑木耳降血糖研究态势分析相关研究进展、热点及发展趋势,为中国黑木耳资源的可持续利用提供参考。利用CiteSpace对1993—2022年收录于中国知网(CNKI)有关黑木耳降血糖研究领域的4184篇文献信息进行科学计量与可视化分析。1993—2022年中国黑木耳资源备受学者关注,黑木耳降血糖领域的年发文量总体上呈先缓慢后快速上升的趋势,发文量最多的作者是:王振宇、孔祥辉、李婷婷、尹红力等,主要的研究机构有吉林农业大学、福建农林大学、南京农业大学、东北林业大学等;通过关键词突现结果表明,稳定性、结构表征、响应面法、结构解析、功能特性是近几年的突现关键词,突现强度分别为6.02、17.88、5.54、5.81和6.83。与上述关键词相关的主题都集中于黑木耳降血糖的有效成分及在分子水平上作用机制的研究,这也是中国黑木耳降血糖领域当前及未来一段时间的主要研究热点。未来黑木耳相关研究将呈现多元化的趋势,基础研究多着重在发掘黑木耳多糖的结构成分和阐明黑木耳降血糖的作用机理;应用研究主要集中在黑木耳精深加工产品的开发与利用。研究结果可为广大业内人士的后续研究与开发提供借鉴与参考,为黑木耳功能精准研究和产品开发奠定基础。

黑木耳单孢杂交菌株筛选与灰色关联度分析

为了提高黑木耳品质、创造兼具优良产量和较高商品性的新品种,选择子实体差异较大的两株黑木耳菌株西藏6号和黑丰作为杂交亲本。采用单孢杂交方法选育优良的杂交子代,测量记录农艺学性状,通过灰色关联度和感官评价进行分析筛选。最终筛选出一株优良的杂交子代菌株a7d9,该菌株每袋干重58.33 g、干湿比13.62、单耳片鲜重5.14 g、子实体厚度1.35 mm、子实体最大直径59.25 mm、生物学效率99.31%、感官评价7.05分。杂交菌株a7d9产量较双亲菌株具有明显优势,农艺学性状加权关联系数要高于双亲菌株,感官评价较好,商品性强,具有开发为新品种的潜力。解决了双亲菌株部分性状较差问题,实现菌株改良,增加黑木耳优良菌株多样性,提高了经济效益。

果树木屑黑木耳袋栽基质研究

黑木耳产业对栎木资源的依赖是该产业发展和生态文明建设不相适应的突出表现,因而选取果树替代传统栎木是促进黑木耳产业绿色生态发展的潜在途径。本文选取苹果树木屑、桃树木屑、桔树木屑和核桃树木屑为黑木耳主要栽培基质,通过菌丝生长速度、菌丝密度、菌丝色泽以及锁状联合数目等指标考核最佳果木木屑袋栽基质。结果表明,黑木耳菌丝在桃树木屑袋料基质上生长最好,生长速度(5.62 mm/d)比对照组(5.24 mm/d)提高了7.25%;菌丝生长势较好,边缘整齐、浓密、色泽洁白且锁状联合数目较多;选取78%、82%、86%和90%等4个不同桃树木屑配比,通过不同袋料基质对桃树木屑黑木耳袋栽基质进行优化研究,最佳果木黑木耳袋栽基质配方为:桃树木屑78%、米糠19%、红糖1.5%、石膏粉1%、石灰粉0.5%,此时黑木耳菌丝的生长速度(10.06 mm/d)比对照组的生长速度(5.88 mm/d)提高了71.09%,且锁状联合数目最多。本研究结果表明,桃树可替代栎木进行黑木耳袋料栽培,为黑木耳产业的绿色高质量发展奠定基础。

富锗木耳菌丝体不同溶剂提取物的体外抗氧化能力

为探索富锗木耳菌丝体不同溶剂提取物的体外抗氧化能力,以富锗木耳菌丝体为材料,通过水、70%乙醇和乙酸乙酯对富锗木耳菌丝体进行了物质提取,比较了不同提取物对超氧阴离子自由基、羟自由基和DPPH自由基的清除能力。采用隶属函数值评价了不同溶剂提取物的综合抗氧化能力,并对物质含量与抗氧化能力进行了相关性分析。结果表明:富锗木耳菌丝体有机锗含量为542.83μg/g。不同溶剂提取物的提取率和物质含量均不同,水和乙醇提取物的提取率较高,水提取物中多糖含量最多,乙酸乙酯提取物中多酚和黄酮含量最多。不同溶剂提取物对自由基均有一定的清除能力,且随着提取物浓度的增加而增加。水提取物对超氧阴离子自由基清除率最强,当提取物浓度为9 mg/mL时,清除率最高为43.32%。70%乙醇提取物对羟自由基和DPPH自由基的清除效果最好,当提取物浓度为9 mg/mL时,清除率分别为70.10%和76.99%。多糖、多酚和黄酮在清除自由基中均发挥不同的作用,70%乙醇提取物的综合抗氧化能力最强。多糖、多酚和黄酮含量均与DPPH自由基清除率有显著(P<0.05)正相关。70%乙醇提取物中多酚含量与羟自由基清除率有显著(P<0.05)正相关。多糖、多酚及黄酮对超氧阴离子自由基的清除率均有显著(P<0.05)影响。富锗木耳菌丝体含有较高含量的有机锗,提取物对自由基具有一定的清除能力,具有较好的抗氧化性能。本研究对开发富锗木耳功能食品具有一定指导意义。

Preliminary studies on the early quality identification of A uric ularia auricular

In production industry of Auricularia auricular, the varieties quality is most important impact factor on output. For evaluating the early quality of the edible fungus, 9 varieties of Auricularia auricular (Au9, CF09, CF05, 29, 916, chang10, chang7, Au.Japanese and 8808) were cultured on the medium consists of potato dextrose agar (PDA) and sawdust to test their mycelium growth rate, endurance to high temperature, resistance to mildew, assimilation of nutriment, and resistance to drought. The result showed that the mycelium of Chang 10, CF09, 29 and Au.Japanese varieties had the eminent characteristics such as short lifespan, stronger assimilation of nutriment, and endurance to high temperature and steady growth. These four varieties are determined as superiority varieties of Auricularia auricular in accordance with the research results.

黑木耳菌丝老化过程中生理酶变化及其与胞外酶相关性分析

研究黑木耳菌丝老化过程中生理酶的变化,以及生理酶与胞外酶的相关性,结果表明:黑木耳菌丝老化过程中过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)呈先上升后下降的趋势,多酚氧化酶(PPO)、丙二醛(MDA)和脯氨酸(Pro)均呈下降趋势。通过相关性分析发现,胞外酶与抗氧化酶系统、MDA、Pro存在相关性,表明抗氧化酶系统与胞外酶系统存在内在联系,这有待进一步进行研究。

冀北山区林下黑木耳袋式栽培技术

林下黑木耳能充分利用林下土地资源和气候资源,以林养菌,以菌促林,降低生产成本,提高黑木耳品质,提升产业效益,在资源保护的同时,缓解河北省黑木耳产业效益下滑、规模缩减的问题。立足于冀北山区资源及农业优势,结合现代农业产业发展规划,顺应国家发展政策,从生产环境、栽培种制作、场地整理、出耳管理、采收晾晒等方面总结了林下黑木耳袋式栽培技术。

磷酸化黑木耳多糖脂质体的表征和抗氧化能力

该研究以黑木耳(Auricularia auricula)子实体为原料,制备磷酸化黑木耳多糖脂质体(phosphorylated Auricularia auricula polysaccharide liposome,P-AAPL),探究磷酸化黑木耳多糖脂质体的结构表征和流变学特性,对比磷酸化修饰前后脂质体的体外抗氧化性。结果显示,磷酸化黑木耳多糖脂质体包封率为83.26%,平均粒径为(122.42±1.41)nm,电位主要分布在-61.74 mV~-32.04 mV范围内,多分散指数为0.298±0.035,具有较好的稳定性。流变学试验结果显示,脂质体包封前后多糖均表现出典型的非牛顿行为和明显的剪切稀化现象,均为假塑性流体。体外抗氧化能力结果表明,磷酸化黑木耳多糖(phosphorylated Auricularia auricula polysaccharide,P-AAP)的1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼(1,1-dipheny1-2-picryl-hydrazyl,DPPH)自由基清除率明显高于黑木耳多糖(Auricularia auricula polysaccharide,AAP),且脂质体包封后的多糖DPPH自由基清除率始终低于包封前。因此,磷酸化修饰能够提高AAP的体外抗氧化能力且脂质体的包封可以有效防止P-AAP的氧化。

袋栽黑木耳不同品种与刺孔数量对出耳的影响

为筛选出适宜生产应用的黑木耳品种及菌棒刺孔数量,对引进的5个黑木耳新品种黑威单片、黑威15、黑29、黑威S1907、黑威S1908分别设置菌棒刺220、160、100孔的“O”形孔处理,从菌丝生长状况、生育期、商品性、产量、效益等方面进行了比较研究。结果表明,黑威单片、黑威15、黑威29等3个品种长势好,菌丝浓密。同品种菌棒耳芽的形成期和始收期均随刺孔数目的递减而延长,菌棒产量均随刺孔数目的递减而减少,刺孔数目对品种的商品性、制干率和泡发率无明显影响。黑威15表现最佳,该品种耳片呈单片、边缘圆整、无根,耳脉粗大,颜色黑灰色,肉质韧性好;刺孔采用220孔的最佳,干耳平均产量最高,为0.054 kg/棒,转化率13.50%。该品种在兰州地区栽培的最佳制棒时间为6月上旬,6月中下旬至7月养菌,8—10月出耳,该时间段长出的木耳产量最高,品质最佳。

黑木耳水提物和粗多糖溶液的流变特性及饮料开发

【目的】研究黑木耳水提物(Auricularia auricula water extract,AWE)和黑木耳粗多糖(Auricularia auricula crude polysaccharide,ACP)溶液的流变特性,优化饮料配方,为黑木耳饮料的开发提供科技支撑。【方法】观察不同质量浓度和均质压力下AWE和ACP溶液的流变特性;采用单因素和正交试验优化黑木耳饮料配方。【结果】0.3%~1.5%的AWE与ACP溶液都具有明显的剪切稀化特征,表现为假塑性流体,且为非牛顿流体;随着AWE与ACP质量浓度的降低,其流动行为指数增加,稠度系数降低(P<0.05),0.3%~0.6%AWE溶液和0.3%ACP溶液呈现稳定的流体特性。4~12 MPa均质处理显著提高0.6%AWE和ACP溶液的流动行为指数,同时降低稠度系数,均呈现稳定的流体特性;相同均质压力下0.6%AWE比ACP溶液的黏度更低、流动性更佳。8 MPa均质压力处理的0.6%AWE溶液的平均粒径(6.51±0.02)μm和稳定系数(0.926±0.024)达到平衡。单因素和正交试验优化黑木耳饮料配方为:AWE0.6%、冰糖6%以及柠檬酸0.1%;饮料呈浅褐色,具黑木耳特有风味,口感细腻丝滑。【结论】0.3%~1.5%AWE和ACP溶液均为假塑性流体,且为非牛顿流体;4~12 MPa均质提高了0.6%的AWE和ACP溶液流动性,8MPa均质处理0.6%AWE溶液体系的稳定性最佳,从而确定黑木耳饮料加工以0.6%AWE为生产原料,采用8 MPa作为均质压力。黑木耳饮料最佳配方为:AWE 0.6%、冰糖6%以及柠檬酸0.1%。

我国黑木耳产业与标准化发展现状分析探讨

我国是世界上第一大黑木耳生产国,主要产区是黑龙江省、吉林省、福建省、陕西省、浙江省等。随着黑木耳产业的发展,黑木耳标准化工作逐步推进,全国标准信息公共服务平台共收录黑木耳相关标准136项。但从整体看,黑木耳标准化工作还存在标准体系结构不完善,标准制修订工作滞后,标准与国际接轨程度不足等问题。建议加快完善黑木耳标准体系建设,加快黑木耳相关标准的研制,加快推进黑木耳标准国际兼容性,推动黑木耳产业标准化高质量发展。