Hepatitis B virus(HBV)reactivation is a clinically significant challenge in disease management.This review explores the immunological mechanisms underlying HBV reactivation,emphasizing disease progression and manageme...Hepatitis B virus(HBV)reactivation is a clinically significant challenge in disease management.This review explores the immunological mechanisms underlying HBV reactivation,emphasizing disease progression and management.It delves into host immune responses and reactivation’s delicate balance,spanning innate and adaptive immunity.Viral factors’disruption of this balance,as are interac-tions between viral antigens,immune cells,cytokine networks,and immune checkpoint pathways,are examined.Notably,the roles of T cells,natural killer cells,and antigen-presenting cells are discussed,highlighting their influence on disease progression.HBV reactivation’s impact on disease severity,hepatic flares,liver fibrosis progression,and hepatocellular carcinoma is detailed.Management strategies,including anti-viral and immunomodulatory approaches,are critically analyzed.The role of prophylactic anti-viral therapy during immunosuppressive treatments is explored alongside novel immunotherapeutic interventions to restore immune control and prevent reactivation.In conclusion,this compre-hensive review furnishes a holistic view of the immunological mechanisms that propel HBV reactivation.With a dedicated focus on understanding its implic-ations for disease progression and the prospects of efficient management stra-tegies,this article contributes significantly to the knowledge base.The more profound insights into the intricate interactions between viral elements and the immune system will inform evidence-based approaches,ultimately enhancing disease management and elevating patient outcomes.The dynamic landscape of management strategies is critically scrutinized,spanning anti-viral and immunomodulatory approaches.The role of prophylactic anti-viral therapy in preventing reactivation during immunosuppressive treatments and the potential of innovative immunotherapeutic interventions to restore immune control and proactively deter reactivation.展开更多
文摘Hepatitis B virus(HBV)reactivation is a clinically significant challenge in disease management.This review explores the immunological mechanisms underlying HBV reactivation,emphasizing disease progression and management.It delves into host immune responses and reactivation’s delicate balance,spanning innate and adaptive immunity.Viral factors’disruption of this balance,as are interac-tions between viral antigens,immune cells,cytokine networks,and immune checkpoint pathways,are examined.Notably,the roles of T cells,natural killer cells,and antigen-presenting cells are discussed,highlighting their influence on disease progression.HBV reactivation’s impact on disease severity,hepatic flares,liver fibrosis progression,and hepatocellular carcinoma is detailed.Management strategies,including anti-viral and immunomodulatory approaches,are critically analyzed.The role of prophylactic anti-viral therapy during immunosuppressive treatments is explored alongside novel immunotherapeutic interventions to restore immune control and prevent reactivation.In conclusion,this compre-hensive review furnishes a holistic view of the immunological mechanisms that propel HBV reactivation.With a dedicated focus on understanding its implic-ations for disease progression and the prospects of efficient management stra-tegies,this article contributes significantly to the knowledge base.The more profound insights into the intricate interactions between viral elements and the immune system will inform evidence-based approaches,ultimately enhancing disease management and elevating patient outcomes.The dynamic landscape of management strategies is critically scrutinized,spanning anti-viral and immunomodulatory approaches.The role of prophylactic anti-viral therapy in preventing reactivation during immunosuppressive treatments and the potential of innovative immunotherapeutic interventions to restore immune control and proactively deter reactivation.
文摘目的用乙肝表面抗原(hepatitis B surface antigen,HBsAg)在体外刺激乙肝疫苗弱、无应答者外周血单个核细胞(peripheral blood mononuclear cells,PBMC),看是否能够诱导出一群HBsAg特异性的CD4+CD25+调节性T细胞(CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cell,简称Treg)。方法分离并培养乙肝疫苗强应答、弱应答和无应答者的外周血PBMCs,用植物血凝素(phytohemagglutinin,PHA)和HBsAg刺激,并设不加抗原的空白对照。流式细胞仪检测抗原刺激后Treg细胞的表达频率,并用噻唑蓝比色法(MTT)检测培养细胞的增殖反应。结果弱、无应答组PBMC经HBsAg刺激后Treg细胞的表达频率与PHA刺激孔和不加抗原的空白对照孔相比,明显上升(P<0.01);而强应答组HBsAg,PHA刺激孔以及空白对照孔三孔之间Treg细胞的表达频率均无显著差异。MTT法检测细胞增殖反应,发现弱、无应答组与强应答组相比,HBsAg刺激后细胞增殖反应明显降低(P<0.01),但三组之间PHA刺激孔以及空白对照孔均无显著差异。结论乙肝疫苗弱、无应答现象可能是由于注射疫苗后,在体内诱导出了一群HBsAg特异性的Treg细胞,而这群具有抑制功能的T细胞介导了机体细胞及体液免疫功能的下降,从而导致弱、无应答现象的发生。
