Preparation technology of ultra-fine powders of Auricularia auricular

Conventional mechanical method and mechanical method combined with vacuum freeze-drying technology were used to make the ultra-fine powders of edible fungus (Auricularia auricular). The content of basic nutrients, amino acid, micro structure and their properties of raw edible fungus and the edible fungus powders obtained with the two methods were analyzed and compared. The granularity size and micro-structure of the pulverized samples were analyzed by SEM and TEM technology. The average granularity size of the edible fungus powder obtained with mechanical method was 1–5 μm, while that obtained with mechanical method combined with vacuum freeze-drying process was 0.5–1 μm. The ultra-fine powders of edible fungus obtained with the two methods had better water recovery capability and quality, and their preserving time was longer than that of raw edible fungus. All the properties of the ultra-fine powders of edible fungus obtained with the vacuum freeze-drying technology were evidently superior to that of the conventional mechanical method. Keywords Auricularia auricula - Edible fungus - Ultra-fine powders - Vacuum freeze-drying CLC number TS205 Document code B Biography: YANG Chun-yu (1975), female, Ph. D. in Engineering Technology Center of Forestry and Wood Workine, Machinery, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, P. R. China.Responsible editor: Zhu Hong

Determination of Optimum Conditions for Cell-wall Destruction of Auricularia auricula Mycelia under the Synergistic Effect of Ultrasonic Waves and Repeated Freeze-thaw Cycles

We aimed to investigate the synergistic effects of ultrasonic waves and repeated freeze-thaw cycles on cel-wal destruction of Auricularia auric-ula mycelia, and determine the best combination of conditions for cel-wal destruc-tion of Auricularia auricula mycelia. [Method] The effects of destruction time, added water, destruction times, freeze time and number of freeze-thaw cycles during ultra-sonic treatment on polysaccharide yield were investigated by single-factor test in our research. The optimum conditions for cel-wal destruction of Auricularia auricula mycelia by the synergistic effect of ultrasonic waves and repeated freeze-thaw cycles were ascertained by orthogonal test. [Result] The results of single test indicated the best combination of conditions was as fol ows： freeze time, 30 min; destruction time, 20 min; added water, 15 times; destruction times, 2 times; number of freeze-thaw cycles, 3 cycles. The results of orthogonal test indicated the influencing factors ranked as destruction time 〉 destruction times 〉 freeze time. The best combination of conditions was as fol ows： freeze time, 30 min; destruction time, 25 min; destruc-tion times, 2 times. Under above conditions, the polysaccharide yield reached 57.76 mg/g. [Conclusion] This research would provide a basis and reference for practical production.

Liquid-state fermentation with Bacillus subtilis Bs-07 to enhance anticoagulant function of Auricularia auricula polysaccharide

In order to improve the anticoagulant function of Auricularia auricula, Auricularia auricula polysaccharide （AAP） was converted into its derivatives by the microbial fermentation method and then polysaccharide derivatives with stronger anticoagulant activity were prepared. The optimal conditions for fermenting the polysaccharide from A. auricula were examined and the in vitro anticoagulant activities of transformed and untransformed polysaccharides were compared. Response surface tests and an orthogonal experiment indicated that the best conditions for microbial conversion of AAP3 were an AAP3 concentration of 4.0 mg/ mL, a ratio of substrate （AAP3 ） to donor （p-hydroxybenzoic acid） of 40：1, and a pH of 6.0. Bacillus subtilis Bs-07 was inoculated and then placed on a rotary shaker （ 120 r/min）, followed by fermentation for 48 h at 35 ℃. The conversion rate was found to be greater than 40%. The result of in vitro anticoagulant activity showed that the transformed polysaccharide improved activated partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin time, and thrombin time values and greatly enhanced anticoagulant activity compared to the untransformed polysaccharide.

Hypoglycemic polysaccharides from Auricularia auricula and Auricularia polytricha inhibit oxidative stress,NF-κB signaling and proinflammatory cytokine production in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice

Auricularia auricula(AA)and Auricularia polytricha(AP)are popular edible fungi.This study successfully produced hypoglycemic polysaccharides from un-smashed or smashing and sieving(through a 10-mesh sieve)AA and AP(termed as AAP/AAP-10 and APP/APP-10)via scalable processes(water extraction,ethanolic precipitation and deproteinization).This is the first report to compare the effectiveness of AAP and APP in combating streptozotocin-induced oxidative stress and diabetes-related changes in mice(body weight,fasting blood glucose,serum insulin,proinflammatory mediator and cytokines,oxidative stress-related products,antioxidant enzymes).APP and AAP with different molecular weights and monosaccharide molar ratios could be therapeutic options for diabetes with a low dose(100 mg/kg/day)likely working better.At the same dose,APP generally performed more effective than AAP,and AAP-10/APP-10 seemed slightly more beneficial than AAP/APP.One mechanism underlying these antidiabetic functions might involve the NF-κB and associated signalling pathways.AP is cheaper than AA,thereby representing a favorable source of functional polysaccharides.

Therapeutic effect of natural melanin from edible fungus Auricularia auricula on alcohol-induced liver damage in vitro and in vivo

This study explored the therapeutic effects of Auricularia auricula melanin(AAM)on alcoholic liver damage in vitro and in vivo.Human normal liver L02 cells were pre-treated with ethanol and then treated with AAM to explore the therapeutic effect of AAM on ethanol-induced hepatocyte injury.The results show that AAM signifi cantly elevated the cell viability,ameliorated the cell morphology,reduced the ROS and increased the GSH/GSSG of ethanol-pretreated L02 cells.Then,mice were administered with ethanol to induce acute alcoholic liver damage,and administered with AAM to further study the therapeutic effect of AAM on alcoholic liver damage in mice.As a result,AAM reduced the levels of ALT,AST,TG,and MDA,increased the levels of ADH,SOD,and CAT in liver damage mice.The therapeutic effect of AAM may be related to inhibition of CYP2E1 expression and activation of Nrf2 and its downstream antioxidase.The research enriched the bioactivity of AAM and provided some ideas for the development of melanin-related health foods.

Alcohols Extraction Process and Content of Active Ingredients in Chinese Northeastern Auricularia auricula

[Objectives] The aim was to study the type and content of alcohol-soluble active ingredients in Auricularia auricula. [Methods]With total yield of alcohol extract as an indicator,the optimal concentrations of ethanol,isopropanol and n-butanol for alcohol extraction of A. auricula powder were determined. The contents of total flavonoids,polyphenols and triterpenoids in three different alcohol extracts of A. auricula,as well as in the alcohol extracts of polysaccharides and melanin extraction residue of A. auricula were determined. [Results] When90% ethanol was used,the yield of alcohol extract of A. auricula was 10. 7%. In the alcohol extract,the contents of total flavonoids,polyphenols and triterpenoids were 5. 68 mg/100 g,0. 43% and 0. 55%,respectively. When 100% isopropanol was used,the yield of alcohol extract was 10. 1%. In the alcohol extract,the contents of total flavonoids,polyphenols and triterpenoids were 4. 84 mg/100 g,0. 66% and 0. 37%,respectively. When 70% n-butanol was used,the yield of alcohol extract was 5. 4%. In the alcohol extract,the contents of total flavonoids,polyphenols and triterpenoids were 4. 07 mg/100 g,1. 68% and 0. 30%,respectively. The yields of ethanol,isopropanol and n-butanol extracts of polysaccharide and melanin extraction residue of A. auricula were 13. 8%,14. 3% and 8. 9%,respectively. In the three kinds of alcohol extracts,the contents of total flavonoids were 8. 28,11. 99,and 12. 38 mg/100 g,respectively; the contents of polyphenols were 0.14%,0. 38% and 0. 75%,respectively; and the contents of triterpenoids were 0. 25%,0. 60% and 0. 58%,respectively. [Conclusions]This study will provide certain reference for the in-depth study and development and utilization of active ingredients in A. auricula.

Antioxidant Activities and Inhibitory Effects of <i>Auricularia Auricular</i>and Its Functional Formula Diet Against Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell <i>in Vitro</i>

The functional formula diet AHP, containing polysaccharides from Auricularia auricular, polyphenolic compounds from Hawthorn (Crataegus) and Pueraria radix, has been recently developed as a dietary intervention against dyslipidemia in our previous study. In the present study, its antioxidant activities and protective effects against proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) were investigated. AHP possessed the potent radical-scavenging effects against hydroxyl and superoxide radicals, and also the inhibitory effects against peroxidation of low density lipoprotein induced by Cu2+ in vitro. The protective effects of AHP against proliferation of VSMCs were evaluated through the methodology of serum pharmacology. The serum containing AHP significantly inhibited the proliferation of VSMCs induced by oxidized low density lipoprotein in a time- and dose-dependent manner, and also promoted the nitric oxide production of VSMCs. Our study indicated that this functional formula diet would be a potent alternative as a functional diet to prevent atherosclerosis at early stage.

Pressure shear assisted extraction of polysaccharide from Auricularia auricula and its biological activities

In this paper,using to the comprehensive scoring method,pressure shear assisted extraction was used to prepare polysaccharide from Auricularia auricula(PS-AAP)by orthogonal test to optimize the extraction.The highest comprehensive score(90.70)was obtained under 1:70 g/mL solid-liquid ratio,110°C reaction temperature,60 min reaction time and 1.0 MPa reaction pressure.Compared to AAP by water bath(WB-AAP),PS-AAP led to a higher extraction efficiency and decreased the relative molecular weight.In addition,infrared spectrum(FT-IR)analysis showed that pressure shear assisted did not change the polysaccharide structure.Scanning electron microscope(SEM)showed that PS-AAP was smaller and more broken by pressure shear assisted.Furthermore,the ratio of glucose to mannose in PS-AAP was relatively higher than WB-AAP,which also proved that PS-AAP had certain antioxidant and hypoglycemic activities.Compared with WB-AAP,the inhibitionα-glucosidase andα-amylase activity of PS-AAP increased by 11.37%and 24.43%respectively.These results revealed that PS-AAP has the poten-tial value of being a antioxidant and hypoglycemic agent.

Identification of phytochemicals from Lentinus edodes and Auricularia auricula with UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap MS

Lentinus edodes and Auricularia auricula are the first and second largest edible fungi in China with high nutritional and medicinal values.Research about phytochemicals of L.edodes and A.auricula mainly focuses on polysaccharides,other phytochemicals are not fully studied.Phytochemicals of L.edodes and A.auricula were investigated by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem hybrid quadrupole-orbitrap mass spectrometry(UPLC-Q-Exactive-Orbitrap MS).Twenty-three compounds were identified in L.edodes,mainly including amino acids and analogs,flavonoids,nucleosides and analogs,phenols and steroids.Twenty-nine compounds were identified in A.auricula,mainly including amino acids and analogs,nucleosides and analogs,flavonoids and phenols.There are 9 common ingredients of L.edodes and A.auricula,including 4 amino acids and analogs,2 flavonoids,2 nucleosides and analogs and 1 phenol.

黑木耳遗传多样性分析及高产多糖菌株筛选

利用体细胞不亲和性分析、ISSR分子标记对东北三省地区主栽及收集的45份黑木耳种质资源进行遗传多样性分析,并通过液体深层发酵技术筛选高产多糖菌株。结果表明,其中9个菌株拮抗反应不明显,亲缘关系较近;其他36个菌株的遗传相似系数变化范围为0.44~0.96,遗传背景丰富。当遗传相似系数为0.6时,供试菌株聚类为9个类群:黑山、黑丰、黑丰2、神8-7、黑威伴金、黑威15、黑保1号、2016-A、2016-B、2016-C、2016-E、2019-013、2019-192、新科10号、黑厚圆、华腾2号、华腾4号、春宝为第1类群;木29、长白7、新科1号、919为第2类群;高优王、1022、2019-003、918为第3类群;蕈丰黑、延丰13、半筋S1908、888、丰产王为第4类群;靖发13、89-1、丰收2号、2019-199、海元的遗传相似系数小于0.6,亲缘关系较远,单个菌株自成一类,分别为第5~9类群。经筛选,得到1株多糖含量高且丰产的黑木耳菌株黑丰2。

秦岭山区钢架大棚黑木耳吊袋栽培技术模式

黑木耳是一种富含多种营养物质、药食兼用的食用菌。针对甘肃省麦积区党川、利桥流域秦岭山区的环境条件和黑木耳生产管理难点,从栽培设施、品种及菌棒的选择、菌棒进棚管理、菌棒刺孔及吊袋、出耳管理、采摘、晾晒、晒棒等方面总结出了黑木耳钢架大棚吊袋栽培关键技术,旨在为麦积区及同类型区黑木耳大棚吊袋生产提供技术指导。

陆生蓝藻地木耳中海藻糖提取工艺研究

该研究从三氯乙酸浓度、三氯乙酸用量、提取温度及时间4个方面初步探讨从地木耳中提取海藻糖的工艺,该研究通过单因素和正交试验,优化从地木耳中提取海藻糖的工艺条件,通过考察三氯乙酸浓度、用量、提取温度和时间对提取率的影响,确定最佳工艺条件。最佳工艺条件为0.3 M三氯乙酸浓度,用量5 mL,提取温度80℃,时间50 min。

黑木耳降血糖的研究进展及趋势分析

基于CiteSpace的黑木耳降血糖研究态势分析相关研究进展、热点及发展趋势,为中国黑木耳资源的可持续利用提供参考。利用CiteSpace对1993—2022年收录于中国知网(CNKI)有关黑木耳降血糖研究领域的4184篇文献信息进行科学计量与可视化分析。1993—2022年中国黑木耳资源备受学者关注,黑木耳降血糖领域的年发文量总体上呈先缓慢后快速上升的趋势,发文量最多的作者是:王振宇、孔祥辉、李婷婷、尹红力等,主要的研究机构有吉林农业大学、福建农林大学、南京农业大学、东北林业大学等;通过关键词突现结果表明,稳定性、结构表征、响应面法、结构解析、功能特性是近几年的突现关键词,突现强度分别为6.02、17.88、5.54、5.81和6.83。与上述关键词相关的主题都集中于黑木耳降血糖的有效成分及在分子水平上作用机制的研究,这也是中国黑木耳降血糖领域当前及未来一段时间的主要研究热点。未来黑木耳相关研究将呈现多元化的趋势,基础研究多着重在发掘黑木耳多糖的结构成分和阐明黑木耳降血糖的作用机理;应用研究主要集中在黑木耳精深加工产品的开发与利用。研究结果可为广大业内人士的后续研究与开发提供借鉴与参考,为黑木耳功能精准研究和产品开发奠定基础。

果树木屑黑木耳袋栽基质研究

黑木耳产业对栎木资源的依赖是该产业发展和生态文明建设不相适应的突出表现,因而选取果树替代传统栎木是促进黑木耳产业绿色生态发展的潜在途径。本文选取苹果树木屑、桃树木屑、桔树木屑和核桃树木屑为黑木耳主要栽培基质,通过菌丝生长速度、菌丝密度、菌丝色泽以及锁状联合数目等指标考核最佳果木木屑袋栽基质。结果表明,黑木耳菌丝在桃树木屑袋料基质上生长最好,生长速度(5.62 mm/d)比对照组(5.24 mm/d)提高了7.25%;菌丝生长势较好,边缘整齐、浓密、色泽洁白且锁状联合数目较多;选取78%、82%、86%和90%等4个不同桃树木屑配比,通过不同袋料基质对桃树木屑黑木耳袋栽基质进行优化研究,最佳果木黑木耳袋栽基质配方为:桃树木屑78%、米糠19%、红糖1.5%、石膏粉1%、石灰粉0.5%,此时黑木耳菌丝的生长速度(10.06 mm/d)比对照组的生长速度(5.88 mm/d)提高了71.09%,且锁状联合数目最多。本研究结果表明,桃树可替代栎木进行黑木耳袋料栽培,为黑木耳产业的绿色高质量发展奠定基础。

富锗木耳菌丝体不同溶剂提取物的体外抗氧化能力

为探索富锗木耳菌丝体不同溶剂提取物的体外抗氧化能力,以富锗木耳菌丝体为材料,通过水、70%乙醇和乙酸乙酯对富锗木耳菌丝体进行了物质提取,比较了不同提取物对超氧阴离子自由基、羟自由基和DPPH自由基的清除能力。采用隶属函数值评价了不同溶剂提取物的综合抗氧化能力,并对物质含量与抗氧化能力进行了相关性分析。结果表明:富锗木耳菌丝体有机锗含量为542.83μg/g。不同溶剂提取物的提取率和物质含量均不同,水和乙醇提取物的提取率较高,水提取物中多糖含量最多,乙酸乙酯提取物中多酚和黄酮含量最多。不同溶剂提取物对自由基均有一定的清除能力,且随着提取物浓度的增加而增加。水提取物对超氧阴离子自由基清除率最强,当提取物浓度为9 mg/mL时,清除率最高为43.32%。70%乙醇提取物对羟自由基和DPPH自由基的清除效果最好,当提取物浓度为9 mg/mL时,清除率分别为70.10%和76.99%。多糖、多酚和黄酮在清除自由基中均发挥不同的作用,70%乙醇提取物的综合抗氧化能力最强。多糖、多酚和黄酮含量均与DPPH自由基清除率有显著(P<0.05)正相关。70%乙醇提取物中多酚含量与羟自由基清除率有显著(P<0.05)正相关。多糖、多酚及黄酮对超氧阴离子自由基的清除率均有显著(P<0.05)影响。富锗木耳菌丝体含有较高含量的有机锗,提取物对自由基具有一定的清除能力,具有较好的抗氧化性能。本研究对开发富锗木耳功能食品具有一定指导意义。

黑木耳黑色素酸奶的研制及其抗氧化活性

黑色素作为黑木耳主要生物活性成分之一,具有较强的抗氧化性能。在酸奶中添加了黑木耳黑色素,进行了工艺优化,包括单因素及正交试验。获得的最佳制备工艺参数为:黑木耳黑色素添加量10%、菌种添加量10%、发酵时间5.0 h。用此工艺参数制得的酸奶色泽正常,呈淡灰色,组织状态均匀细腻,奶香浓郁,酸甜比例适宜,感官评分为95分。同时,测得其黏稠度为74.23 g,储藏期为13 d,抗氧化能力及乳酸菌总数指标也均高于未加黑木耳黑色素的酸奶。该酸奶营养丰富,有更高的保健功能和饮用价值,增加了人们对市售酸奶的选择。

H_(2)O_(2)氧化-荧光法定量检测黑木耳黑色素

建立一种测定黑木耳黑色素含量的系统方法——H_(2)O_(2)氧化-荧光法,并测定了黑木耳黑色素含量。筛选了黑木耳黑色素氧化后产生的荧光的测定条件,并对检出限、精密度、稳定性和加标回收实验进行了评价。黑木耳黑色素的最佳激发波长为340 nm,发射波长为460 nm。当NaOH浓度为0.15 mol·L^(-1)、H_(2)O_(2)浓度为10%、氧化温度为60℃、氧化最佳时间为1.5 h、超声时间为40 min时,黑色素浓度在200~1200μg·mL^(-1)与荧光强度呈良好的线性关系,线性回归方程的R^(2)=0.9960,检出限为0.92μg·mL^(-1),平均回收率为102.75%,稳定性和精密度分别为1.19%和1.29%,黑木耳中黑色素含量为2.10%。以上结果表明,H_(2)O_(2)氧化-荧光法可以准确、简便地定量黑木耳中的黑色素。

超声波协同低温等离子体活化水降解黑木耳中抗生素

以超声波技术及低温等离子体活化水协同作用为基础,联合降解黑木耳中的残留抗生素,以期为黑木耳生产中污染物控制提供技术方法。结果表明:将抗生素浓度0.5 mg/kg的黑木耳浸没于低温等离子体活化水中,在超声功率480 W、温度30℃、频率25 kHz条件下处理45 min时,木耳中环丙沙星和恩诺沙星的降解率分别为51.92%和55.47%,通过响应面试验优化后的抗生素降解效果与预测值无明显差异。处理后黑木耳中总糖、粗蛋白、粗脂肪含量分别降低5.24%、1.24%、0.12%,而粗纤维和灰分含量无显著变化,相关指标符合国家标准中黑木耳的理化指标要求。因此,超声波协同低温等离子体活化水对黑木耳中抗生素的降解效果良好。

西北地区大棚吊袋栽培黑木耳品种筛选及营养物质分析

为筛选西北地区大棚吊袋栽培适宜品种,以国内黑木耳育种单位的6个黑木耳品种为试验对象,比较不同品种在菌丝生长速度、污染率、产量、商品率、转化率之间的差异,筛选出黑威15号和黑丰2号为适宜大棚吊袋栽培的优良品种。同时对2个品种进行了常规营养物质、矿物质、氨基酸等含量的比较,并分析了其所含营养的丰富程度。结果表明,黑威15号菌丝生长速度最快,满棒时间、耳芽形成时间、第1潮采耳时间均最短,且产量、转化率最高。在黑威15号和黑丰2号子实体营养物质中粗蛋白含量最高,粗纤维含量次之;矿物质中钙的含量最高,镁含量次之;氨基酸组成中谷氨酸含量最高,天冬氨酸次之。2个黑木耳品种中的营养物质丰富,黑丰2号子实体中的营养较黑威15号更加全面。

黑木耳单孢杂交菌株筛选与灰色关联度分析

为了提高黑木耳品质、创造兼具优良产量和较高商品性的新品种,选择子实体差异较大的两株黑木耳菌株西藏6号和黑丰作为杂交亲本。采用单孢杂交方法选育优良的杂交子代,测量记录农艺学性状,通过灰色关联度和感官评价进行分析筛选。最终筛选出一株优良的杂交子代菌株a7d9,该菌株每袋干重58.33 g、干湿比13.62、单耳片鲜重5.14 g、子实体厚度1.35 mm、子实体最大直径59.25 mm、生物学效率99.31%、感官评价7.05分。杂交菌株a7d9产量较双亲菌株具有明显优势,农艺学性状加权关联系数要高于双亲菌株,感官评价较好,商品性强,具有开发为新品种的潜力。解决了双亲菌株部分性状较差问题,实现菌株改良,增加黑木耳优良菌株多样性,提高了经济效益。