Variations of the Summer Somali and Australia Cross-Equatorial Flows and the Implications for the Asian Summer Monsoon

The temporal variations during 1948-2010 and vertical structures of the summer Somali and Australia cross-equatorial flows （CEFs） and the implications for the Asian summer monsoon were explored in this study. The strongest southerly and northerly CEFs exist at 925 hPa and 150 hPa level, respectively. The low-level Somali （LLS） CEFs were significantly connected with the rainfall in most regions of India （especially the monsoon regions）, except in a small area in southwest India. In comparison to the climatology, the low- level Australia （LLA） CEFs exhibited stronger variations at interannual time scale and are more closely connected to the East Asian summer monsoon circulation than to the LLS CEFs. The East Asian summer monsoon circulation anomalies related to stronger LLA CEFs were associ- ated with less water vapor content and less rainfall in the region between the middle Yellow River and Yangtze River and with more water vapor and more rainfall in southern China. The sea-surface tempera- ture anomalies east of Australia related to summer LLA CEFs emerge in spring and persist into summer, with implications for the seasonal prediction of summer rainfall in East Asia. The connection between the LLA CEFs and East Asian summer monsoon rainfall may be partly due to its linkage with E1 Nino-Southern Oscillation. In addition, both the LLA and LLS CEFs .exhibited interdecadal shifts in the late 1970s and the late 1990s, consistent with the phase shifts of Pacific Decadal Oscillation （PDO）.

Water Vapor Transport and Cross-Equatorial Flow over the Asian-Australia Monsoon Region Simulated by CMIP5 Climate Models

The summer mean water vapor transport （WVT） and cross-equatorial flow （CEF） over the Asian- Australian monsoon region simulated by 22 coupled atmospheric-oceanic general circulation models （AOGCMs） from the World Climate Research Programme＇s Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 （CMIP5） were evaluated. Based on climatology of the twentieth-century simulations, most of models have a reason- ably realistic representation of summer monsoon WVT characterized by southeast water vapor conveyor belt over the South Indian Ocean and southwest belt from the Arabian Sea to the East Asian. The correlation coefficients between NCEP reanalysis and simulations of BCC-CSMI-1, BNU-ESM, CanESM2, FGOALS-s2, MIROC4h and MPI-ESM-LR are up to 0.8. The simulated CEF depicted by the meridional wind along the equator includes the Somali jet and eastern CEF in low atmosphere and the reverse circulation in upper atmosphere, which were generally consistent with NCEP reanalysis. Multi-model ensemble means （MME） can reproduce more reasonable climatological features in spatial distribution both of WVT and CEF. Ten models with more reasonable WVT simulations were selected for future projection studies, including BCC- CSMI-1, BNU-ESM, CanESM2, CCSM4, FGOALS-s2, FIO-ESM, GFDL-ESM2G, MRIOCS, MPI-ESM-LR and NorESM-1M. Analysis based on the future projection experiments in RCP （Representative Concentra- tion Pathway） 2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6 and RCP8.5 show that the global warming forced by different RCP scenarios will results in enhanced WVT over the Indian area and the west Pacific and weaken WVT in the low latitudes of tropical Indian Ocean.

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF SSTA IMPACTS UPON THE INTERDECADAL VARIATION OF THE CROSS-EQUATORIAL FLOWS IN EASTERN HEMISPHERE

Impacts of regional sea surface temperature(SST)anomalies on the interdecadal variation of the cross-equatorial flows(CEFs)in Eastern Hemisphere are studied using numerical simulations with a global atmospheric circulation model(NCAR CAM3)driven with 1950-2000 monthly SSTs in different marine areas(the globe,extratropics,tropics,tropical Indian Ocean-Pacific,and tropical Pacific)and ERA-40reanalysis data.Results show that all simulations,except the one driven with extratropical SSTs,can simulate the interdecadal strengthening of CEFs around Somali,120oE,and 150oE that occurred in the midand late-1970s.Among those simulated CEFs,the interdecadal variability in Somali and its interdecadal relationship with the East Asian summer monsoon are in better agreement with the observations,suggesting that changes in the SSTs of tropical oceans,especially the tropical Pacific,play a crucial role in the interdecadal variability of CEFs in Somali.The interdecadal change of CEFs in Somali is highly associated with the interdecadal variation of tropical Pacific SST.As the interdecadal warmer(colder)SST happens in the tropical Pacific,a"sandwich"pattern of SST anomalies,i.e."+,-,+"("-,+,-"),will occur in the eastern tropical Pacific from north to south with a pair of anomalous anticyclone(cyclone)at the lower troposphere;the pair links to another pair of anomalous cyclone(anticyclone)in the tropical Indian Ocean through an atmospheric bridge,and thus strengthens(weakens)the CEFs in Somali.

Vertical Structure of Interannual Variability in Cross-Equatorial Flows over the Maritime Continent and Indian Ocean in Boreal Summer

This study investigates the vertical structure of variability in the cross-equatorial flows(CEFs)over the Maritime Continent and Indian Ocean in boreal summer,based on three reanalysis datasets:ERA-Interim,JRA-55 and NCEP-2.The results show a high consistency in the interannual variability among the reanalysis datasets,especially between ERAInterim and JRA-55,while great uncertainty exists in the decadal or long-term changes of CEFs.Further analyses on the interannual variability in CEFs indicate that there is a significant negative relationship between the upper-and lower-level CEFs over the Maritime Continent—that is,the northerlies at the upper level and southerlies at the lower level are both enhanced or weakened.This seesaw pattern is also significantly related to the CEFs over the Indian Ocean at the upper level and lower level(i.e.,the Somali jet).This close relationship between the upper-and lower-level CEFs and between the Maritime Continent and Indian Ocean is manifested as the leading mode of equatorial meridional winds in the vertical-zonal section over the Maritime Continent and Indian Ocean.Finally,it is found that ENSO is closely related to the vertical leading mode,and to all the CEFs at the upper and lower levels over the Maritime Continent and Indian Ocean.

INFLUENCE OF THE INTERANNUAL VARIATION OF CROSSEQUATORIAL FLOW ON TROPICAL CYCLOGENESIS OVER THE WESTERN NORTH PACIFIC

The influence of the interannual variation of cross-equatorial flow(CEF) on tropical cyclogenesis over the western North Pacific(WNP) is examined in this paper by using the tropical cyclone(TC) best track data from the Joint Typhoon Warning Center and the JRA-25 reanalysis dataset. The results showed that the number of TCs forming to the east of 140°E over the southeastern part of the western North Pacific(WNP) is in highly positive correlation with the variation of the CEF near 125° E and 150° E, i.e., the number of tropical cyclogeneses increases when the cross-equatorial flows are strong. Composite analyses showed that during the years of strong CEF, the variations of OLR, vertical wind shear between 200-850 h Pa, 850 h Pa relative vorticity and 200 h Pa divergence are favorable for tropical cyclogenesis to the east of 140°E over the tropical WNP, and vice versa. Moreover, it is also discussed from the view of barotropic energy conversion that during the years of strong CEF, an eastward-extended monsoon trough leads to the rapid growth of eddy kinetic energy over the eastern part of WNP, which is favorable for tropical cyclogenesis;but during the years of weak CEF, the monsoon trough is located westward in the western part of the WNP, consistent with the growth area of eddy kinetic energy. As a result, there are fewer TC geneses over the eastern part of WNP.Besides, the abrupt strengthening of a close-by CEF 2-4 days before tropical cyclogenesis may be the one of its triggers.

澳大利亚旅游网站信息流对旅游人流的导引:过程、强度和机理问题

这篇文章以澳大利亚旅游网站为对象,研究旅游网站信息流导引旅游人流的若干问题,旨在证实虚拟流动对现实流动的作用性。文章首先分析了旅游信息流因素的变化;而后透视了基于旅游网站功能性与服务性的信息流对旅游人流导引的过程;再后给出了旅游网站信息流对不同类型旅游人流导引的强度,最后从旅游网站使用比和旅游网站信息比两个方面揭示了旅游网站对旅游人流导引的机理。

澳大利亚高压的年际变化及其对应的亚澳季风

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,分析了1948-2002年澳大利亚高压(简称澳高,下同)的年际变化及其对亚澳季风环流系统的影响.结果显示,澳高存在明显的年际变化,当澳高偏强时,亚澳季风环流系统其他各成员(100～160°E高、低层越赤道气流,近赤道ITCZ,西太平洋副热带高压,梅雨锋,南亚高压,近赤道东风急流,季风经圈环流,Hadley环流等)也随之得到加强,从而导致整个亚澳季风环流系统的增强.

澳洲北部强/弱越赤道气流对应的环流配置

采用1980～2004年的NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,挑选5～8月中澳洲北部越赤道气流的极强和极弱年作为典型样本,探讨了强/弱越赤道气流对应的环流系统的配置特征。结果表明:强越赤道气流通常对应北半球辐合带维持较强,或南半球澳高维持较强,亦或澳洲冷空气活动频繁发生的环流形势,同期西太平洋副高通常偏东或偏北;弱越赤道气流通常对应西太平洋副高的偏西或偏南,或者是西太平洋副高-辐合带共同演进过程的多次发生。

中澳留学网站信息流对留学人流导引作用机理

网站信息流对不同类型空间人流的导引作用研究是揭示"信息社会的地理学"特征的重要切入点之一。选择遥远国家间区域关系类型,以中国赴澳留学生在留学前、留学申请过程中及成行后对互联网的应用现状调查为基础,建立由不同类型中澳留学相关网站构成的"中澳间留学交流地理网络空间图式",并从网站使用者申请过程、网站平台组织和导引实现作用3个层面揭示中澳留学网站信息流对空间人流的导引机理。研究显示,大量中澳留学网站的建立虽在留学人流空间移动中不起决定作用,但起到了积极地促进作用。

夏季影响105°E越赤道气流变化的环流系统

105°E越赤道气流的发展变化与南北半球的大气环流系统发展变化有关,但这些环流系统并非同时起同样重要的作用。作者利用候平均OutgoingLongwaveRadiation(简称OLR)资料与850hPa风场资料(1979～1986年)对热带东印度洋—西太平洋海域与(夏季)越赤道气流有关的环流系统做相关分析和越赤道气流偏强类合成分析。结果表明,夏季海洋大陆赤道缓冲区的对流上升运动(90°E～120°E,5°N～5°S)、澳州大陆冷性高压(10°S～30°S,120°E～155°E)的发展,都影响2～3候以后105°E夏季越赤道气流;澳洲大陆北部的冷性高压,西太平洋副热带高压西端位置西伸或东缩造成的东中国海季风区上升运动的变化,又是南北半球环流同时影响CEF变化的具体表现。南半球澳洲冷性高压北部(10°S～25°S,120°E～170°E)的辐散下沉气流对CEF加强起决定作用。

澳大利亚河湖生态用水量的确定及其启示

科学合理地确定河湖生态用水量是建立科学的河湖生态水量保障机制的基础。澳大利亚在确定生态环境用水方面,具有国际领先地位和水平的理论发展和实践运用,并注重不断地完善和提高。分析澳大利亚确定生态环境用水方法的发展历史和实践做法,可以发现对我国具有5个方面的启示,即因地制宜是坚实基础,整体估算法是发展方向,科学研究是关键保障,善治是有效机制,关键问题是有力抓手。

索马里急流和澳洲越赤道气流年际变异不同配置及其影响

使用NCEP/NCAR大气再分析资料、Hadley中心海表温度分析资料和中国160站降水观测资料,分析了夏季索马里急流与澳洲越赤道气流年际变异之间的关系及相关联的海表温度、大气环流和中国降水异常分布特征。结果表明:夏季索马里急流和澳洲越赤道气流的年际变异存在两类关系,即多数的反位相和少数的同位相关系。当夏季索马里急流和澳洲越赤道气流呈前者减弱、而后者增强的反位相变化时,热带印度洋—太平洋海气异常表现为处于发展阶段的经典的东部El Nio型,造成东亚夏季风显著减弱,中国降水呈南方偏多、北方偏少的偶极型分布;当夏季索马里急流和澳洲越赤道气流同位相增强时,海气异常表现为处于成熟阶段的中太平洋El Nio型,东亚夏季风增强,中国降水呈长江流域降水偏少、而华北和华南沿海降水显著偏多的三极型分布。

ONSET AND RETREAT DATES OF THE SOUTH CHINA SEA SUMMER MONSOON AND THEIR RELATIONSHIPS WITH THE MONSOON INTENSITY IN THE CONTEXT OF CLIMATE WARMING

Global gridded daily mean data from the NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis(1948-2012) are used to obtain the onset date,retreat date and duration time series of the South China Sea summer monsoon(SCSSM) for the past 65 years.The summer monsoon onset(retreat) date is defined as the time when the mean zonal wind at 850 hPa shifts steadily from easterly(westerly) to westerly(easterly) and the pseudo-equivalent potential temperature at the same level remains steady at greater than 335 K(less than 335 K) in the South China Sea area[110-120°E(10-20°N)].The clockwise vortex of the equatorial Indian Ocean region,together with the cross-equatorial flow and the subtropical high,plays a decisive role in the burst of the SCSSM.The onset date of the SCSSM is closely related to its intensity.With late(early) onset of the summer monsoon,its intensity is relatively strong(weak),and the zonal wind undergoes an early(late) abrupt change in the upper troposphere.Climate warming significantly affects the onset and retreat dates of the SCSSM and its intensity.With climate warming,the number of early-onset(-retreat) years of the SCSSM is clearly greater(less),and the SCSSM is clearly weakened.

Modulation of Low-Latitude West Wind on Abnormal Track and Intensity of Tropical Cyclone Nargis (2008) in the Bay of Bengal

Tropical cyclone （TC） Nargis （2008） made landfall in Myanmar on 02 May 2008, bringing a storm surge, major flooding, and resulting in a significant death toll. TC Nargis （2008） displayed abnormal features, including rare eastward motion in its late stage, rapid intensification before landing. Using reanalysis data and a numerical model, we investigated how a low-latitude westerly wind modulated TC Nargis’ （2008） track and provided favorable atmospheric conditions for its rapid intensification. More importantly, we found a possible counterbalance effect of flows from the two hemispheres on the TC track in the Bay of Bengal. Our analysis indicates that a strong westerly wind burst across the Bay of Bengal, resulting in TC Nargis’ （2008） eastward movement after its recurvature. This sudden enhancement of westerly wind was mainly due to the rapidly intensified mid-level cross-equatorial flow. Our results show that a high-pressure system in the Southern Hemisphere induced this strong, mid-level, cross-equatorial flow. During the rapid intensification period of TC Nargis （2008）, this strong and broad westerly wind also transported a large amount of water vapor to TC Nargis （2008）. Sufficient water vapor gave rise to continuously high and increased mid-level relative humidity, which was favorable to TC Nargis’ （2008） intensification. Condensation of water vapor increased the energy supply, which eventuated the intensification of TC Nargis （2008） to a category 4 on the Saffir-Simpson scale.

2019年澳大利亚森林火灾期间亚澳季风特征分析

利用NECP再分析资料、CMAP全球逐月降水数据和中国国家气候中心季风指数资料,对2019年澳大利亚森林火灾前后的年、季气候特征,以及东亚冬季风、澳大利亚季风和越赤道气流的月尺度特征进行分析。结果表明,2019年澳大利亚大陆表现出高度一致的气温偏高、降水偏少特征。火灾爆发前的3—8月,新南威尔士州林火区气温偏高0.8℃~1℃,降水偏少20%~40%;火灾爆发期间9月至次年1月,林火区气温偏高1.0℃~1.5℃,降水偏少40%~60%。2019年澳大利亚北部冬季风指数偏强,历时偏长,夏季风建立偏晚;北半球秋季到初冬东亚冬季风强度偏弱。2019年环流转换期间(2019年11月至2020年1月)105°E越赤道气流偏弱偏东;南半球低纬偏强的高低空风场配置对越赤道气流的季节转向产生了阻滞作用。

澳大利亚科技人力资源流动的特征及相关政策影响分析

澳大利亚作为创新型国家,其科技人力资源流动具有自己的显著特征,积极出台了一系列国家政策聚焦于科技人力资源的国际和国内流动。本文首先归纳总结了澳大利亚科技人力资源流动的特征,在此基础上,分别从创新政策、教育战略和移民政策三方面剖析了相关政策对科技人力资源流动的重视以及会对科技人力资源流动造成的影响,旨在为我国相关政策的制定提供借鉴参考。

国外输电定价机制对我国的借鉴与启示——澳大利亚输电定价机制模拟应用

电价改革是我国电力体制改革的重中之重。输配电价费用合理的分摊,有利于向电力交易主体提供投资、成本等有效的经济信号,促进电力资源的优化配置。本文通过对英国、美国德州、法国、挪威及澳大利亚输电模式进行比较,尤其重点研究澳大利亚电价制定方法,并结合我国蒙西电网改革的实际国情,将核算的总准许收入通过电压等级和输电服务两种方式,实现成本逐步分摊到用户,最终根据用户承担的实际费用设计制定合理的电价机制。