Research of Cultivation Technology of Auricularia auricula-judae in Forest Lands in The Three Gorges in Chongqing

[Objective] The aim was to help farmers in poverty-stricken area in Three Gorges Reservoir Region to get rid of poverty and become better off.[Method] The cultivation experiment of Auricularia auricula-judae with basswoods was conducted in Guocun town,Wanzhou district in Three Gorges Reservoir Region and new technologies were concluded in terms of selection of cultivation site,preparation of mushroom materials,cultivation technology and management to guide cultivation of Auricularia auricula-judae.[Result] The research broadens a new way for starveling farmer to be better off.[Conclusion] The research provides references for under-forest economy in surrounding forests.

A systematic study on mycochemical profiles, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities of 30 varieties of Jew’s ear(Auricularia auricula-judae)

The health-promoting properties and chemical profiles of 30 Jew’s ear mushroom varieties were investigated. The antioxidant properties were determined by ferric reducing antioxidant power(FRAP), 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH) free radical scavenging, 2,2’-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)(ABTS) free radical scavenging, and metal chelating ability(MCA) assays, while phenolic profiles were determined by total phenol content(TPC) and total flavonoid content(TFC) colorimetric assays. Total carbohydrate, β-glucan, and melanin contents were determined by colorimetric methods. 5’-Nucleotides, vitamin D_(2), ergosterol, and ergothioneine contents were determined by high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC). Anti-inflammation activities of Jew’s ear were evaluated by the colorimetric protease inhibitory method. The results showed that Jew’s ear mushrooms possessed substantial phenolics and antioxidant properties. All the Jew’s ear varieties contain high amount of total carbohydrate, β-glucan, reducing sugar, melanin, pectin, vitamin D2, ergosterol, and ergothioneine. The current findings could provide scientific information for breeders to nurture desired varieties and for food industry to develop new health promoting products.

Pharmacognostic Identification of Hedyotis auricularia and Mitracarpus villosus

[Objectives]To conduct the pharmacognostic identification of Hedyotis auricularia and Mitracarpus villosus in Guangxi and provide a scientific basis for their identification.[Methods]The characteristics of original plants were studied by origin identification method;the properties and characteristics were studied by character identification method;and the microscopic features of the roots,stems,leaves and medicinal powder of H.auricularia and M.villosus in Guangxi were studied by paraffin method and powder slicing method.[Results](i)Origin identification.H.auricularia:Leaves leathery,apex acuminate,base cuneate;petiole shorter;cyme axillary;corolla hairy at throat;fruit indehiscent at maturity;testa black after drying.M.villosus:Leaf apex short pointed,base attenuate,blade sessile;flowers small,clustered in axillary;fruits dehiscent by lid at or below middle at maturity,seeds dark brown.(ii)Character identification.Fracture surface of H.auricularia uneven,white in outer layer and sepia in inner layer.Fracture surface of M.villosus hollow,uneven and white.(iii)Microscopic identification.H.auricularia:Root phloem thick,cambium visible,duct cells quasi-polygonal,large;rays obvious.Stem transection quasi-circular square,often with non-glandular hairs on epidermis;calcium oxalate raphides present in leaf parenchymal cells.Power grayish brown,starch granules single-grained;calcium oxalate raphides frequent,calcium oxalate clustered crystals occasional;catheter spiral,rarely annular,stomata infinitive.M.villosus:Root parenchyma cells with scattered calcium oxalate raphides,calcium oxalate clustered crystals and brownish red substances visible.Stem transection quasi-square,edge angle with 4 short narrow wings.Powder brown,simple starch granules numerous,compound starch granules also present;calcium oxalate raphides numerous,calcium oxalate clustered crystals and calcium oxalate square cubic crystals also present;catheter spiral,stomata paracytic.[Conclusions]The above transaction microscopic characteristics of the roots,stems and leaves and powder characteristics can be used as the identification features of H.auricularia and M.villosus.

Screening of Substrate Formulas for Culture of Auricularia auricula Mycelia with Byproducts

[Objectives]This study was conducted to explore the source of substitutive substrate raw materials for cultivation of edible fungi,reduce the cutting and use of woody materials,and realize harmless treatment and resource utilization of byproducts from Chinese medicine production and bamboo processing.[Methods]Traditional Chinese medicine residue and bamboo shavings were used to partially replace hardwood sawdust in the conventional formula,and the growth of Auricularia auricula mycelia in large test tubes under different substrate formulas was studied.[Results]The results showed that the mycelia of A.auricula could grow normally on substrates with byproducts,and the mycelia grew differently with different formulas,and the performance of different strains of the same species was also different.Compared with the conventional formula,the suitable substitution amount of bamboo shavings for A.auricula strains was 10%-30%,and the substitution amount of Chinese medicine residue was 5%-15%.[Conclusions]This study provides reference for the efficient utilization of byproducts and the expansion of raw material sources for production of edible fungi.

Preparation technology of ultra-fine powders of Auricularia auricular

Conventional mechanical method and mechanical method combined with vacuum freeze-drying technology were used to make the ultra-fine powders of edible fungus (Auricularia auricular). The content of basic nutrients, amino acid, micro structure and their properties of raw edible fungus and the edible fungus powders obtained with the two methods were analyzed and compared. The granularity size and micro-structure of the pulverized samples were analyzed by SEM and TEM technology. The average granularity size of the edible fungus powder obtained with mechanical method was 1–5 μm, while that obtained with mechanical method combined with vacuum freeze-drying process was 0.5–1 μm. The ultra-fine powders of edible fungus obtained with the two methods had better water recovery capability and quality, and their preserving time was longer than that of raw edible fungus. All the properties of the ultra-fine powders of edible fungus obtained with the vacuum freeze-drying technology were evidently superior to that of the conventional mechanical method. Keywords Auricularia auricula - Edible fungus - Ultra-fine powders - Vacuum freeze-drying CLC number TS205 Document code B Biography: YANG Chun-yu (1975), female, Ph. D. in Engineering Technology Center of Forestry and Wood Workine, Machinery, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, P. R. China.Responsible editor: Zhu Hong

RAPD analysis of genetic diversity of nine strains of Auricularia auricular cultivated in Heilongjiang Province

Polymorphism of nine strains （CF05, CF09, 29, 916, AU9, Chang10, Chang7, 8808 and AU. Japanese） of A. auricular cultivated in Heilongjiang Province were analyzed by RAPD （Random Amplication polymorphic DNA）. Thirteen primers were selected from forty PCR primers with 10bp long random primer. The results showed that nine strains of A. auricular have a high level of genetic diversity and the percentage of DNA polymorphic was 96.05. The genotypes of 9 strains of Auricularia auricular were identified by the fingerprints from primer 27 and primer 46 by RAPD analysis. The results are helpful for quickly identifying strains of A. auricular in its early breeding time, and also provides a powerful theoretic basis to differentiate strains （Auricularia auricular） whose morphology is very similar in breeding programs of edible fungus.

中国7个毛木耳(Auricularia polytricha)菌株ITS序列比较

对毛木耳7个菌株rRNA基因内转录间区(ITS)进行了克隆测序,并将其与木耳属其它几种的相应序列进行了比较.在供试的7个毛木耳菌株中,除特大(209bp)外,其余6个菌株的ITS2区序列长度完全相同;毛木耳rRNA基因的两个ITS区序列有一定数量的碱基变异,整个ITS区共有11个变异位点.与下载的木耳属另外4个种相比较,均有较大程度的变异.根据遗传同源性分析,遗传距离分析和系统树上所显示的供试菌株及相关已知种的亲缘关系,ITS序列分析支持传统的依据形态学进行的木耳属分类.

毛木耳（Auricularia polytricha）种质资源的ISSR分析

山区开矿和城镇建设使毛木耳资源日益匮乏，为了合理保护利用毛木耳资源，为新品种选育提供理论依据。也为毛木耳DNA指纹图谱的构建奠定基础，从分子水平上探讨毛木耳种间、品种间遗传关系，用ISSR标记分析毛木耳种质资源。结果表明：从27条ISSR引物中筛选出适合毛木耳种质分析的17个ISSR引物。17个引物共扩增出155条带，多态性位点155；多态性位点比率100％。基于扩增条带数据库建立了Jaccared遗传相关系数矩阵。构建了相似的分子树状图，将55个供试菌株分为5类群：Ⅰ类群含12个菌株，Ⅱ类群含11个菌株，Ⅲ类群含2个菌株，Ⅳ类群含24个菌株，Ⅴ类群含6个菌株。55个菌株的平均遗传相似系数为0．4109。同时类群的划分与菌株来源的地理分布没有关系。菌株间的遗传多样性十分丰富。用ISSR标记技术能将以传统形态特征为分类依据定名的菌株全部分开。

毛木耳(Auricularia polytricha)的研究进展

本文阐述了毛木耳的资源分布,一般形态特征;从分类依据和分子生物学技术在木耳蕈菌系统发育中的应用介绍了该蕈菌的系统发育研究和分类进展;通过对药用价值,凝血作用和降血脂功能,耐缺氧和抗血栓形成作用,多糖成分分析和止血机理研究,抗衰老作用,临床应用的描述,介绍了毛木耳的药用价值和药理作用研究;介绍了毛木耳的营养成分分析和栽培技术包括液体菌种和菌丝生理特性的研究及培养料C/N研究。提出了加强毛木耳研究的关键性问题。

Determination of Optimum Conditions for Cell-wall Destruction of Auricularia auricula Mycelia under the Synergistic Effect of Ultrasonic Waves and Repeated Freeze-thaw Cycles

We aimed to investigate the synergistic effects of ultrasonic waves and repeated freeze-thaw cycles on cel-wal destruction of Auricularia auric-ula mycelia, and determine the best combination of conditions for cel-wal destruc-tion of Auricularia auricula mycelia. [Method] The effects of destruction time, added water, destruction times, freeze time and number of freeze-thaw cycles during ultra-sonic treatment on polysaccharide yield were investigated by single-factor test in our research. The optimum conditions for cel-wal destruction of Auricularia auricula mycelia by the synergistic effect of ultrasonic waves and repeated freeze-thaw cycles were ascertained by orthogonal test. [Result] The results of single test indicated the best combination of conditions was as fol ows： freeze time, 30 min; destruction time, 20 min; added water, 15 times; destruction times, 2 times; number of freeze-thaw cycles, 3 cycles. The results of orthogonal test indicated the influencing factors ranked as destruction time 〉 destruction times 〉 freeze time. The best combination of conditions was as fol ows： freeze time, 30 min; destruction time, 25 min; destruc-tion times, 2 times. Under above conditions, the polysaccharide yield reached 57.76 mg/g. [Conclusion] This research would provide a basis and reference for practical production.

Liquid-state fermentation with Bacillus subtilis Bs-07 to enhance anticoagulant function of Auricularia auricula polysaccharide

In order to improve the anticoagulant function of Auricularia auricula, Auricularia auricula polysaccharide （AAP） was converted into its derivatives by the microbial fermentation method and then polysaccharide derivatives with stronger anticoagulant activity were prepared. The optimal conditions for fermenting the polysaccharide from A. auricula were examined and the in vitro anticoagulant activities of transformed and untransformed polysaccharides were compared. Response surface tests and an orthogonal experiment indicated that the best conditions for microbial conversion of AAP3 were an AAP3 concentration of 4.0 mg/ mL, a ratio of substrate （AAP3 ） to donor （p-hydroxybenzoic acid） of 40：1, and a pH of 6.0. Bacillus subtilis Bs-07 was inoculated and then placed on a rotary shaker （ 120 r/min）, followed by fermentation for 48 h at 35 ℃. The conversion rate was found to be greater than 40%. The result of in vitro anticoagulant activity showed that the transformed polysaccharide improved activated partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin time, and thrombin time values and greatly enhanced anticoagulant activity compared to the untransformed polysaccharide.

Biosorption of Cu(Ⅱ) and Pb(Ⅱ) by Auricularia polytricha

For searching biological material for heavy metal removal of waste-water, using macrofungus Auricularia polytricha as biosorbent for Cu^2＋ and Pb^2＋ removal was investigated. After shaking and biosorbing Cu^2＋ and Pb^2＋ in solution by biosorbents, the filtrates were tested by AAS and the adsorbed quantity of Cu^2＋ and Pb^2＋ was calculated. The biosorbents were effective in removal of Cu^2＋ and Pb^2＋ on the biosorbents that showed a high- est value around pH 5-6. The biosorption rate of Cu^2＋ and Pb^2＋ on A. polytricha biomass decreased with increasing the initial concentration of Cu^2＋ and Pb^2＋ in the medium. The biosorption of Cu^2＋ and Pb^2＋ on the biomasses follows pseudo-second order kinetics. The determined maximum biosorption capacities presented by the fungus biomass were 3.34 and 13.03 mg·g^-1 dry weight for Cu^2＋ and Pb^2＋, respectively by the biosorption equilibrium with Langmuir adsorption isotherm. According to the whole data analysis in each experiment of studying Cu^2＋ and Pb^2＋ biosorption including condition factors and adsorption isotherm, the adsorbed capacity of Pb^2＋ by A. polytricha biomass was bigger than Cu^2＋. The biosorption by A. polytricha was most effective when pH 5-6. The biosorbents are suitable for low Cu^2＋ and Pb^2＋ concentration waste-water, especially for Pb^2＋ removal.

Physicochemical Characterization of Two Species of Wild Edible Mushrooms: <i>Lentinus brunneofloccosus pegler</i>and <i>Auricularia auricularia judae</i>

In tropical Africa, mushrooms play an important role for people in rural areas as a source of food, medicine and income. In order to promote the mycology sector in Côte d’Ivoire, a study was carried out on the determination of the biochemical parameters of the mushroom Lentinus brunneofloccosus pegler and Auricularia auricularia judae found in the localities of Daloa and Yamoussoukro. The samples were purchased in the markets of Daloa and Yamoussoukro. The dry matter, ash and lipid contents were determined by the AOAC method. Those of proteins, total sugars, reducing sugars were carried out respectively by the methods of Kjeldahl, Bernfeld and Dubois, and six minerals (potassium, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, iron and sodium) were quantified by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). The results showed that the ash (3.46 - 7.74%) and protein (6.10 - 12.40%) levels were high, but the lipid contents (4% to 6.60%), total sugars (1.34 - 5.16%) and reducing sugars (0.01 to 0.27%) are low. The major minerals are calcium (898 to 1006 mg/100g), potassium (1182 to 2433 mg/100g) and phosphorus (2091 - 4375 mg/100g). Magnesium (270 - 433 mg/100g) is represented in average proportion. Iron (2.83 to 46.17 mg/100g) and sodium (4.87 to 5.99 mg/100g) are in low amounts. The mushrooms Lentinus brunneofloccosus pegler and Auricularia auricularia judae are low in fat, high in ash, and are good sources of protein and minerals.

Hypoglycemic polysaccharides from Auricularia auricula and Auricularia polytricha inhibit oxidative stress,NF-κB signaling and proinflammatory cytokine production in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice

Auricularia auricula(AA)and Auricularia polytricha(AP)are popular edible fungi.This study successfully produced hypoglycemic polysaccharides from un-smashed or smashing and sieving(through a 10-mesh sieve)AA and AP(termed as AAP/AAP-10 and APP/APP-10)via scalable processes(water extraction,ethanolic precipitation and deproteinization).This is the first report to compare the effectiveness of AAP and APP in combating streptozotocin-induced oxidative stress and diabetes-related changes in mice(body weight,fasting blood glucose,serum insulin,proinflammatory mediator and cytokines,oxidative stress-related products,antioxidant enzymes).APP and AAP with different molecular weights and monosaccharide molar ratios could be therapeutic options for diabetes with a low dose(100 mg/kg/day)likely working better.At the same dose,APP generally performed more effective than AAP,and AAP-10/APP-10 seemed slightly more beneficial than AAP/APP.One mechanism underlying these antidiabetic functions might involve the NF-κB and associated signalling pathways.AP is cheaper than AA,thereby representing a favorable source of functional polysaccharides.

Antioxidant Activities and Inhibitory Effects of <i>Auricularia Auricular</i>and Its Functional Formula Diet Against Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell <i>in Vitro</i>

The functional formula diet AHP, containing polysaccharides from Auricularia auricular, polyphenolic compounds from Hawthorn (Crataegus) and Pueraria radix, has been recently developed as a dietary intervention against dyslipidemia in our previous study. In the present study, its antioxidant activities and protective effects against proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) were investigated. AHP possessed the potent radical-scavenging effects against hydroxyl and superoxide radicals, and also the inhibitory effects against peroxidation of low density lipoprotein induced by Cu2+ in vitro. The protective effects of AHP against proliferation of VSMCs were evaluated through the methodology of serum pharmacology. The serum containing AHP significantly inhibited the proliferation of VSMCs induced by oxidized low density lipoprotein in a time- and dose-dependent manner, and also promoted the nitric oxide production of VSMCs. Our study indicated that this functional formula diet would be a potent alternative as a functional diet to prevent atherosclerosis at early stage.

基质类型对耳萝卜螺(Radix auricularia)-苦草(Vallisneria spiralis)牧食关系的影响

沉水植物和螺类都是水生生态系统的重要组成部分,两者的牧食关系也是水生食物网中重要的一环,而不同的基质类型可能会影响两者的生长和改变沉水植物对螺类牧食的防御策略.以耳萝卜螺(Radix auricularia)和苦草(Vallisneria spiralis)为对象,研究基质类型、螺类牧食对沉水植物的生长及防御策略的影响,以及基质类型及沉水植物对螺类生长和生理特征的影响.研究发现,螺类牧食和基质类型对苦草生长和元素特征具有显著的影响,存在螺类牧食时,泥沙基质和沙基质苦草的相对生长速率显著降低,泥沙、沙和泥基质苦草地上生物量分别减少了67.74%、58.58%和17.84%,根冠比分别升高了177.51%、217.23%和1.44%;且泥沙基质中苦草的叶片数显著低于无牧食组.不同基质类型下,牧食对苦草总碳含量无显著影响,但泥和泥沙组中,螺类牧食使苦草的总氮含量均显著降低,碳氮比均显著升高;沙基质下,螺类牧食使苦草总酚含量显著降低.基质类型对螺类的形态特征(除壳宽外)、生长及元素含量均无显著影响.总体来看,基质类型对耳萝卜螺牧食和苦草防御策略具有一定程度的影响,但对螺类的生长及元素特征基本无影响.本研究可以为牧食理论的研究提供基础数据支持,也可为沉水植被恢复、水生生态系统稳定提供参考,但基质类型对螺草牧食关系的长期影响,仍需进一步深入研究.

Therapeutic effect of natural melanin from edible fungus Auricularia auricula on alcohol-induced liver damage in vitro and in vivo

This study explored the therapeutic effects of Auricularia auricula melanin(AAM)on alcoholic liver damage in vitro and in vivo.Human normal liver L02 cells were pre-treated with ethanol and then treated with AAM to explore the therapeutic effect of AAM on ethanol-induced hepatocyte injury.The results show that AAM signifi cantly elevated the cell viability,ameliorated the cell morphology,reduced the ROS and increased the GSH/GSSG of ethanol-pretreated L02 cells.Then,mice were administered with ethanol to induce acute alcoholic liver damage,and administered with AAM to further study the therapeutic effect of AAM on alcoholic liver damage in mice.As a result,AAM reduced the levels of ALT,AST,TG,and MDA,increased the levels of ADH,SOD,and CAT in liver damage mice.The therapeutic effect of AAM may be related to inhibition of CYP2E1 expression and activation of Nrf2 and its downstream antioxidase.The research enriched the bioactivity of AAM and provided some ideas for the development of melanin-related health foods.

Alcohols Extraction Process and Content of Active Ingredients in Chinese Northeastern Auricularia auricula

[Objectives] The aim was to study the type and content of alcohol-soluble active ingredients in Auricularia auricula. [Methods]With total yield of alcohol extract as an indicator,the optimal concentrations of ethanol,isopropanol and n-butanol for alcohol extraction of A. auricula powder were determined. The contents of total flavonoids,polyphenols and triterpenoids in three different alcohol extracts of A. auricula,as well as in the alcohol extracts of polysaccharides and melanin extraction residue of A. auricula were determined. [Results] When90% ethanol was used,the yield of alcohol extract of A. auricula was 10. 7%. In the alcohol extract,the contents of total flavonoids,polyphenols and triterpenoids were 5. 68 mg/100 g,0. 43% and 0. 55%,respectively. When 100% isopropanol was used,the yield of alcohol extract was 10. 1%. In the alcohol extract,the contents of total flavonoids,polyphenols and triterpenoids were 4. 84 mg/100 g,0. 66% and 0. 37%,respectively. When 70% n-butanol was used,the yield of alcohol extract was 5. 4%. In the alcohol extract,the contents of total flavonoids,polyphenols and triterpenoids were 4. 07 mg/100 g,1. 68% and 0. 30%,respectively. The yields of ethanol,isopropanol and n-butanol extracts of polysaccharide and melanin extraction residue of A. auricula were 13. 8%,14. 3% and 8. 9%,respectively. In the three kinds of alcohol extracts,the contents of total flavonoids were 8. 28,11. 99,and 12. 38 mg/100 g,respectively; the contents of polyphenols were 0.14%,0. 38% and 0. 75%,respectively; and the contents of triterpenoids were 0. 25%,0. 60% and 0. 58%,respectively. [Conclusions]This study will provide certain reference for the in-depth study and development and utilization of active ingredients in A. auricula.

Transcriptome exploration to provide a resource for the study of Auricularia heimuer

Auricularia heimuer,an edible jelly fungus,is in considerable demand in Asia due to its high nutritive,economic and medicinal values.RNA-Seq was used to investigate and analyze the mycelium transcriptome of A.heimuer for gene discovery.A total of 26,857 unigenes with an N50 length of 1333 bp were assembled by de novo sequencing.In addition,unigenes were annotated by publicly available databases,including gene descriptions,gene ontology(GO),clusters of orthologous group(COG),Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)metabolic pathways,and protein family(Pfam)terms.A.heimuer was also studied for its wood degradation ability.Thirty-eight putative FOLymes(fungal oxidative lignin enzymes)and 251 CAZymes(carbohydrate-active enzymes)were located from A.heimuer transcriptome.Our study provides a comprehensive sequence resource for A.heimuer at the transcriptional level,which will lay a strong foundation for functional genomics studies and gene discovery of this promising fungus.

Auricularia polytricha noodles prevent hyperlipemia and modulate gut microbiota in high-fat diet fed mice

Auricularia polytricha possesses hypolipidemic effects and decreases lipid accumulation,leading to potential food additives for functional food processing.In this research,we explored the potential effects of A.polytricha noodles on hyperlipidemia and gut microbiota dysbiosis,and elucidated their possible regulatory mechanisms on lipid metabolism in high-fat diet(HFD)mice.A.polytricha n oodles treatment signifi cantly(P<0.05)reduced body weight gain,hyperlipidemia and liver fat accumulation.Meanwhile,A.polytricha noodles decreased the levels of serum total cholesterol(TC),total triglyceride(TG)and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C)compared with the HFD group.Furthermore,A.polytricha noodles could enrich the diversity of gut microbiota by decreasing the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes as well as the relative abundance of Deferribacteres and increased the relative abundance of Verrucomicrobia,which might contribute to the prevention of hyperlipidemia.This study indicated that A.polytricha noodles could modulate the gut microbiota and prevent hyperlipidemia and liver fat accumulation induced by HFD.