基于4阶Bézier曲线的路径平滑方法研究

路径平滑技术旨在采用以曲代直的方法解决路径规划中存在的尖角问题,实现路径的平滑化,以满足外形设计和运动规划等工程应用需求。文中在深入探讨了Bézier曲线在路径平滑领域的应用优势及其在路径拟合中产生的较大偏差后,提出了一种基于内外比例因子的4阶Bézier曲线路径平滑新方法。通过严谨的理论分析,证明了该方法能够有效控制平滑误差,在不考虑路径节点坐标的情况下,误差上限为4.25,从而实现对原始路径的高精度平滑近似。在无人机路径平滑的仿真实验中,该方法耗时0.0061 s,证明了其在平滑处理速度方面的优越性。综合理论分析与实验结果,该方法不仅在平滑效果上表现出色,而且在处理速度上也具有明显优势。同时由于仅涉及内外比例因子两个自由参数,因此,操作简单,易于实现,具有较强的适用性和灵活性。

带形状参数的三角λ-Bézier曲线

为了克服传统Bézier曲线缺乏局部调整性并且不能精确表达圆锥曲线的缺点,构造了一个带形状参数的n(n≥2)次三角λ-Bézier曲线,为了降低工作难度,各阶曲线的形状参数取值范围保持不变。首先将基函数设置在三角多项式空间中,利用递推性构造了λ-Bernstein基函数,进而讨论了该基函数的端点性和对称性等重要性质,并由该基函数定义了n(n≥2)次λ-Bézier曲线。另外,讨论了形状参数取不同值时对曲线形状的影响以及曲线的拼接条件:在一定的条件下,该曲线可达到G2拼接;最后,给出了张量积形式的λ-Bézier曲面以及性质。实例表明,该曲线克服了传统Bézier曲线缺乏局部调整性的缺点且能近似表达圆弧和抛物线等圆锥曲线。

A Novel Contour Tracing Algorithm for Object Shape Reconstruction Using Parametric Curves

Parametric curves such as Bézier and B-splines, originally developedfor the design of automobile bodies, are now also used in image processing andcomputer vision. For example, reconstructing an object shape in an image,including different translations, scales, and orientations, can be performedusing these parametric curves. For this, Bézier and B-spline curves can be generatedusing a point set that belongs to the outer boundary of the object. Theresulting object shape can be used in computer vision fields, such as searchingand segmentation methods and training machine learning algorithms. Theprerequisite for reconstructing the shape with parametric curves is to obtainsequentially the points in the point set. In this study, a novel algorithm hasbeen developed that sequentially obtains the pixel locations constituting theouter boundary of the object. The proposed algorithm, unlike the methods inthe literature, is implemented using a filter containing weights and an outercircle surrounding the object. In a binary format image, the starting point ofthe tracing is determined using the outer circle, and the next tracing movementand the pixel to be labeled as the boundary point is found by the filter weights.Then, control points that define the curve shape are selected by reducing thenumber of sequential points. Thus, the Bézier and B-spline curve equationsdescribing the shape are obtained using these points. In addition, differenttranslations, scales, and rotations of the object shape are easily provided bychanging the positions of the control points. It has also been shown that themissing part of the object can be completed thanks to the parametric curves.

Bézier curves with shape parameter

In this paper, Bézier basis with shape parameter is constructed by an integral approach. Based on this basis, we define the Bézier curves with shape parameter. The Bézier basis curves with shape parameter have most properties of Bernstein basis and the Bézier curves. Moreover the shape parameter can adjust the curves’ shape with the same control polygon. As the increase of the shape parameter, the Bézier curves with shape parameter approximate to the control polygon. In the last, the Bézier surface with shape parameter is also constructed and it has most properties of Bézier surface.

Rational offset approximation of rational Bézier curves

The problem of parametric speed approximation of a rational curve is raised in this paper. Offset curves are widely used in various applications. As for the reason that in most cases the offset curves do not preserve the same polynomial or rational polynomial representations, it arouses difficulty in applications. Thus approximation methods have been introduced to solve this problem. In this paper, it has been pointed out that the crux of offset curve approximation lies in the approximation of parametric speed. Based on the Jacobi polynomial approximation theory with endpoints interpolation, an algebraic rational approximation algorithm of offset curve, which preserves the direction of normal, is presented.

Improvement of the termination criterion for subdivision of the rational Bézier curves

By using some elementary inequalities, authors in this paper makes further improvement for estimating the heights of Bézier curve and rational Bézier curve. And the termination criterion for subdivision of the rational Bézier curve is also improved. The conclusion of the extreme value problem is thus further confirmed.

Multi-Degree Reduction of Bézier Curves with Distance and Energy Optimization

In this paper, we propose a new approach to the problem of degree reduction of Bézier curves based on the given endpoint constraints. A differential term is added for the purpose of controlling the smoothness to a certain extent. Considering the adjustment of second derivative in curve design, a modified objective function including two parts is constructed here. One part is a kind of measure of the distance between original high order Bézier curve and degree-reduced curve. The other part represents the second derivative of degree-reduced curve. We tackle two kinds of conditions which are position vector constraint and tangent vector constraint respectively. The explicit representations of unknown points are presented. Some examples are illustrated to show the influence of the differential terms to approximation and smoothness effect.

Unifying representation of Bézier curve and two kinds of generalized ball curves

This paper presents a new basis, the WSB basis, which unifies the Bemstein basis, Wang-Ball basis and Said-Ball basis, and therefore the Bézier curve, Wang-Ball curve and Said-Ball curve are the special cases of the WSB curve based on the WSB basis In addition, the relative degree elevation formula, recursive algorithm and conversion formula between the WSB basis and the Bern- stein basis are given.

Sine Transformation and the Reparametrization of Bézier Curves

A solution to the reparametrization of Bézier curves by sine transformation of Bemstein basis is presented. The new effective reparametrization method is given through the following procedures： educing Sine Bemstein-Bézier Class-SBBC function, defining SBBC curve and discussing the relation between SBBC and Bézier curve.

A class of quasi Bézier curves based on hyperbolic polynomials

This paper presents a basis for the space of hyperbolic polynomials Гm=span { 1, sht, cht, sh2t, ch2t shmt, chmt} on the interval [0,a] from an extended Tchebyshev system, which is analogous to the Bernstein basis for the space of polynomial used as a kind of well-known tool for free-form curves and surfaces in Computer Aided Geometry Design. Then from this basis, we construct quasi Bézier curves and discuss some of their properties. At last, we give an example and extend the range of the parameter variable t to arbitrary close interval [r, s] （r〈s）.

Shape modification of Bézier curves by constrained optimization

The Bézier curve is one of the most commonly used parametric curves in CAGD and Computer Graphics and has many good properties for shape design. Developing more convenient techniques for designing and modifying Bézier curve is an im- portant problem, and is also an important research issue in CAD/CAM and NC technology fields. This work investigates the optimal shape modification of Bézier curves by geometric constraints. This paper presents a new method by constrained optimi- zation based on changing the control points of the curves. By this method, the authors modify control points of the original Bézier curves to satisfy the given constraints and modify the shape of the curves optimally. Practical examples are also given.

COMPUTING AREAS BOUNDED BYRATIONAL BEZIER CURVES

An approach is presented for computing integral values, such as areas and volumes of revo-lution . of regions bounded by rational plane B zier curves. The method approximates rational curveswith polynomial curves, and then computes the integral values on those polynomial curves. Errorbounds are provided. For high precision, this new algorithm performs much more quickly than con-ventional numerical methods.

基于四元数和Bézier方法的五次空间PH曲线

为保证空间Pythagorean-hodograph(PH)曲线的光顺性并使曲线最小旋转,提出了五次空间PH曲线构造。给定空间4个控制点,在给定的端点属性下,运用四元数方法构造四次Bézier曲线。对该曲线积分得到插值端点的五次PH曲线。此PH曲线的控制顶点是在原控制点的中间插入2个新节点,并且这些顶点可以用四元数运算表示。构造的五次PH曲线包含多个自由度,利用这些自由度可以对曲线进行优化调节。一方面,可以利用自由参数,根据曲线几何意义对曲线的光顺性及最小旋转进行优化;另一方面,可以通过自由参数约束曲线合理的弧长。此PH曲线本身就是Bézier曲线,且带有自由参数,能实现分段曲线的光滑拼接。

B-Spline曲线聚风装置直线翼垂直轴风力机启动性能数值模拟

为了提升直线翼垂直轴风力机的启动性能,基于B-Spline曲线生成方法,提出一种具有流线型轮廓的聚风装置,将其分别安装在风轮顶端和底端,用以提升风轮附近的来流风速,使风轮汲取更多风能,达到更易启动的特点.选取聚风装置的5个结构参数进行设计:聚风装置与风轮间隙距离ΔL、底圆半径R_(1)、顶圆半径R_(2)、入口角度α_(1)和出口角度α_(2).设计方法采用二次旋转正交组合筛选最优模型,通过三维数值模拟研究聚风装置参数对直线翼垂直轴风力机启动性能的影响,获得了最佳外形参数组合.此外,对有无加装聚风装置的直线翼垂直轴风力机进行了静态三维数值模拟.结果表明,通过添加具有外凸流线型轮廓的聚风装置,直线翼垂直轴风力机的启动性能有显著提升.在风速较低的情况下,性能改善更加明显.聚风装置可使直线翼垂直轴风力机的平均启动力矩系数最大增加38.8%,峰值平均启动力矩系数最大可增加31.2%.

GZMB联合PD1在乳腺癌患者不同分期中的表达及与血常规的关系研究

目的探讨颗粒酶B(GZMB)联合程序性死亡分子1(PD1)在乳腺癌患者不同分期中的表达及与血常规的关系。方法选择2021年6月—2023年6月乳腺癌患者66例为观察组,根据肿瘤分期分为T1N0M0组、T2N0M0组、T2N1M0组、T3N0M0组及T3N1M0组;选择同期治疗的乳腺良性肿物患者9例为对照组。采用流式细胞仪测定各组GZMB及PD1水平,采用血细胞分析仪测定白细胞计数(WBC)、淋巴细胞(L)及淋巴细胞百分比(L%),对乳腺癌病例GZMB、PD1与血常规水平进行相关性分析,并完成GZMB联合PD1诊断效能分析。结果观察组GZMB及PD1水平高于对照组(P<0.05);WBC、L及L%水平低于对照组(P<0.05);T3N1M0组GZMB及PD1水平高于其余四组(P<0.05);WBC、L及L%水平低于其余四组(P<0.05);患者肿瘤分期越高,GZMB、PD1水平越高,WBC、L及L%水平越低;相关性结果表明,乳腺癌患者GZMB及PD1水平与WBC、L及L%呈负相关性(P<0.05);ROC曲线结果表明,GZMB联合PD1在乳腺癌患者诊断效能高于单一GZMB和PD1指标(P<0.05)。结论GZMB在乳腺癌患者中呈高表达,PD1呈低表达,且不同分期下表达水平存在差异,与血常规水平存在相关性;GZMB联合PD1用于乳腺癌患者中可获得较高的诊断效能。

基于五次B样条的工业机器人轨迹优化

为提高工业机器人的工作效率,提出一种以时间最优为目标的轨迹优化方法,在5次B样条曲线轨迹规划原理的基础上,引入遗传算法对轨迹进行优化。针对工作时间建立适应度函数,并通过选择交叉概率和变异概率操作产生新的轨迹解,与未被淘汰的父代组成新的种群,经过迭代求得运行时间最优的期望解。利用MATLAB软件对这一方法进行仿真,结果表明,经分析遗传算法优化后,轨迹运行时间明显减少,且具有良好的轨迹效果。

基于重新参数化的Bézier曲面求交算法

现有的参数曲面求交算法在求得一系列交点之后,需要再次用B样条插值才能表示出交线,且求得的交线无法保证精确落在任一给定曲面上。针对这一问题,提出一种基于重新参数化的求交算法。首先,通过曲面升阶加密曲面的控制网格,并求2个曲面控制网格的交线;然后,将交线映射到参数域,通过分段B样条曲线拟合,将拟合结果作为牛顿迭代的初值;最后,运用牛顿迭代求得更精确的参数域交线。相比于传统跟踪算法,该算法可直接得到交线的有理多项式表示形式,且求得的交线严格落在其中一个曲面上,在计算的交点个数更少的同时获得更高的逼近精度,并通过仿真实验验证了算法的精确性和有效性。

一种基于内外比例因子的4阶Bézier曲线路径平滑方法

路径平滑是指利用以曲代直的方法解决路径中存在的尖角问题,使路径变得平滑以满足实际需求。通过研究Bézier曲线在路径平滑中的优点以及存在的问题,文章提出了一种基于内外比例因子的4阶Bézier曲线路径平滑方法。该方法因为只有内外比例因子两个自由参数,因此,操作简单,易于实现,而且适用性更强,能够更好地平滑近似原有路径。实验结果表明该方法平滑效果好,速度快。

A synthetic aperture radar sea surface distribution estimation by n-order Bézier curve and its application in ship detection

To dates,most ship detection approaches for single-pol synthetic aperture radar（SAR） imagery try to ensure a constant false-alarm rate（CFAR）.A high performance ship detector relies on two key components：an accurate estimation to a sea surface distribution and a fine designed CFAR algorithm.First,a novel nonparametric sea surface distribution estimation method is developed based on n-order Bézier curve.To estimate the sea surface distribution using n-order Bézier curve,an explicit analytical solution is derived based on a least square optimization,and the optimal selection also is presented to two essential parameters,the order n of Bézier curve and the number m of sample points.Next,to validate the ship detection performance of the estimated sea surface distribution,the estimated sea surface distribution by n-order Bézier curve is combined with a cell averaging CFAR（CA-CFAR）.To eliminate the possible interfering ship targets in background window,an improved automatic censoring method is applied.Comprehensive experiments prove that in terms of sea surface estimation performance,the proposed method is as good as a traditional nonparametric Parzen window kernel method,and in most cases,outperforms two widely used parametric methods,K and G0 models.In terms of computation speed,a major advantage of the proposed estimation method is the time consuming only depended on the number m of sample points while independent of imagery size,which makes it can achieve a significant speed improvement to the Parzen window kernel method,and in some cases,it is even faster than two parametric methods.In terms of ship detection performance,the experiments show that the ship detector which constructed by the proposed sea surface distribution model and the given CA-CFAR algorithm has wide adaptability to different SAR sensors,resolutions and sea surface homogeneities and obtains a leading performance on the test dataset.

带多参数的Bézier曲线扩展及参数几何意义

提出一类新的带多参数的Bernstein基函数,该类基函数具有与Bernstein基函数相类似的非负性、规范性、对称性和端点性,并定义了一类带多形状参数的Bézier曲线,分析了该类曲线中形状参数的几何意义,通过选取不同的形状参数,对曲线形状的调整可以精确偏向某一确定的控制顶点,使曲线形状的调整更加灵活多变.