Detection of Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase （ACCase） Inhibitor Herbicides Resistance in Sterile Wild Oat （Avena sterilis L.） Using Agar Quick Test

This study was conducted using seeds in Petri dish containing agar medium in order to determine acetyl-CoA carboxylase （ACCase） herbicides resistance （R） in Avena sterilis that was grown in wheat fields at Adana province, Turkey. Seeds were collected from one large suspected field, where clodinafop-propargyl （Aryloxyphenoxypropionate “FOPs”） and pinoxaden （Phenylpyrazoline “DEN”） have been applied for many years. Susceptible （S） population was collected from the road side on the same region. Agar media of concentration 14 g/L was prepared and it was melted in microwave. Then the amount of 20 mL agar media was added into each Petri dish. Five seeds were placed on agar mediums containing discriminating dose of clodinafop and pinoxaden. Petri dishes were placed in growth incubator operating at 10 °C. After 15 d, both radicle and hypocotyl length were measured. The percentage of germinated seed and dose-response curves were determined. At these different concentration levels, there were more than 50% of R and less than 40% of S seed germinated for pinoxaden. However, for clodinafop, more than 60% of R and less than 50% of S seeds were germinated. At higher concentration levels, the populations of resistant and susceptible were not germinated for both herbicides. The resistance value of R population was then compared with that of the S biotype. From the resistance index （RI）, the population was more resistant to pinoxaden （7.43 for radicle and 2.47 for hypocotyl） than the clodinafop-propagyl （1.39 for radicle and 3.77 for hypocotyl）. The method provided a simple, quick and cost effective way to identify ACCase herbicides resistance in most grass weeds.

裸燕麦(Avena nuda L.)根系生长特性的研究

以品五(晚熟品种)和坝莜一号(早熟品种)2个裸燕麦(莜麦)品种为试验材料,对其不同时期的根量和根系全氮含量的变化动态进行了研究,结果表明:早熟品种与晚熟品种根量的变化趋势基本一致,于抽穗开花期达最大值,而后逐渐降低,灌浆期降至最低;灌浆后,莜麦根重呈回升性增长。随着莜麦的生长发育,0～30cm土层的根系衰减较快,30～90cm土层的根系则有增加。莜麦根系全氮含量随生育期推移大致呈"L"型下降趋势。

50g/L唑啉草酯EC防除春小麦田野燕麦药效及对作物的安全性研究

为明确50 g/L唑啉草酯EC在青海省春小麦田防除野燕麦药效、适宜剂量及对作物的安全性,在田间进行50 g/L唑啉草酯EC不同剂量的除草效果试验。于小麦3～5叶期、野燕麦2～4叶期对水喷雾处理。结果表明,50 g/L唑啉草酯EC是春小麦田防除野燕麦的优良除草剂,适宜剂量为900 mL/hm2,对野燕麦防效达90%以上,对小麦安全,增产率12%以上。

燕麦葡聚糖合酶基因AsCSLH的克隆及特征分析

β-葡聚糖是燕麦发挥保健作用的重要功能因子,分离其合成关键基因有助于解析燕麦β-葡聚糖积累的分子机制。以高β-葡聚糖燕麦地方品种夏莜麦为材料,通过RACE和染色体步移的方法克隆了燕麦β-葡聚糖合酶基因AsCSLH及其基因组序列并分析其序列结构特征,采用半定量RT-PCR方法研究该基因组织表达特性。分离出的燕麦CSLH基因包含6个内含子,内含子剪接方式均符合GT/AG剪接规则,编码区全长2277bp,在序列上与水稻CSLH基因的编码区序列相似性最高,所预测的编码蛋白含有相关多糖合成酶保守结构域。AsCSLH基因在燕麦各组织中均有表达,在灌浆期籽粒中表达水平最高。推测AsCSLH基因在燕麦籽粒的β-葡聚糖合成中起重要作用。

240g/L收乐通防除马铃薯田野燕麦及对马铃薯安全性评价

野燕麦是马铃薯田的主要杂草之一,人工除草工作量大。本研究的目的是明确240 g/L收乐通EC在青海省马铃薯田防除野燕麦药效、适宜剂量及对作物的安全性。在田间使用了240 g/L收乐通EC制剂量300,450,600 mL/hm^2,以108 g/L高效盖草能EC制剂量375 mL/hm^2为对照药,设空白对照处理,于马铃薯3-5叶期,野燕麦为3-6叶期兑水300 L/hm^2喷雾处理。结果表明,240 g/L收乐通EC是马铃薯田防除野燕麦的优良除草剂,适宜剂量为450 mL/hm^2,对野燕麦40 d株防效和鲜重效均达85%以上,对马铃薯安全,增产率达10%以上。

NaCl胁迫对燕麦幼苗生长及适应策略的影响

文章利用沙培法培养燕麦幼苗,采用0、48、72、96、120、144 mmol/L的NaCl盐浓度梯度进行胁迫处理,探讨NaCl对其幼苗叶及根系生长和生理指标的影响.结果表明:(1)NaCl胁迫强度的增大,对燕麦的存活率无影响;(2)随NaCl胁迫强度的增大,燕麦的生物量、分蘖数、根系长度、体内含水量、叶绿素、K^(+)、Ca、NO^(-)、H_(2)PO_(4)^(-)含量大体呈下降趋势,Na^(+)、Na^(+)/K^(+)、Cl^(-)、SO_(4)^(2-)、脯氨酸含量大体呈增加趋势;(3)NaCl胁迫强度对组织液的pH值、有机酸无显著影响.以上结果说明,在NaCl胁迫下,燕麦主要采取积累脯氨酸、Cl^(-)和SO_(4)^(2-)离子生理适应的方式.另外,根可以改变Na^(+)的分布,减少Na^(+)对叶的伤害并提高燕麦幼苗的耐受力.

外源2,4-表油菜素内酯对NaCl胁迫下燕麦种子萌发和生理的影响

为探明外源油菜素内酯(Brassinosteroids,BRs)对盐胁迫下燕麦(Avena sativa L.)种子萌发的调控机理,本试验以‘加燕2号’和‘青引2号’燕麦为材料,在100 mmol·L-1 NaCl胁迫下,采用不同浓度梯度(10-5,10-4,10-3,0.01,0.10和1μmol·L-1)2,4-表油菜素内酯(2,4-Epibrassinolide,EBR)处理燕麦种子,研究外源EBR对NaCl胁迫下燕麦种子萌发和生理的影响。结果表明:100 mmol·L-1 NaCl胁迫显著抑制了燕麦种子萌发和幼苗生长,降低了淀粉酶活性(P<0.05),提高了蛋白水解酶活性(P<0.05);100 mmol·L-1 NaCl胁迫下,添加外源EBR显著提高了燕麦种子的发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数,促进了燕麦幼苗和根系的生长,提高了根系活力和幼苗干重及燕麦种子萌发过程中的α-淀粉酶和β-淀粉酶活性,降低了蛋白水解酶活性,有效抑制了可溶性蛋白水解和游离氨基酸的积累;其中,添加0.01μmol·L-1和0.10μmol·L-1外源EBR对NaCl胁迫下燕麦种子萌发和幼苗生长的促进效果最为明显。综上,本研究得出外源EBR能够明显缓解NaCl胁迫对燕麦种子萌发的抑制作用,且具有明显的浓度效应,以0.01μmol·L-1和0.10μmol·L-1外源EBR的处理效果最好。

外源2,4-表油菜素内酯对NaCl胁迫下燕麦幼苗光合特性的影响

为探明外源2,4-表油菜素内酯(EBR)对NaCl胁迫下燕麦光合作用的调控机理,以加燕2号、青引2号燕麦为材料,在100 mmol/L NaCl胁迫下,研究外源EBR对燕麦幼苗光合气体交换参数、荧光动力学参数、光合电子传递速率及PSⅡ光能分配情况的影响。结果表明:NaCl胁迫显著降低了燕麦幼苗的光合色素含量,抑制了PSⅡ反应中心活性,导致燕麦幼苗PSⅡ光化学效率下降,净光合速率(Pn)显著降低。和NaCl胁迫相比较,添加外源EBR后,燕麦幼苗叶片的叶绿素a(Chla)、叶绿素b(Chlb)和类胡萝卜素(Chlx·c)含量显著增加;燕麦幼苗的Pn、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)和水分利用效率(WUE)显著升高,胞间CO2浓度(Ci)显著降低,最大荧光(Fm)、光化学淬灭系数(qP)、PSⅡ实际光合效率(ФPSⅡ)、PSⅡ潜在活性(Fv/Fo)、PSⅡ原初光能转化效率(Fv/Fm)、天线色素转化效率(Fv′/Fm′)、表观光合电子传递速率(ETR)及PSⅡ光化学反应能(P)显著升高,初始荧光(Fo)、非光化学淬灭系数(NPQ)及反应中心耗散能(E)、天线耗散能(D)显著降低。综上所述,外源EBR能够显著提高NaCl胁迫下燕麦幼苗PSⅡ反应中心的实际光化学效率,有效缓解NaCl胁迫对燕麦幼苗所产生的光抑制和PSⅡ反应中心损伤程度,提高燕麦幼苗的碳同化效率和光合能力,说明外源BRs对盐胁迫下燕麦光合作用起到正向调控作用,能够有效缓解盐胁迫对燕麦幼苗所造成的伤害。

Adaptability and Stability of Yield and Industrial Grain Quality with and without Fungicide in Brazilian Oat Cultivars

The use of productive cultivars with adaptability and stability and less demanding to fungicide use are critical to the sustainability of production factors. The objective of this work was to determine the per se performance of white oat cultivars and parameters of adaptability and stability on yield and grain quality in the proposition of cultivars more responsive in reducing the use fungicide. The study was conducted in Augusto Pestana, RS, Brazil, between the years 2010 and 2013. The experimental design was randomized blocks with six replicates, three with and three without fungicide. The study evaluated 14 white oat cultivars for yield and industrial capability. The white oat cultivars FAEM 4 Carlasul and URS Corona indicate high grain yield with stability and general adaptability, independent of chemical control. The cultivar URS Corona shows together high yield and thousand grain weight and hectoliter with general adaptability and stability in the absence of fungicide. Although no stability has been detected in industrial yield without the use of fungicides, cultivars of URS Charrua, URS Corona and URS Taura show high means with general adaptability.

The Dynamics of Relation Oat Panicle with Grain Yield by Nitrogen

The oat panicle components were changed by the forms of nitrogen use influencing productivity. The aim of the study was to determine the direct and indirect effects of oat panicle components on grain yield by N-fertilizer rates in succession systems of high and reduced release of N-residual. The study was conducted in the years 2013 and 2014 in a randomized complete block with four replications in a factorial 3 × 2, for nitrogen rates (30, 60 and 120 kg·ha-1) and oat cultivars (Barbarasul and Brisasul) the soybean/oat and corn/oat systems. The panicle weight and grain per panicle show greater sensitivity to the change of nitrogen rates. Grain yield was favored by the direct effect of harvest index panicle and indirect by grain weight per panicle. In the system soybean/ oat, the grain weight of panicle shows greater efficiency in promoting positive direct effects on grain yield.

Nutritional Quality of Oat from Different Producing Areas in China

[Objectives]This study aimed to provide some theoretical support for breeders and processing enterprises in choosing suitable locations,in order to cultivate varieties of different functional types and complete the processing needs of different purposes.[Methods]The oat varieties that are currently being grown in large areas in different production areas were selected.In 11 provinces across China's main oat producing areas,15 pilot sites were deployed for unified planting management.After harvest,the contents of protein,crude fat,starch,β-glucan,avenanthramides(AVEs)and other components in oat kernels were determined.[Results]The protein content in oat kernels ranged from(10.68±1.35)%to(16.65±0.81)%,highest in Ningxia and lowest in Tibet;the fat content in oat kernels ranged from(5.15±1.06)%to(7.54±1.51)%,highest in Yunnan and lowest in Ningxia;the starch content in oat kernels was in the range of(60.70±1.62)%-(67.84±2.09)%,highest in Tibet and lowest in Jilin;theβ-glucan content in oat kernels ranged from(3.67±0.42)%to(4.48±0.33)%,highest in Xinjiang and lowest in Tibet;and the AVEs content in oat kernels was in the range of(58.67±20.25)%-(535.83±133.64)%.[Conclusions]The protein andβ-glucan contents in oat kernels were significantly positively correlated with latitude and longitude,and were significantly negatively correlated with altitude;the starch and fat contents in oat kernels were negatively correlated with latitude and longitude and were significantly positively correlated with altitude;theβ-glucan content in oat kernels and precipitation showed a negative correlation;and the AVEs content in oat kernels was negatively correlated with latitude and was positively correlated with longitude and precipitation.

Canola and Oat Forage Potential Evaluation in Four Early Planting Dates

Canola and oat forage potential may be affected by climatic conditions when sown early.The objective of this study was to evaluate the forage canola and oat potential in four early sowing dates(September 11 and 25;October 9 and 23)during the 2012-2013 and 2013-2014 cycles in Matamoros,Coahuila,Mexico.Growth cycle duration,chemical composition,dry matter(DM),crude protein(CP),and net energy for lactation(NEL)yields were determined.High temperatures and long photoperiods affected crops seeded on September 11,accelerating growth and reducing canola(26.6%-31.7%)and oat(15.8%)DM yields.As of September 25,canola cv IMC 205 reached DM yields(7746 kg ha^(-1)-9276 kg ha^(-1))similar to those obtained by oat(8115 kg ha^(-1)-9507 kg ha^(-1)),while canola cv Hyola 401 obtained such yields only until October 23.Canola chemical composition was better than that found in oat,with higher CP,but lower acid detergent fiber(ADF)and neutral detergent fiber(NDF)contents.Canola equaled oat CP yields(972 kg ha^(-1)-1215 kg ha^(-1))in the first sowing date,while in the other three other canola sowings reached higher yields(1193 kg ha^(-1)-1889 kg ha^(-1)).As for NEL yields,no difference was observed between both species.The best sowing date for canola is from September 25 on,with CP production advantages over oat.

不同品种裸燕麦活性成分及抗氧化性研究

为研究裸燕麦活性成分组成及其抗氧化活性,以24个裸燕麦品种为研究对象,对比其多糖类(膳食纤维、β-葡聚糖和低聚糖)含量、脂肪酸组成、酚酸组分含量、总黄酮含量及抗氧化活性,分析抗氧化能力与多酚类物质含量的相关性。结果表明,大部分品种裸燕麦的多糖类物质含量差异显著(P<0.05);不饱和脂肪酸占总脂肪酸的比例为76.62%~80.96%,其中亚油酸占不饱和脂肪酸的比例最高(37.64%~47.12%),其次为油酸(28.33%~39.89%);总酚和总黄酮含量分别为865~1 367和234~502μg·g^(-1);阿魏酸、咖啡酸、芥子酸和对香豆酸是裸燕麦酚酸的主要组分,含量分别为521~881、82~152、55~138和43~121μg·g^(-1),分别占总酚含量的54.4%~64.5%、7.4%~14.4%、5.3%~12.0%和4.8%~11.2%;大部分品种裸燕麦的多酚类物质对1,1-二苯基-2-苦肼基自由基(DPPH·)和2,2’-联氮双(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)二铵盐自由基(ABTS·+)的清除率,及铁离子还原能力(FRAP)存在显著差异(P<0.05),其中坝莜3号的多酚类提取物对DPPH·和ABTS·+的清除率和FRAP值显著高于其他品种(P<0.05),分别为46.8%、88.7%和927 mmol·g^(-1);ABTS·+清除率与总黄酮含量呈极显著正相关(P<0.01);FRAP与总酚、总黄酮和阿魏酸含量呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。本研究可为优质燕麦高抗氧化品种选育和杂交组配提供理论依据,也可为燕麦食品开发提供实践基础。

20种燕麦及青贮饲草农艺性状及营养成分分析

为了鉴选出优质的饲用燕麦品种,本试验测定了白城市农科院种植的20个燕麦品种乳熟期的株高、叶长、叶宽、叶片数、茎粗、粗蛋白(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、粗脂肪、粗灰分、碳水化合物、木质素,并采用灰色关联度分析评价方法进行综合评价。结果表明,(1)‘白燕8号’‘Rus25’‘1425’的农艺性状最优,产量最高。(2)营养成分与饲草品质上,供能方面最适宜选育的品种为‘3695’‘3916’‘1279(2014Rus-14)’,适口性方面‘3916’‘3695’‘Ca89’三个品种最佳,‘白燕8号’‘太8-1’‘Rus25’这三种燕麦综合性评价最优,更适合制作饲草。(3)青贮品质上‘Rus25’和‘3916’灰色关联系数最大,与理想指标最接近,且各项指标排名靠前,品质最优秀。(4)结合20个品种在生产性能、营养成分与饲用品质以及青贮营养成分的表现,‘Rus25’综合表现及单项指标表现均处于前列,品质最好。

两种保水剂对高寒区燕麦生长发育和产量的影响

为探索不同保水剂对高寒区旱作燕麦生长发育和产量的影响,对两种类型的保水剂K(颗粒型保水剂)和F(粉末型保水剂)设置4个施用量:1(11.25 kg/hm^(2))、2(22.5 kg/hm^(2))、3(33.75 kg/hm^(2))、4(45 kg/hm^(2)),以不施保水剂CK为对照,研究不同类型保水剂在不同施用量下对燕麦生长发育、产量及经济效益的影响。结果表明:随着颗粒型保水剂施用量的增加,燕麦种子产量和秸秆产量呈先增加后降低的趋势,其中K2处理最好,与CK相比,燕麦种子产量和秸秆产量分别提高32.6%和6.27%,经济效益提高31.4%;随着粉末型保水剂施用量的增加,燕麦种子产量和秸秆产量均呈增加趋势,其中F4处理最好,与CK相比,种子产量和秸秆产量分别提高34.7%和6.69%,经济效益提高27.4%。相关性和通径分析表明,燕麦种子产量与单株小穗数、单株穗粒数和单株穗粒重均呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。综上,处理K2(22.5 kg/hm^(2))与F4(45 kg/hm^(2))均可提高高寒区燕麦产量,K2处理经济效益最高。

燕麦农艺性状及品质分析

为了筛选出产量高、品质好、适应旱作农业区推广的家畜饲草——燕麦(Avena sativa L.),对引进的3个燕麦品种进行生产能力及营养成分测定。采用因子分析法对3个品种12个农艺性状之间的相互关系进行综合评价分析,同时对不同品种间对应的常用营养成分指标进行方差分析。结果表明,福燕1号综合得分5.626,排名第1。3个品种之间“灰分”差异显著(P<0.05);多重比较结果显示,“非纤维淡水化合物”、“总可消化养分”和“单糖”甜燕1号与福燕1号之间差异显著(P<0.05),其余指标3个品种之间差异不显著(P>0.05)。

内蒙古土默川平原不同牧草产量与品质差异研究

以不同皮燕麦(Avena sativa L.)和苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)品种为试验材料,采用田间随机设计,研究其草产量及品质差异,探讨其对内蒙古土默川平原的适应性。结果表明,皮燕麦的草产量、粗灰分含量均高于苜蓿;而粗蛋白含量则是苜蓿较高。表现较好的皮燕麦品种为蒙燕1号和坝燕4号。蒙燕1号的子粒产量较坝燕4号高(两品种分别为4 264.7、3 293.9 kg/hm2);而坝燕4号草产量较蒙燕1号高,其鲜草和干草产量分别高6 558.0、2 821.1 kg/hm2。苜蓿品种中紫花苜蓿是高产优质品种。

不同燕麦品种在坝上地区的适应性评价

在河北坝上地区,对11个燕麦(Avena sativa L.)品种的农艺性状、产量性状和籽实品质性状进行测定评价。结果表明:供试品种的农艺性状对当地的适应性均较好;对10个性状进行主成分分析,得出累积贡献率达到92.091%的5个主成分因子;对各品种的主成分得分和综合得分值分析表明,坝优5号燕麦综合得分最高,其产草量和种子产量高,单株分蘖数多,千粒重达28.4 g,籽实的粗蛋白和亚油酸含量较高,为供试品种中最适合在坝上地区种植的燕麦品种。

燕麦属不同倍性种质资源抗旱性状评价及筛选

盆栽控水试验测定了燕麦属13个二倍体、7个四倍体和5个六倍体物种共106份材料的主要抗旱性状表现,用GGEbiplot软件的主成分分析法比较了各性状之间的关系及其对抗旱鉴定的贡献,综合评价燕麦属野生资源在燕麦抗旱育种中的潜能和利用价值。结果表明,干旱处理后植株的死亡率和萎蔫程度与可溶性糖含量的增加幅度呈显著正相关关系(r>0.5,P<0.05),而胁迫后植株的丙二醛(MDA)含量和植株相对电导率与抗旱能力也明显相关(r>0.5,P<0.01)。综合考虑抗旱的相关形态和生理指标,筛选到二倍体Avena atlantica、A.wiestii和A.strigosa,四倍体种A.murphyi,以及六倍体栽培燕麦A.sativa和普通野燕麦A.fatua的部分居群具有优良的综合抗旱性。基于A.wiestii,A.strigosa和A.murphyi与栽培燕麦较近的亲缘关系,其抗旱性可通过远缘杂交的方式在普通燕麦育种中加以利用。而对于具有明显抗旱优势的野生二倍体材料A.atlantica,则可通过克隆其抗旱基因进而遗传转化的方法将其应用于栽培燕麦的抗旱性改良。同时该研究表明燕麦的抗旱性不具有种属和分布区域的特异性,因此其抗旱性并非简单的由基因或环境决定,在确定抗旱材料时需要对个体进行全面的抗旱性评价和鉴定,以期在利用抗旱材料或通过克隆抗旱基因来改善干旱地区生态环境的实践中能更准确和有效。

燕麦属3种进境检疫性杂草传入中国的定量分析

按照PRA准则,采用多指标综合评估方法来计算燕麦属3种进境检疫性杂草(细茎野燕麦、不实野燕麦及法国野燕麦)的风险程度,建立了一、二级评判标准的计算模型,通过计算燕麦属3种进境检疫性杂草综合评价的风险值R,对其传入中国的风险进行定量分析。结果表明,燕麦属3种进境检疫性杂草综合评价的风险值R分别为2.47、2.63和2.51,均属于高风险的外来有害生物,并据此提出了相关风险性管理对策。